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HOW TO STUDY STRANGERS 


BY 


Temperament, Face and Head 


) A SEQUEL TO 
‘HEADS AND FACES” 
} i LT gt ae 


NELSON -SIZER 


President of the American Institute of Phrenology, 
and Professor of Theory and Practice. 


AuTHOR OF ‘‘How TO TEACH; OR, PHRENOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLROOM 
AND FAMILy;” ‘‘ CHOICE OF PURSUITS; OR, WHAT TO DO AND Wuy;” 
‘*Forty YEARS IN PHRENOLOGY ;’'—JOINT AUTHOR OF ‘‘HEADS 
| AND FAaces;”—AUTHOR OF ‘‘ RIGHT SELECTION IN WED- 
LocK;” ‘‘SELF RELIANCE;” ‘“‘INVENTIVE GENIUS;” 
‘(DEBATE AMONG THE FACULTIES;” ‘‘AMBI- 
TION OR APPROBATIVENESS;”’ ‘‘RESEM- 
BLANCE TO PARENTS, AND HowTo 
3 Juvce IT;” ‘‘THE PERCEP- 
TIVE FACULTIES;” ‘‘CHAR- 
ACTER READING FROM 
PHOTOGRAPHS;”’ 
Ex.T@% 


Also for Forty-six years Chief Phrenological Examiner in the 
office of Fowler & Wells, and Fowler & Wells Co. 


rur PPI FY A he. sla wll. 
ILLUSTRATED, ic LISRARY QF THE 
‘ f\} ‘ 
| -) 
: NEW YORK: UNIVERSITY OF ILLin 


Fow ter & WELLS Co., PuBLISHERS. 
27 East 21st Street. 
1895. 


L. N. Fowxer & Co., 
Ludgate Circus, London, Eng. 


§ 


YY 
" 


Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1895, 
By NELSON SiZER, 


In the office of the Librarian of Congress, in Washington. 


Pees coun GB, . 


I always read an author’s preface, and also desire to see the face 


of a person who talks to me. 


The subject to which this work, ‘‘How to Study Strangers,” is 
devoted needs no apology, though the manner of its treatment may 
warrant a word of explanation. 1 have spent fifty-six years in lecturing 
on human character, and in making personal descriptions of the same. 
These were addressed to public audiences or to individuals and_ their 
friends, all being strangers to me, and they required language at once 
decisive, and seemingly dogmatic. Patrons insist upon absolute, unwavering 
statements, and will approve and accept nothing else. The reader is 
requested, therefore, to remember that every page of this book has been 
dictated to a stenographer, in the same manner as descriptions of the personal 
character of strangers are uttered, and if the language seems too positive, 
egotistical or abrupt, it may result from the long and necessary habit 
referred to, or, perhaps, from the fact that I thoroughly believe every line 
in the book. 

Each chapter, thus talked to a reporter at the rate of one hundred 
and twenty-five words a minute, is more like a flood-tide than like a placid 
lake. Itis the outcome of an hour of rested vigor, and not of the weary, 
all-day method of working with the laggard pen, which might, perhaps, 
prune and polish the style, but the result would lack the right onward, 
hearty virility of talking as friend to friend. 

Human character is the most important subject known to man. 
Unless we are hermits we cannot avoid coming in contact with strangers, 
whom in business we are obliged to trust or distrust; or in friendship and 
love, confide in or avoid. Therefore we must often be sufferers, unless 
by instinct or science we can know at sight the character of the worthy 
and the unworthy. 

In 1882, having completed man’s allotted age, I wrote and published my 


third book, ‘‘Forty Years in Phrenology,’ 
Ill 


and though being hearty and 


814342 


joyous, I closed it with a benediction to my friends and readers as my 
last contribution, and when a copy come in from the bindery I wrote on 
the fly-leaf: 

‘*The first copy of my last boak I devote to my beloved wife, this 
Pith Uaymotg November, oioocss 

She urged me to promise not to undertake the extra work of writing 
another book at my time of life, but confine myself to the smooth-sailing 
of professional office work; but three years afterward ‘‘Heads and Faces”’ 
was launched, and a hundred and thirty-five thousand purchasers have sought 
for and sanctioned it; and now, ten years later, I am giving the finishing 
touch, by writing this preface for ‘‘How to Study Strangers,” designed 
to be my last book, and a sequel and companion for ‘‘ Heads and Faces,”’ 
yet so different as to fill a place of its own. 

To the survivors and friends of more than 250,000 persons who have 
been under my hands professionally, and to more than six hundred 
graduates of the American Institute of Phrenology, I hopefully commit 


this, my latest work, as a token of affectionate interest and regard. 


NELSON SIZER. 


NEw YORK, SEPTEMBER 2, 1895. 


CON LEN lo, 


PAGE 
CHAPTER I. 

A New Departure in Character genet II 
Webster, Calhoun and others. : 12 
Sixteen ‘Tlastrations:. 
CHAPTER II. 

Brain: Its Structure and Uses... ...... ry, 


Nine illustrations 


GHAPTER III. 


The Skulland Its Relation to the Brain. 
Six illustrations. 


CHAPTER IV. 


The Skull, Its Growth and Dissection. . 
Six illustrations. 


33 


GHAPTER.V. 


Skull Made Thin by Brain Activity.... 
Seven illustrations. 


39 


CHAPTER: VI; 


New Facial Angle 
Eleven illustrations. 


weet eeantvrweee aed Qe & 


45 


iJ CHAPTER VII. 
Temperament: Its Influence on Char- 
acter. Motive Temperament.... 
Nine illustrations. 


50 


CHAPTER VIIT- 


The Vital Temperament 
Fourteen illustrations. 


ster s, 6 & 6s 6.0 56 6 2 ® 


CHAPTER IX. 


Mental Temperament 
Eight illustrations. 


eae = 0 4 0 46 46S 6 2 Oe 


CHAPTER X. 


Balanced Temperaments 
Twelve illustrations. 


Aen @ 6 Oe We ee @ 


CHAPTER XI. 


Temperaments Not Balanced 
Eight illustrations. 


CHAPTER XII. 


Sensitive Temperaments............. 
Four illustrations. 


PAGE 
CHAPTER XIII. 

Quality or Perfection of Temperament. 
Five illustrations. 


118 


CHAPTER XIV. 


Diversity of Tempérament: .v.<../. .5.. 
Five illustrations. 


CHAPTER XV. 


Eminent Success a Public Benefit...... 
Four illustrations. 


137 


CHAPTER XVI. 


Benefactors of Mankind........ .<... 
Nine illustrations. 


CHAPTER XVII. 


Literary and Business Success 
Two illustrations. 


CHAPTER XVIII. 
Shapes of Hats and of Heads. 
Webster and/otherseacii 52.5.5 ~.4... 
Twelve illustrations. 


Daniel 


CHAPTER XIX. 


Hat Conformateur and Its Story....... 
Twenty-three illustrations. 


CHAPTER XX. 


Taent apa Calturey tea eee 2 aes oe 
Two eminent illustrations. 


CHAPTER XXI. 


Talents Varied and Peculiar.......... 
Two illustrations. 


CHAPTER XXII. 


Talents Varied and Peculiar.......... 
Three illustrations. 


CHAPTER XXIII. 


Peculiar Organizations. . et . 208 
Three illustrations. 


CHAPTER XXIV. 


Great Historic Characters. ‘‘ Brother 
Jonathan” and Albert Gallatin 
Two illustrations. 


vi CONTENTS. 


PAGE 
CHAPTER XXV. 
Frankness and _ Poiicy Contrasted. 
Jackson;and Van Buren... 222.5)... 218 
Two illustrations. 
CHAPTER XXVI. 
Capacity ancdGuiture set: aya eae ee 224 


Two illustrations. 


CHAPTER (AAVIT: 


Child Culture. Characteristics of Some 
Boys 
Four illustrations. 


CHAPTER AXAVITI: 


Fond FathérveandsHis Pets. ois ase can 
Nine illustrations. 


240 


CHAPTER XATA. 


Children Hard and Easy to Manage... 
Four illustrations. 


246 


CHAPTER’AXX, 


Figpetut Candidates iw s .ehdon's staan ¢ 
Six illustrations. 


250 


CHAPTER XXXI. 


Baby's’ Day in Picture Gallery, .. ..<- 
Sixty illustrations. 


CHAPTER -XAIT. 


A Grandfather’s First Fondlings...... 
Ten illustrations. 


270 


CHAPTER XAATII. 


PLCCious GE reasureSon ll. eet wane oes 
Ten illustrations. 


276 


CHAPTER XXXIV. 


Character Studies, No. 1. Ella Wheeler 
PV ai Gia mea tha) latins, Pc. e'' feo, chia laces le 283 
One Mustratinn 


CHAPTER XXXV. 


Character Studies, No.2. Ed. W. Nye; 
Si SIELIN YE cece ee ace ve peeee se 287 
One illustration. 


CHAPTER XXXVI. 


Character Studies, No. 3. Gen. M. C. 
Wentworth, Mrs. M. C. Wentworth.. 291 
Two illustrations. 


CHAPTER XXXVII. 


Character Studies, No. 4. Rev. B. B. 
RL WET: come chante SL ier ayers atk mds. we 297 
One illustration. 


CHAPTER XXXVIII. 


Character Studies, No. 5. Francis Marion 
OVS te og) ead <i seare hy oti ln acer 304 
One illustration. 


PAGE 
CHAPTER XXXIX. 


Character Studies, No. 6. Lucy Stone 
(Black welljic ssa: Vaan 


One illustration. 


eee eve eee 


CHAPTER XL. 


Character Studies, No. 7. Marshali 


One illustration. 


CHAPTER’ XLI, 


Character Studies, No. 8. Florence 


Rock weliice sy ksh aon, Cee eae 3419 
One illustration. 
CHAPTER XLII. 
Character Studies, No. 9. Rev. R. Raa- 
ford Ne ee ee ee ee 323 
One illustration. 
CHAPTERTXITIE 
Character Studies, No. 10. Gen. Benj. 
Fo Tracy ae cavers oh cee Ca Ses 


Oue illustration. 


CHAPTER XLIV. 
Human Pursuits. The Profession of 


Law. Dea Det beliy a. een 53a 
One illustration. 
GHAPTERGAAEV: 

Profession of Law. Chauncey M. 
Depew, Samuel J. Tilden, Wm. M. 
Evarts ysl. os cee ey ee 338 

Three illustrations. 
CHA PER UCXUMI. 

The Law—-General Practice. Harvey 

Di Hadlockitay sara: eee rs eee 344 
One illustration. 
CHAPTERSALVIT. 

Law ang cliente... <.4s.0se eee 350 

CHAPTER ALVA 
The Christian Ministry. Rev. R. S, 
Stores, OLD. shes eee eee 353 


One illustration. 


CHAPTER XLUIX. 


The Christian Ministry. Rev. Lyman 
Abbott, oDDe Aen: wie Reve Mae 356 
One illustration. 


CHAPTER:L- 


The Christian Ministry. Rev. A. H. 
Bradford a2 2a we sass eee s dane 
One illustration. 


PAGE 

mupbott, Revo Lyman, D:D... .. 04.55 + 355 
; ( 45 

[gheis 25 y Ta Da ee, ee ee + 46 
( 47 

Baby’s Day. Group of fifty-eight..... 259 
Benefactors of Mankind .......,..... 148 
Black Hawk, Indian Chief.......... of 
ERUOR IO DATALC(L. Cutis ss wie oles os 1 °F 
3 

eve. (atacter Ol SOME... ... 2603. Kes’ 231 
oy a Beret yl Oe Bars eo Be Ot Rea 362 
Brain, Its Structure and Uses....... oe 
Meeuati ts FONT Cie i! iyisas ccs ee nes " 
Saampers Facial Angle... ..... 2.06 ss 45 
<annon, Patty, Murderess. ....<. 02... 44 
‘ 231 
PPA DACtey AMG CO MULG yee. sis os ee ae 
MET EGU ETO uti, Sirs aki ice Wie’, 0) bee 
{ 280 

Sila Ser Portal Suture. <4 vse ee eee 35 
Children, Hard and Easy to Manage.. 246 
Conformateur of Heads and Hats..... 178 
Gooper,; Dr. Francis Marion. .......... 307 
EME rnp TE ATED SCR hoch re a as Kiev « 9 ow 180 
eM MTeRI I WET LCi aie! is See ys ade ad 282 
Demeter AB AUIOCCY Vos cals Ss Gis. s a ote als 337 
Diversities of Temperament.. ........ r2% 
Eminent Success a Public Benefit...... 137 
En NEN OR tie ADs we Ae we'e alae 341 
Peete PLO CAM DENS. sid ues ae eye es 45 


Facial Angle, Nelson Sizer’s New... 46 


Fond Father and His Pets...... ..... 24 
Frankness and Secretiveness.......... 218 
Grandfather’s First Fondlings.... .... 270 
MER SISAL es ise des: 0's'y ace win afe'e 8s 212 
a SR Te ha Are 344 
Hats and Heads, Shapes of..........- 178 
Hat Conforms Misleading............ 178 
Hats and Heads, Queer Shapes of..... 184 
DRE AIS sd ge pies. o.s o,- Bae: 50,0 16 
hg Rel“ S es Ce 14 
Hemispheres of Brain, Top View. ... 18 
Hopeful Candidates—Children........ 250 

‘ sie 
ae AE hae va PR Gir ee We ids ore 
SEI MEMERIG, 07, 6 hia Aids ous 6 00 = <9 30 0 vs 20 
SMILE TELE GGL ESIPEM. | pic ss pie «as 0 00,6 we 34 
Jackson, Gen. Andrew... 0. sc. . w.esee 218 
UL SAMMONS Ole .d ve ews 8 Paes yes. 334 
ee LMR DIGINCE 20). ide ites ate es 30 


PAGE 
Literary and Business Success... .... 167 
LYoiphatic-Systetiicn dons dentures ees 67 
Martin Mirderer: . <voak 6. sew oak ws 
Mental Temperament ©. 2...%. ss. «as oe 73 
ministry. ne CHTIStan. | evs es ee 351 
Motive-Temperament.h. si5.. eee a 57 
Muscular Culture... s<ctis Ghes ope <a 56 


New Departure in Phren., Illustration. 12 


Nve,.Bdgar Wim., ** Bill Wretis, 289 
Parésital Atection . 20. .s heen eee a 270 
Precious’ [reassures 24,7 eewe-ole eee 276 


Quality or Perfection of Temperament. 118 


Radford, Revit.) ek okeerea oe otis eno 25 
Right Hemisphere of Brain........... 21 
Rockwell, Florence, Actress........... 22% 
sensitive ‘lempetametiparcs 641) soe 112 
Sides View oF Brains: soon ase ee ce 19 
Sizer's New Pacial Angigemex. 2.5 bs aE 
Serenity and Sadness, Twins....... .. 280 
Shapes of fats\and Means. J. «sae 178 
Skull, Its' Relation. to\Brain’ AY. 2 (26 
Skull, Base. of #1) ..c.ctes 1a Leos Bee 2 
Skull, Femaléscare id Hee eee oe 33 
Skull. of Infantsiatthintis.. ky eee es oe 34 
Skull, lis. Mode-6f.Growth. “2/c2-8.... 34 
Skull Made Thin by Activity......:. 1 - 
Stone, Lucy (Blackwell teat... 5.2) 311 
Storcs, Revé RS), Boe ac | ee le 351 
Temperament, Its Nature and Influence 50 
Temperament, Motives .o,). acm © a Ve. 57 
Temperament; Vitalie. e.aaas. oe 65 
Lemperamént,; Mental... -. ee 6. 2 » meee 
Temperament, Diversities of.......... 127 
Temperament, Sensitive, <.. views aes oe II2 
190 

Talent and CultuTéscioees yey oe fs re 
204 

209 

Teery pier hye ts . Sige tet onss pla hia 3s 334 
piiclen,. Sarl Wis seis re vats s Moke. ¥ie 338 
Pracy, Gens Baky cia deceldey kway toes 329 
Transverse Section of Brain.......... 22 
Tyler; Revs: Buy eC de bie ateie, eens 293 
Veinnid S ystemirew.e was yo aoe ow selene 66 
Vital Tetmiperaments.. s.35 2.2 vce ae 65 
Watera; Diana, Veneration ss... wccsas 44 
i £2 

Wester: Dantel tn anes cae dates 13 
one te 

Wentworth, Gen. M: 6.0.01 «teen ae we 293 
Wentworth, Mra. (M.C Us ava 294 
Wide and Narrow Heads............. 14 
Wilcox, Ella, Wheeler acakd wins tore os 285 


(vii) 


TLS LRAT ITONS: 


FIGURE PAGE 
I Webster, Daniel, side view........ 12 
2 Calhoun, J.2C., Jp iy Ah on ata 12 
3 Martin, be Tih Peed oe 12 
4 Hillings, SE Bae ace cietetanees 12 
5 Webster, ACK EVIEW oo inc aes 13 
6 Calhoun, mem # sO ues 13 
7 Martin, $e, eS SPs ie 13 
8 Hillings, Ae) Dib RR ee I! 13 

nit Wideand Narrow Heads.......... 14 
High and Low Heads..........+. 14 
Mey ebster, « portraitcierina:. yee seem 15 
a Gatwwionkey and sDOg 7. «. . see ais 16 
ior irainein ene, SKULL... . sow Sees Bie 17 
aa ‘‘ Top, side and bottom views 18 
Be hcl irs rain... aaeaeie spk populist 20 
Poahcain: Temisphere ofa wns <test> 21 
Dom gens transverse “SECtlON ats. 22 
Pa Ne Fibers, sfadiatingyieeece so: - 23 
25 < ~ dissectedaiwser.. j2 24 
26 Skull, its relations to brain........ 26 
syeblacks Hawk, side view... 2... 2527 
otc wig ia a frOnte tes wean ate 28 
POs KUMP IOW LY DE. +). ik 6m gle Sepia sary 28 
2c a, Vb Ble ay rare cree 30 
31 Pee SASEe. INSITE. Ws sem eee kee shel ate 32 
32 ** Female, well balanced”... .. 33 
eat me aeentant’s, at bitth si eet 34 
Bice Child's; frontalsuture.. ae... 35 
ae ‘« Bones Separated, side, front.. 36 
Sve LA i. * bottom..... 36 
38 ‘* made thick and thin by illness 4o 
it Bee ILUEINA CER: 4. wen ater ate ae “ 7 
42) ‘* Diana Waters, front and ‘hie 
43 § BIOG a ictis usd hs aaa oe a Senge 
44 ‘* Patty Cannon, murderess.... 44 
23 Racial Angie, lL oguresve. 03% me 
24 ‘« Caucasian and African.... 49 
OTe mice lotan anti athe ots ss a ialts wise 53 
62 + ANG MoO LISSUC.. neon a 54 
PM USELESS TIC RPGSEU om pitts «| wyodic wine Pile 55 
GAaNISeles CG MesVaLed ine nite: is tetcte es onus 56 
DS votives! emperamenty o.oo eats We vie 57 
GG2t AnCOlnw WAULa DAM se fas pees elds. 5 out 60 
Bo) Morgan, Middy, Tryon and Boy | 62 
69 § j 63 
70 Vital Temp. Arterial system... .. 65 


aT Sats “71. Vemrous 


FIGURE . PAGE 
72 Vital Temp. Lymphatic system.... 67 
Wickn Ae he Digestive Soa eee 
7p ae 7 salisbury, Lords: hes 70 
2 . Ds Barr, Amelia, and Boy 71 
3 ; i Mr.“ Kyand; Boyr sean. 72 
0 ees ‘¢  Thaxter C. Circulation 74 
BO aes Sie. DIgestiion Saloon. ans 75 
ST ie ‘¢ Breathing, Digest. ,Cir. 

Good 5. ais Gee eer: oe 75, 
82 a “~~ Gen. Ab. Dally; Pertect 70 
83 " “Mrs. Garfield, MHar- 
MONIOWS oye ees rT. 
84 MENTAL TEMPERAMENT-—-Nervous) 78 
System 79 
85 i * Earl) Grey fests 80: 
86 | 7 Laura Bridgeman 81 
87 oe as Lucretia Mott... 82 
§8 : yi Edgar ‘A; Poe. -383 
89 a John Gardner... 84 
ss i | s Boy and Ex. Gov. 85 
BALANCED TEMPERAMENTS..... ... 86 
g2 Ai re Seviee CHA Sear ee 
93 id it L. P. Robinson 89 
94 a a Gerrit Smith.. go 
5 ee = Cardinal Gib- ) 
95 ( DONS... 9 
96 “ a Gb ads ae le 
aes 4 Sir Garnet 
97 | Wolseley.. 93 
Lge “ Rev. Morgan 
Ses Dix oe eee 94 
99 ik ei FE. W. Austin.. 95 
§ “6 sc Miss 

Re ( Equable.2.- 96 

IOI as: He Mrsx ayes... 07) 

102 Re Helen Potter.. 98 

103 . - Mrs.Lesdernier 99 


TEMPERAMENTS NOT BALANCED.....I00 


Field, Cyrus We, Ocean ely aaa 102 
Law, G@Orge rien ster as cts in eae 103 
Longfellow Ei W a ia ies = at a le ae 105. 
ECison; {PROS SAL ak oh oo coat 106. 
Lemont Marks .3 sarees he ass nissan 107 
Richardsmames.Dsc en. sain ee 108 
Cloud Reds-indian ‘Ghieinx scene IIO: 
Cushing}; Caleb.. fanned y > Penn III 
TEMPERAMENTS, SENSITIVE..... ... 12 
Claflin "Horate:. Boe wea cee ee ae) 


ILLUSTRATIONS. ix 


FIGURE PAGE 
BUM eELURCse Ley VERE 5 os soc cb vieas 65> II4 
EV CANIM, SOONCORs 65 se ew ne sadine dee 115 
EES AU OIOW TORT Bode sco dy oe) ae ens 117 


QUALITY OR PERFECTION OF TEMP..118 


TEG PAMlIOCR, Fite GOED... vcsicis ea genes 122 
RYT Ol ps PAI INCL. 5 yah ate wove ‘ondin 123 
BIG pte CORT OSes vb ssn os oe be 124 
Bi ESRI WAUG Gs «6 is es cent 125 
Sao Leino, oir Freda ko eas sone de 126 
DIVERSITIES OF TEMPERAMENT. 
PRPO aru OAs ite is oh veces 5 127 
122 Thompson, Miss Elizabeth.. i.#130 
See. Losier, wlemence.s., McD... ca... 131 
Page Cats: Gen. Geo, +V0n.. 0. «he se 133 
Cig ies ROUT say oe aA gE ee 135 
126 Vanderbilt, Com. Cornelius....... 139 
PT OTRT a MISE Ss ai win Sc 2s Son 30 143 


128 Morse, Prof. S. F. B., Telegraph.. 


129 Howe, Elias, Sewing Machine..... 147 
peivarowser, t.vdia Pay M.D os ete. ts 148 
131 Bilroth, Prof. Theo., Surgeon..... 151 
Pee aCOMIBCH ALISEASCU, «5 oi iss «kes 152 
¥23 as Repaired. . oS.) 5. wae. 152 
134 Mackenzie, Sir Morell, M.D;...... 154 
TER MGUDOn.. sic, TUS +. A264. Saat 156 
fe LES CVSS To OV ee op re, Pb 158 
BUM OSODET Vy BOT. ss 2-66 0. seins Sas 160 
ree EL OT NAL «cided eases a 163 
139 Curtis, oY Ei Bor Ladies’ hol ie 169 
140 Bok, Edw. Wm., Ed. hs We 73 
HatT CONFORMATEUR. 
4: Webster, Daniel, Hat Shapes.. 4 “a 
Pescrciennd rat Conform. ... «ees. 180 
145 ) Seligman, Morgan, Nast, Ducey, 
152$ Vanderbilt, Shandley........... 183 
153) Munkacsy, Burr, Elkins, Fish, 
175 Bristow, Crouse, Vanderbilt, 
beoe, tarant, Glugh: 'J.. ics wap 186 
Duval, Pulitzer, Bates, Ingalls, 
EME UME OC in x.) ce «ew «9 whptans 187 
Platt, Butterfield, Hurlbut, Coque- 
Geet gies ay rial aalig, phos slh lake 188 
Burns, Combe, Ingersol, Robt. G. 189 
176. Pierrepont, ‘Edwards. ......00.00% IgI 
ome WESton rotate nase) Bi. a 6 edie vee 195 
P75 AbDpot, Jord| Colchester. .32....% 197 
fe enotem. Bp. las Ow. essere 201 
weericgians  Felicial fnce.sc. Ges eetse 204 
T5r Nott, Rev. Dr. Eliphalet..... 0.54. 206 
FRM MARSAT. | MIALIC Wiis dries: ss us ols a 5 207 
te3 Dudley, Ambrose, Earl... .. 00.0.0 209 
Tee Whites judgesH. Li... oc. sce eeee. 210 
Mee EPCOT AT IUICGEG v0 a'disles wwoldites Oh 211 
186 | Trumbull, Jonathan, ‘‘ Bro. Jona- 
OS ee ro eee eee 213 
187 Gallatin, Albert. ...-...+ «00. eeeses 216 
188 Jackson, Gen. Andrew ........++-. 220 
189 Van Buren, Martin ......+-++++0+: 222 
Poe Power eReg se. Fic. gti vedas es ewes 226 
191 Newberry, J. S., M.D.........+-.-: 232 
192 Child Culture, some Boys......... 236 


193 The Student .......s.seeeees Pe ee 237 


FIGURE PAGE 
TGAwl NO PHYSICIAN decent ste neh Wenn pe 238 
195 Scholar and Historian...... ..... 239 
196 Fond Father and his Pets.......... 240 
TOS: LAC ARGRLOLON Gey Pei cxic a a aa ak 240 
ros, Interest ‘Heightenedi vy... 5235 bees os» 241 
Toth: FUSCA. ae tunis <u oe ates a 241 
OO. Clitiet, NOLMAD Pace. cis 27s Weare k's oe 242 
OLS CUTIOMIL Yaw. one k oh 8 ahs Cees 242 
207 (A miable M irtie wens ..5\5 owe-<peee oe 243 
203 Schelling, Musical Prodigy ........ 244 
204 Health, Courage, Manliness....... 245 
205 Children Hard and Easy to Manage.246 
900 ‘Lalenfand Pinck daar. seus gems 247 
207 Amiable‘and Intelligent’: .:........ 248 
208 Calmness, Health and Talent...... 248 
sey Hopetul Gandidates.4 «..vauws en es 250 
211 R. K. L., Business and Medicine. ..254 
ato) BoP. pcnomranu: redeherg.7..s. 255 
213 a L. N., Headstrong, Positive and 
Pincers: te oF sea es 256 
a14iG.b. Ney pea ene LOAM 5 ie aa 257 
ni { Baby's Day, group of fifty-eight. .259 
avs Contented Innocence. 7... «+. 1207 


274 Tavlor, Roy,My First Gt. -Grandson. 269 


io A Grandfather’s First Fondlings...271 


278 } 

279 { Millery Si Wie cant « Paws ee oe 272 
ae Bessievand Giada... Me. nme ate os 273 
Manin Helen P., Bundle of Sun- 

282 
Shiny ass ele alee an wees a 274 

8 
a Conrad, Trader, << eemtaiee oss ols» os 275 
* Van Volkenberg, Grave to Gay....276 
BAT [Uwe at~T Neer rman. Ye ces 277 

288 
289 | Franks, FW ey aR Oe OP 278 

290 
291 | Greene, Doral nitata Sarees is Seles ate 279 
a Serenity and Sadness, Twin Bros..280 
204) sCupid's. Dreaming agent we sca cee 281 
Sn Crossley aid Sy ltaws stds inc nen 282 
297 Wilcox; Ella Wheeler:. ..........65 285 
268 ON yore Wiis IVS ie tapeee os Wels 289 
200, Wentworth; Genwi Gi seo as 293 
300 Wentworth? MreuMy Ge cre ie ee 294 
ZOLA viet. ROVe Ie ieene cates ae es. cc es 298 
302"Cooper, fs Marion, M. Dane. 307 
303 Stone, Lucy (Blackwell) ..2......0.. 311 
404. Wilder pMarshall Pewuacei ea eke. Sry 
305 Rockwell, Florence..............-: 321 
400 RadfordyeReve BP. 25 serge 325 
207 viracy; Gents: bye ware 329 
408: Terryy “i Deacon't-Sethavy . Faces 334 
309 Depew,. Chauncey? M..%5 .44 di... 337 
310 ‘Tilden, Sauls Fra. Waretcy.tens cae 338 
Sif Evarts; Wmeco LicDiia voi es 339 
$12 Hadlocky Harvey* Diced. 3. 4 343 
$13 Storrs, Rev: (R/S: SIRO ee ee a 351 
314 Abbott, Rev. Lyman, D.D......... 355 
415. Bradford, ‘Rewer AvHy.. ccerii eres 301 


THE PHRENOLOGICAL HEAD. 


x 
x. Amativeness, Love between the sexes. 
A. Conjugality, Matrimony—love of one. 
2. Parental Love, Regard for offspring, pets, etc. 
3. Friendship, Adhesiveness—sociability. 
4. Inhabitiveness, Love of Home—patriotism. 
5. Continuity, One thing at a time. 
E. Vitativeness, Love of Life. 
6. Combativeness, Aggression—defense. 
7. Destructiveness, Executiveness—severity. 
8. Alimentiveness, Appetite—hunger. 
9 Acquisitiveness, Accumulation. 
ro. Secretiveness, Policy—management. 
11, Cautiousness, Prudence—provision. 
12. Approbativeness, Ambition—display. 
13. Self-esteem, Self-respect—dignity. 
14, Firmness, Decision—perseverance. 
1s. Conscientiousness, Justice—equity. 
x). Hope, Expectation—enterprise. 
17. Spirituality, Intuition—faith—credulity. 
18, Veneration, Devotion—respect. 
19. Benevolence, Kindness—sympathy. 


THE PHRENGULOGICA Caria a) 


Sublimity 


NUMBERING AND DEFINITION OF THE ORGANS. 


20. 


Constructiveness, Mechanical ingenuity. 
Ideality, Refinement—taste—elegance. 
Sublimity, Love of grandeur—infinitude. 
Imitation, Copying—patterning. 
Mirthfulness—wit—jollity—fun. 
Individuality, Observation—desire to see. 
Form, Recollection of shape—modeling. 
Size, Measuring by the eye. 


Weight, Balancing—climbing—center of gravity, 


Color—Judgment of colors and shades. 
Order, Method—system—arrangement. 
Calculation, Mental arithmetic—counting. 
Locality, Recollection of places. 
Eventuality, Memory of facts 


Time, Cognizance of duration—keeping step. 


Tune, Sense of harmony and melody. 
Language, Expression—free use of words, 
Causality, Applying causes to effect. 


Comparison, Inductive re isoning—illustration. 


Human Nature, Perception of character. 
Agreeableness, Pleasantness—suavity,. 


FEMALE _ 


HOW TO STUDY STRANGERS 


TEMPERAMENT, FACE AND HEAD. 
By NELSON SIZER. 


CHAPTER I. 


We are sometimes questioned in 
this manner: ‘‘How do you study a 
face? How do you study a head? 
How do you study the whole consti- 
tutional makeup so as to feel a good 
degree of confidence in the result? 
I am interested in faces, and I think 
I can determine intelligence by look- 
ing at a face as a whole, and I can 
tell Amiability from Severity of dis- 
position. But how do you study the 
complexities of mental development? 
The great outlines of character, I 
suppose, are not difficult to be under- 
stood, but the biography, the warp 
and woof of a man’s character and a 
woman’s or a child’s spirit and dis- 
position, how do you get at all that? 
For instance, I see an eminent and 
excellent person, who has lived long 
enough to have a bald head, it may 
be as round as a billiard ball. Men 
talk about bumps, but there are no 


bumps in such a head, therefore, how 
can you determine characteristics?” 

In replying to such questions, or 
any others which may arise in the 
minds of thinkers, readers and ob- 
servers, we beg to say, in the first 
place, that we never have studied 
heads by means of bumps. Nothing 
pleases us so much as to see a hand- 
some, well-formed head, or a face 
without any peculiarities of facial ex- 
pression, or a head without any 
bumps, hillocks or inequalities of 
cranial development; the most evenly 
developed head and the most uniform 
type of face is artistically and prac- 
tically the best. 

We study heads from the centre of 
the brain at the medulla oblongata, 
or the capital of the spinal cord. The 
brain is developed by fibrous exten- 
sion, and the length of these fibres 
which terminate at the surface of the 


12 How To StTupy STRANGERS. 


brain determine the development of 
the cerebral mass. 

In these outlines we present to our 
readers, in one sense, anew departure 
in phrenological illustrations. There 
are several lines radiating from the 
opening of the air. in these outline 
heads, and represent the mode of 
brain growth and development as we 
study it in real life by distances from 


the centre of the bust in each case 
was the same; so the result of the 
different outlines represents the rela- 
tive size and form of each of the casts. 

In Figure 1, we have the great 
Daniel Webster, who, in his lifetime, 
was called ‘‘godlike,”’ for his majestic 
presence and his superb breadth of 
mental life. 

Figure 2is that of the cast of John 


FIGS. 1 TO 4.—1, WEBSTER. 


brain centre, not by bumps. The 
four busts which are represented in 
each of these groups of drawings, 
one a set of side views, and the other 
the outline backview of each head, 
are copied from orginal casts, taken 
from the heads during life; and these 
pictures being taken by photographic 
process, the distance from the lens to 


2, CALHOUN, 


0, MARTIN. 4, HILLINGS. 


C. Calhoun, the great southern states- 
man. ‘These two busts were the only 
casts ever taken of Webster and Cal- 
houn. They were carefully taken by 
the artist, Clark Mills, of Washing- 
ton, in Washington ; therefore be- 
ing casts and not models they re- 
present the exact size and form of 
the heads of these two great men; 


there is not the difference of the 
thickness of a postal card, at any rate, 
on the portions that were not covered 
with hair, and this was wet and _ laid 
close to the head; and Mr. Webster 
had but little hair in 1847. 

Figure 3, Martin, the murderer, it 
will be observed, has a low and re- 
treating forehead, the moral region 


is low, and it is broad and heavy at: 


the base, and extends backward from 


FIGS. 5 TO 8.—1, WEBSTER. 


the ear, considerably beyond either 
that of Calhoun or Webster. 

Figure 4°is a drawing, taken as we 
have described from a cast of the 
head of one of the Hillings family of 
idiots. We have the mother and five 
adult children; this is oneof the chil- 
dren. 

Remember that the opening of the 
ear in all these portraits is the central 
or focal point; they are matched at 
that point, and the development in 
each direction is in exact accord- 
ance with nature. 

The caliper measurement of Web- 
ster’s head, from the centre of the 
forehead to the most prominent part 
of the backhead, was 9} inches; that 
of Mr. Calhoun was 8} inches. The 
diameter of Webster’s head, just 
above the ears, was 7 inches; that of 


2, CALHOUN. 


By TEMPERAMENT, FACE AND HEAD 13 


Calhoun was 63. The vertical eleva- 
tion, from a line drawn from the 
opening of each ear, in Webster was 
52% inches; that of Calhoun was 5}. 
The caliper measurement, from the 
opening of the ear to the centre of 
the tophead, making rather a diag- 
onal line, was in Webster 62 inches ; 
and in Calhoun 68 inches. 

The head of Martin (Fig. 3) is 73 
inches from front to rear, The ver- 


3, MARTIN. 4, HILLINGS. 


tex at Firmness—rurs up narrow at 
the top, a kind of wedge, is 54+ inches 
high, and it is 64 inches from ear to 
ear, and from the opening of the ear 
to the centre of the tophead by cali- 
pers—that is, a straight line from the 
opening of the earasa caliper would 
measure it—is 64inches. The head 
No. 4 measures 6 inches from front 
torear; it is 4# inches high, and 5 
inches wide just above the ears. 

We may say, therefore, distinctly 
that phrenologists, who understand 
what has been taught, from the 
days of Gall and Spurzheim until 
now, do not look for bumps as 
many persons seem to suppose, as 
if the last half inch of a man’s 
head was made into waves, like 
those of the sea, the crest showing 
power and the trough weakness, 


14 How To StTupy STRANGERS. 


We sometimes find heads of the 
same length from the forehead to the 
back head, but one will be two inches 
wider above and about the ears than 
the other, but they may also be of the 
same height from the ear upward, the 
difference being in, the development 
of the side head, and yet there is no 


i \ A \\ \ \ \ . AN 
a 


FIG. 9. A WIDE HEAD. 


bump, no little hill or hollow, but the 
general breadth of the head shows it. 
A small apple may be asround as any 
other, there are no hollows in it be- 
cause it is small; another apple is 
large, but there are no bumps on it; 


that the phrenologists who understand 
the subject do not look for hills and 
hillocks, for bumps and ridges; yet, 
sometimes one part of the head will 
be an inch farther from the centre 
than another part. It is not uncom- 
mon to find the front half of the head 
to resemble one parent, whose head 


NW 


), 


tif 


FIG. 11. A NARROW HEAD. 


measured 21 inches, and the portion 
of the head back of this part will ab- 
ruptly increase in size, representing the 
other parent, who had a twenty-three 
inch head; it does not make a bank 
nor a wall where it meets the smaller 


Fic. 10. 


A HIGH HEAD. 


it is made up of general fulness and 
length of fiber from the centre to the 
circumference; and if the reader will 
bear this thought in mind, as we pro- 
ceed to explain and illustrate this im- 
portant matter, and we hope to settle 
it once and for all time, and it is this, 


FIG. 12. A LOW HEAD. 


half of the head, but it rises rapidly 
to a larger form, and thus represents 
a head that measures twenty-three 
inches. Nothing is more common 
than to find the forehead constituting 
about one-third of the length of the 
head, and the back and front head rep- 


resenting a 22-inch head, but the sec- 
tion between being piled up mas- 
sively, so as to represent a 23-inch 
head, and nothing is more common 
than to find the middle section of the 
face, from the corner of the eye to 
the corner of the mouth, large as com- 
pared withthe forehead and chin; and 
that middle section of the face cor- 
responds to the middle section of the 
head; and while we are here, we may 


By TEMPERAMENT, FACE AND HEAD 15 


ancestor who had the heavy eyebrows 
and with it a masterful constitution, 
imparted that peculiarity to his pro- 
geny, whichis not easily effaced. An- 
other line of people will have the mark- 
ed development of long nose witha pe- 
culiar straightness; another family or 
line of families will have the Roman 
nose; another family will have 
the nose broad at the bridge or broad 
at the wings, Then there are pe- 


BiGuelas 


say also that the chest corresponds 
with that portion of the face and head; 
and we hope to make these points as 
clear to others by comparison as they 
are tous, 

In the wonderful intermingling of 
peculiarities of character by marriage 
and birth we find developed eccentri- 
cities of features and eccentricities of 
head. In one line of progenitors there 
is sometimes a characteristic feature 
of the face, a massiveness over the 
eyes, and heavy eyebrows, which will 
run for half a dozen generations, and 
mark all the children, because the 


DANIEL WEBSTER. 


culiarities of mouthsin some families, 
in others we find the mark of some 
progenitor who had prominent teeth, 
and a heavy hard-looking upper lip, 
and when shavedit looks like a mass 
of granite, quarried and sculptured 
into shape. Another family will have 
the softer upper lip, rolling out instead 
of being curved partly under; then 
there are families who will have the 
heavy under lip, heavier than the up- 
per, a prognathous under jaw. In 
another family we see the retreat- 
ing chin, almost absurdly so, and a 
short under jaw, and we advise such 


16 How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


men to wear a beard to cover it, if 
they can; then other families will 
have a broad, strong, protrusive chin. 
Now, none of these peculiar forms of 
features are beautiful; they may 
be majestic, they may be resolute, 
and they may indicate steadfast- 
ness, they may indicate duty well 
done, or being well done, or deter- 
mination to do duty. 

In studying heads, we sometimes 
find a forehead very protrusive in the 
lower part, but retreating upward and 
backward. Another person has a 
moderate development across the 
brows, and heavy upper forehead— 
what we call a beetling forehead; 
another is narrow at the temples, and 
the face is comparatively sharp; an- 
other is bulged at the temples, wide 
and massive; one head is heavy just 
above the ears, and tapers off both 
ways, front and rear. Another is 
wide at the upper back region of the 
head and wide or narrow in front; 
One is straight up and down at the 
back, another stands out, and has a 
long and graceful curve. Another is 
high at the crown; one is well 
rounded in the middle and tp head, 
and another is comparatively flat- 
tened, andin some heads there seems 
to be a kind of hollow at the top, it 
is less than flat in that region. 

In respect to faces, one has broad 
cheek bones and another narrow; 
one a long, protrusive mouth and 
heavy lips; another has a prim mouth 
with thin lips. |. When people talk of 
heads and faces they seem to appre- 
ciate and enjoy saying, ‘‘A person 
has regular features, a fine, expressive 
face.” Another has a ‘‘ well-rounded, 
handsome head.’’ Women, when 
talking of their babes, will speak of 
one as having a very beautiful head, 
so symmetrical and graceful in all its 
lines; and another has a long head, 
sharp in front and rises at the crown, 
and they think it is queer and won- 
der what it indicates, especially young 
mothers when they see their first 
babe, almost without any forehead, 
and the crown looming up, they are 


afraid, and sometimes ask us if the 
child will ever havea better-shaped 
head, and if we think the child will 
ever know anything; four months 
afterward they forget to ask such 
questions; the head comes into shape 
and is amply developed. Of course, 
the infantile head changes rapidly in 
form. 

A cat’s brain is about the size of 
an ordinary apricot cr the egg of a 
bantam chicken; it is developed by 
fibres, and when the fibres stop ex- 
tending the limit of brain develop- 
ment is reached. A dog has a larger 


FIG. LAs CAT: FIG. 15. A MONKEY. 


brain, and a monkey still larger; and 
the length of fibre is the mode of the 
increase of brain from the smallest to 
the largest. 

When we examine a given head we 
measure it in circumference and in 


FIG. 16. 


A DOG, 


several other ways. We study its re- 
lation to the size of the body and the 
manner in which it is nourished. 

The method we adopt in the cases 
of Figs. 1 to 8 shows the relative size 
of the head, and the measurements 
which we give indicate the real size. 


CHAPTER Il. 
THE BRAIN, ITS STRUCTURE AND USES. 


HE brain is the master or the of the body is under the masterful 
central source of power, mo-_ control of the brain and its append- 


‘ 
iy 


pay 


ae 


FIG. I7.—-THE BRAIN IN SKULL, 


tion and talent; in other words, ages, the nerves. Every quivering 
knowledge and power. Every fibre sensibility in the entire structure is a 


18 How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


messenger to carry to the brain a 
knowledge of joy, sorrow, secured 
from the outer world; and every 
effort of the will in the work and 
struggle of life receives its impulse in 
the brain and serves the purpose of 
that brain in the work and duty of 
life. The nerves of sensation which 
give pleasure and pain are so spread 
in minute fibres throughout the sys- 
tem that we can not touch with a 
point of a needle any part of the sys- 
tem without touching one of them; 
so that the brain, though located in 
the cranium, has its agencies all over 
the system; and the nerves of mo- 
tion, actuated by the brain, produce 
all the force, skill and power which is 
manifested in life. 

There is more known about brain 
and nerve to-day than there was half 
a century ago. When I commenced 
to lecture men who knew enough to 
go successfully into the avenues of 
skill and industry would sometimes 
ask, touching the forehead, if the 
brain was located there, for they had 
seen some person who had received a 
blow on the forehead and the brain 
was exposed. Another would con- 
tradict it and say that he had known 
a person to receive a blow on the 
back of the head and the brain was 
then exposed. Another had seen a 
person injured on the side of the 
head in the region of the ears and 
the brain was seen to be there. And 
I would say to them, ‘* Gentlemen, 
you are all right, the skull is com- 
pletely filled with the brain from the 
orbits of the eyes to the back of the 
neck, even as an egg-shell is filled 
with its contents; and the skull is 
simply the house the brain lives in 
and is made to protect it, not to im- 
prison it.” 

In earlier times physiologists 
studied everything more than the 
brain, and common people have, 
therefore, less information on that 
subject than on most other topics 
relating to the human economy. We 
now seek to present in a simple form 
for popular reading and understand- 


* 


ing, facts relating to the brain that 
ought to be known by all, avoiding 
most of those sharp technicalities 
familiar to the student of medicine; 
and we will try to make the general 
outline of brain development and its 
characteristics plain to the popular 
mind. 

BRAIN AS SITUATED IN THE SKULL. 

Fig. 17. In this engraving is rep- 
resented the head and face with one- 
half of the skull removed and the 
brain exposed as it exists in life. If 
a line be drawn from the angle of the 
eye through the opening of the ear 
to the back head it will indicate the 
base of the cavity of the skull which 
in life is filled with brain. In this 
figure also will be seen the edge of 
the skull and the edge of the scalp. 
The cerebrum or great brain and 
also the cerebellum or little brain at 
the base, behind the ear, are shown, 


jn 


J 


FIG. 18,—BRAIN HEMISPHERES. 


TOP VIEW. 


Fig. 18 represents the cerebrum 
or great brain as it would appear if it 
were taken out of the skull and we 
looked upon its superior or upper 
surface. It will be seen that there 


BRAIN: ITs STRUCTURE AND USES. 1g 


is a deep line or cleft run- tom view of the brain. The anterior 
ning through the whole length com- lobes of the brain each (hemi- 
pletely dividing the mass into two. sphere has its lobes) from AA to BB 
are regarded by phren- 
ologists as the intel- 
lectual lobes in which 
i; the organs of the in- 
yi A tellectual faculties are 
Va, zt» located. The cleft at 

mM, YiZ{¥Z meee the back margin of the 
YYvOO£B6VI"-_U. ta % } anterior lobe at B is 
called the fissure of 
Sylvius which divides 
the front and middle 
lobes of the brain 
near BB. Between 
BB and CC are pre- 
sented the middle 
lobes of the brain in 
which phrenologists 
locate the organs of 
the selfish propensi- 
FIG. I9.—BRAIN, SIDE VIEW. ties, such as Vitative- 


C cerebrum. D, cerebellum. M, medulla, oblongata, S, spinal cord, ness, Alimentiveness, 
where it passes out of the skull, 


equal sections or hemispheres from A A 
top to bottom. These hemispheres 
are united by a white fibrous mem- 
brane in the central section called 
the corpus callosum; and this con- 
nection brings the two hemispheres 
of the brain into connection and B-'§ <7 
co-operation. inl 

Fig. 19 is aside view of the brain — fapypniniyy" 
which presents the left side of the Ail 
cerebrum, C, and the left side of the 
cerebellum, D, or little brain. The 
medulla oblongata, M, and the spinal 
cord, S, which is a continuanceof M, 
passes through an opening in the 
tentorium and out of the skull and 
proceeds to form the spinal cord, 
running through the whole length of 
the spinal column, this being sub- 
divided into infinitely small fibres 
which pervade every part of the 
body, giving sensation as well as mn 
motion. 
There is another division recog- FIG, 20.—BRAIN, BOTTOM VIEW. 
nized in discussing the brain, namely, ; 

: . : Anterior lobes fr>m A, A to B, B. Middle lobes 

lobes. Fig. 20 gives us the basilar from B, Bto C, C. Posterior lubes trom C, C to D, D. 
aspect of the brain, the cerebrumand — [ors?e" Or ccuing from the medulla oblongata, cut 
cerebellum when the whole mass 1s off below the skull, and laid on the cerebellum (see 


: . 2 Brain, Side View). Fissure of Sylvius, dividing be- 
turned upside down. This is the bot- tween the front and middle iohae ce brain near B, B. 


a -} 


20 


Combativeness, Destructiveness, Se- 
cretiveness, and Acquisitiveness. 
From ,CC to DD are the posterior 
lobes in which are located the social 
or domestic organs. EE shows the 
hemispheres of the cerebellum or 
littie brain. F represents the medulla 
oblongata. S is the spinal cord at- 
tached to the oblongata. Thus the 


brain and the body through the spine * 


have their connection and co-opera- 
tion. If we turn and look at Fig. 19 
again, we will see where the fissure of 
Sylvius divides between the anterior 
and middle lobes. 

Fig. 21 shows the base of the brain 
of a North American Indian, and 
the reader can not fail to observe 
and mark the difference between 
Fig. 20 and Fig. 21. How much 
shorter and relatively smaller the 
anterior lobes of the Indian brain 
are in Fig) ‘21, AA to BB, and 
how much larger the middle lobes 
of the brain are from BB to CC; 
and then how much broader the 
middle lobes of the brain are, 
rendering the head so much wider 
between the ears. This gives sig- 
nificance to the breadth of the 
head of Fig. 9, page 22, and the 
narrowing of Fig. 10. The mid-c 
dle lobe of the brain in Fig. 9 is 
broad, the character is severe, ex- 
ecutive, positive and _ plucky. 
Fig. 10 shows a narrow head; it 
may have intelligence and moral- 
ity but it lacks pluck, push and 
power. The Indian is not intel- 
lectual, his knowledge is narrow 
and meagre, and relates to physical 
things, but his physique and the ele- 
ments of severity and cunning, in fact 
all the animal propensities are enor- 
mously developed, as seen in Fig. 21. 
It is the case in all the crania of all 
the war-like tribes of Indians no mat- 
ter where they dwell. They are the 
elements that make the tiger, lion and 
wolf, and all the carnivora in short, 
fierce and intense in their severity. 
They are the characteristics of ‘the 
wild man whose animal propensities 
have been chiefly developed. 


Ll 
i ij 
4, 1% 
f - l 
4 Nit i 
At iy 
l ( 
i, Md ) 
ah} Wi 
WY: 
I 4 
f 


How To StTupy STRANGERS. 


If we take an Indian child and cul- 
ture him in the gentle amenities and 
sympathies of refined civilization, it 
will prevent the great growth of the 
middle lobe of the brain, and his 
children, if the mother were removed 
from savage life and trained ina sim- 
ilar way, would have an inheritance in 
which the middle lobe of the brain 
would be lessened and the anterior or 
intellectual lobe would be enlarged; 
so in the successive generations the 
shape of the head of the Indian would 
be transformed. 

In civilized life where children 
wrangle and struggle for existence, 


Ty, ff! ) yf 
, ee i fa Hens 0 
Wf us yy - 
dors i 
i ye 
L if HALT 
e i y : | | 


\ Ww hy, 


2I1.—NORTH AMERICAN 


FIG. INDIAN, 
and are largely savage in habit and 
impulse, they will be found to have 
round heads, broad heads, they will 
be cruel and cunning. A few gener- 
ations of refinement and culture would 
change the form of the cranium as 
well as the disposition. 

Fig. 22. This shows the right hem- 
isphere of the brain, and the wall that 
is presented above the white band, 
called the corpus callosum, repre- 
sents the cleft between the two 
lobes which runs clear through in 
front of that arched band and behind 


BRAIN: ITs STRUCTURE AND USEs. 21 


it. This corpus callosum is a bun- 
dle of fibres which unites the two 
hemispheres of the brain, bringing 
them into connection and co-opera- 
tion. In this engraving also is 
shown the cerebellum, which in this 


FIG, 


5. Corpuscallosum. 9. Optic thalamus. 
13. Crus cerebri. 


case has been sliced off so as to show 
what is called the arbor vite, or tree of 
life. Here the gray and white matter 
are differently disposed from what 
they are in the cerebrum, Fig. 23. 
Fig. 23. This figure represents a 
section of the brain including both 
hemispheres sliced off to a level with 
the corpus callosum, and the white 
substance of that structure will be seen 
connecting the two hemispheres. The 
Medullary or the white substance of 
the brain is here exposed in a large 
way and is surrounded by the con- 
voluted margin of gray substance. 
There is another anatomical mark- 
ing besides the divisions of the brain 
into hemispheres and lobes, namely, 


11. Pineal gland. 
10. Pons varolii. 


into convolutions, or the deep fold- 
ings of the surface. The surface 


of the brain is composed of gray mat- 
ter, and its outer covering is called 
the cortical substance, like the peel 
of an orange. 


It is also called ciner- 


os ay, \ N) m 
i ie al ‘ 
“ *G su sm i 2) 
‘ e WEN 
et ¥: i i i $ 


22.—RIGHT HEMISPHERE OF BRAIN. 


12. Corpora quadrigemina. 
22. Medulla oblongata. 


itious, meaning ash colored or gray. 
The gray matter is regarded as the 
special agent of mentality, and the 
deeper the foldings the greater the 
talent in the fortunate possessor. 
Within this cortical substance is the 
white, fibrous tissue of the brain which 
is called medullary matter. It is of 
a grayish white, and is developed 
from the medulla oblongata in radial 
fibres toward the surface where the 
fibres unite with the cortical sub- 
stance; and the length of these fibres 
from the brain centre to the circum- 
ference indicate the development or 
magnitude of the brain. 

In Figs. 1 to 4, the lines running 
from the opening of the ear for- 


22 How To StTupy STRANGERS. 


ward, upward and backward; and 
the back views of the same head 
in Figs. 5 to 8, with similar radial 
lines show the method of form- 
ing a large brain by the exten- 
sion of these fibres; hence the Web- 
ster brain is broad, long and high; 
and the other heads represented, 
down to the idiot’s, have shorter fibres 


6279! | 


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2 


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FIG. 


Webster head has as smooth lines as 
any of the other heads contained with- 
in its outline. There are no more 
bumps on Webster’s head than on the 
idiot’s head, but there is more dis- 
tance from the opening of the ear, 
more massiveness, more power. 

The reader now will understand 
why Fig. 20 differs from Fig. 21 in 


23.—BRAIN, TRANSVERSE SECTION. 


Section of brain on a level with the Corpus Callosum, showing white fibres, convolutions and gray matter. 


and the heads are smaller; just asa 
small wagon wheel has short spokes 
and a large wheel has long spokes. 
So that in measuring heads and study- 
ing their formation, the phrenologist 
looks for the distance from the medulla 
oblongata or capital of the spinal cord 
to the surface of the brain. He does 
not look for hills and hollows, for 
little inequalities of surface. The 


character. One, Fig. 20 has a modi- 
fied middle lobe of the brain, the pro- 
pensities and passions are restricted. 
In the Indian, Fig. 21, the character 
is developed through the middle lobe, 
the talents are not very much devel- 
oped in his case through the anterior 
lobes. Another look at Figs. 9 and 
10 will reimpress this thought. 

Fig. 9 is a man to build engines 


BRAIN: ITs STRUCTURE AND USEs, 23 


and run them, to quarry granite, to 
be a man of the executive sort, while 
Fig. 10, with the narrow head, could 
keep the books, could do the intel- 
lectual part of the business and keep 
everything straight in the counting 
room, 


THE BRAIN IS FIBROUS. 


The question of the fibrous structure 
of the brain was somewhat slow in 


re 


7 


—— en Wk i) 


FIG. 


finding a lodgment in the anatomical 
and medical world. Gall and Spurz- 
heim were opposed in Germany and 
in Paris because they claimed that 
the brain was of a fibrous structure, 
but they demonstrated it by dissec- 
tion of the brain, and the microscope 
in its modern improvement has sanc- 
tioned their word. 

As late as 1842, in a public lecture 
in Vermont,. I stated that phren- 
ologists did not estimate the mental 
organs as most people persist in 
claiming they do, by bumps, but by 
radial distance from the medulla ob- 
longata to the surface of the brain 
where the organs are located; that 


the brain is developed from that 
point by means of fibres toward the 
brain surface like the ribs of a palm 
leaf fan. 

At this point a young lawyer of the 
village who was the professor of 
medical jurisprudence in a_ small 
medical college in that State, rose 
and asked permission to address the 
audience for a minute. Permission 
being granted, he said: ‘‘My friends, 


e 6 vs @ oP 


V7, Yc 


24.—FIBRES RADIATING TO THE CONVOLUTIONS. 


with all due respect to our young 
friend, the lecturer, I desire to say— 
and having had, as you know, some 
acquaintance with a subject relating 
to the brain and to the brain itself, 
I am prepared to assert—there are no 
fibres in the brain as there are none 
ina bowl of custard; it can be cut 
with a spoon as a custard can be. 
The phrenologist’s theory of fibres 
must therefore be erroneous.” 

I «replied: that.<° Dr... Galli the 
founder of phrenology, was a Ger- 
man physician, and in Germany 
physicians are supposed to be well 
educated; and he had such a standing 
that he was called to be physician to 


24 How To Stupy STRANGERS, 


the Emperor of Austria, in that city 
of scientific learning, Vienna; and 
among learned men in Germany he 
stood high and he taught that the 
brain was fibrous, as I stated it. 
Dr.Spurzheim, associate of Dr.Gall, 
was also an educated German physi- 
cian, and the two men in their lectures 
delivered in Paris, taught the fibrous 
structure of the brain, and the people 
of that learned metropolis were con- 
vinced by their demonstrations. They 


recognized and stated the fibrous 
theory of the brain. Within ten 
years of the time when the Vermont 
lawyer disputed this doctrine, the 
great work called Gray’s Anatomy, 
was published in London, which is 
still, in 1893, the standard text book 
of anatomy in every English-speak- 
ing medical college in the world. It 
illustrates the point in question by 
an engraving which is represented in 
Fig. 24. 


FIG, 25.—BRAIN FIBRES DISSECTED. 


were the men who taught the doctrine 
which I merely repeat here.” 

Of course this Vermont lawyer rep- 
resented the state of medical science 
on this subject where he taught. 

Five years previous to this, how- 
ever, a professor of physiology, at 
Washington, who was opposed to 
phrenology, delivered lectures which 
were published, in which he plainly 


In the engraving which is here 
copied, the cerebellum has been per- 
mitted to fall away ‘from the cere- 
brum. In life it lies snugly up 
under the cerebrum. (See Fig. 19.) 
It was permitted to fall away so that 
the parts above could be better shown 
for the anatomical student. 

Toward the base of the cerebrum 
the reader will see what we choose to 


Brat: Irs STRUCTURE AND USES. 25 


call a royal arch, made of the words, 
‘‘Fibres radiating to convolutions.” 
We have sometimes wondered what 
the Vermont lawyer, the lecturer on 
medical jurisprudence in a medical 
college, thought of this engraving the 
first time he saw it. Of course the 
medical college (to which he minis- 
tered in 1842) as soon, at least, as 
1852, followed Gray and everybody 
else in teaching the fibrous structure 
of the brain. There are more fibres 
in the brain than there are in a bowl 
of custard. Yet many people still 
persist in talking of bumps, as if we 
looked for and followed them. 

This engraving, Fig. 24, is a sec- 
tion of the left hemisphere of the 
brain, showing the medullary or 
white, fibrous structure. The gray 
matter at the surface can be seen in 
certain parts, though the object of 
the engraving was not to show the 
cortical or gray matter of the brain, 
but the white fibres. 

In Fig. 25, we have also a left 
hemisphere of the brain, and we are 
looking at that side of it which joins 
the right hemisphere. They are 
separated from each other by the 
falciform process of the dura mater; 
and in this engraving there can be 
plainly seen the strip of gray matter 
attached to the convolutions at the 
surface, then the bands and lines of 
white fibres run from below, upward 
and outward. 

In the measurement and study of 
heads, as indicated and illustrated 
by Figs. 1 to 8, it will be understood 
that by drawing a line through the 
head at the opening of the ears, it 
passes through the centre of the 
brain at the medulla oblongata; hence 
we study from the opening of the 
ear, and know that the medulla ob- 
longata is exactly between them; 
hence the organs in the side head 
give wideness to the head. The 
organs in the top head are large in 
proportion to the length of the fibre 
from the medulla oblongata. The 
organs in the front head are long and 
large in proportion to the distance 


from the opening of the ear forward. 

If one will take a palm leaf fan and 
hold it in his hand by the handle and 
see how the ribs run, to the right, to 
the left and upwards, he may have a 
rough idea of the sections of the 
brain, the handle representing the 
spinal cord and medulla oblongata, 

Some heads are an inch and a half 
wider above the ears than others. 
Some an inch and a half longer from 
front to rear. Some are long from 
the ears backward. Some are long 
forward and short behind. An apple 
is large because the distance from the 
core is great every way. 

Some heads are irregular in form 
(See brain, Fig. 21), it differs from 
Fig. 20, showing a difference in the 
length of the fibre lines in different 
parts of the head. Fig. 20 shows a 
harmonious balance between the 
lobes of the brain. Such a head is 
developed by civilization and the laws 
which regulate life and character. 
Fig. 21 1s very broad in the middle 
lobes. In that region phrenology lo- 
cates the propensities, the passions, 
the elements of severity and force, 
policy, prudence and appetite, and 
when we compare that strong, selfish 
propensity department of the middle 
lobes of this brain with its anterior 
lobes from AA to BB, we see that the 
middle lobes are twice as large as the 
anterior lobes, whereas in Fig. 20 
they are supposed to be normal and 
harmonious. The middle lobe in 
Fig. 20 gives power and executive- 
ness, and the anterior lobe gives 
knowledge and power to think, rea- 
son and plan, so as to exercise power 
wisely and humanely. Fig. 21, the 
Indian, is severe and selfish, his intel- 
lect is cramped and narrow and relates 
mainly to things practical and physical. 

One person has a wide, short head; 
another has a large head in the base 
and low inthetop. See Figs.11 and 12. 

Where the fibres are long the func- 
tions are strong. Where the fibres 
are short the functions are weaker, 
temperament and _ quality being 
similar. 


CHAPTER III. 
THE SKULL AND ITS RELATIONS TO THE BRAIN. 


person who wishes to understand meet it in the living subject, tne pecu- 
phrenology and study its theo- _ liarities of the skull anatomically con- 
retical and practical sides must, of sidered. The reason of this is because 


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FIG. 26.—WELL BALANCED MALE SKULL. 


course, take the head as we meet it in the brain, in its different sections 
daily life, and he mustalso understand and anatomical lines, divisions 
while he is examining the head,as we and limitations, bears certain re- 


SKULL, AND Its RELATIONS TO BRAIN, 


lations to the anatomy of the skull, 
and to know where one of the lobes 
of the brain leaves off, and where an- 
other begins, he must know what re- 


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FIG. 27. —BLACK HAWK. 


Indian Chief of the Sacand Fox tribe, born about 
1768, on the east shore of the Mississippi, near the 
mouth of Rock river; died in lowa in 1838. e wasa 
powerful chief—see the great base of his brain—and 
gave no little trouble in the war of 1812, and in 1831 
and in the “Black Hawk war,” of 1832, when his 
tribe was defeated by Gen. Dodge and Gen. Atkin- 
son. Black Hiwk wascaptured wi h two of his sons 
and seven of his warriors, who were brought East 
and confined in Fortress Monroe, In 1833 they were 
releised and joined tneir tribe. A cast was taken of 
his head, which is in our collection, and from which 
these engravings were made. The head was large 
above and about the ears. Hewas a man of power 
in body and in courageous energy. Whata face, 
what a neck! 


lation the dividing line between these 
lobes bears to certain external marks 
on the cranium. For instance, the 
anterior lobes of the brain, which fill 
the entire forehead, lie upon a plat- 
form which is made by the arches 
which cover the eyes, and constitute 
the roof of the eye sockets. These 


‘ =< 
IMs 
i 


\ 


27 


are called the super-orbitar plates in 
the human skull, and the way to as- 
certain where the posterior margin of 
that platform terminates, and con- 
sequently where the anterior 
lobes of the brain are separated 
from the middle lobes. To find 
this see engraving of the skull 
Fig. 26. 

The malar bone or cheek bone 
7, will be followed by a pressure 
of the finger or thumb backward 
towards the opening of the ear, 
and upon the narrow bone 8, 
called the zygomatic arch, and 
under that bone there will be 
found a littlenotchfrom which 
we have drawn a perpendicular 
line 18. Inside the skull there is 
in the brain (see Fig. 20) a 
bottom view of the brain, what 
is called the fissure of Sylvius, 
indicated by letters BB. The 
Z anterior lobes of the brain AA 
/ are separated from the middle 
lobes by the ridge of Sylvius on 
the inside of the skull, which 
jj, ridge fills the fissure of Sylvius; 
see Fig. 31, a bottom view of 
the inside of the skull. 

Behind the opening of the 
ear, anda little back of the point 
of the mastoid process of the 
temporal bone, we erect a ver- 
tical aline 20, vt ip. 2602 © ‘ihe 
petrous portion of the temporal 
bone lies under this line, a little back 
of the opening of the ears, and that 
ridge divides the middle lobes from 
the posterior lobes. An indication of 
that will be seen in Fig. 19, and also 
in Fig. 25. The position where we 
have drawn these lines may thus be 
anatomically considered and decided 
upon in three seconds by an expert 
examiner; for instance, if we stand 
at the left side of a patient, and run 
the thumb along from the cheek bone 
backwards towards the ear, we strike 
a narrow bone 8, and underthat bone 
we find a notch, from which we draw 
the verticle line 18; then back of the 
ear, the mastoid process g, can be 
distinctly felt, and just at the base of 


\ 


\\ 


28 


that we draw the other verticle line 20, 
and so we get ourtwo vertical lines 
‘drawn, between which the middle 
lobes of the brain are situated. Now 
some men have a very large devel- 
opment of the middle lobes, see 
portraits of black Hawk, Fig. 27 
and 28. Sometimes nearly two- 
thirds of the head seems to be de- 
veloped in that middle lobe. See 
Fig. 21, North American Indian, 
between BB and CC, and contrast 
the middle lobes of that brain 
with Fig. 29, and see how much 
stronger the savage brain is de- 
veloped in that region. The draw- 
ing of the skull before us, Fig. 
26, is a pretty well balanced male 7 
skull, but we show the drawing of 
a skull, Fig. 29, the anterior lobes 
of whose brain, like that of Fig. 
2I, were much smaller than the 
middle. The same is true of Black 
Hawk, whose anterior lobe of 
brain forward of line 18 is small 
and short and narrow compared 
with the middle lobes. Where the 
lobes of the brain are properly 
harmonized the character is ex- 
pected to be uniform and clear; 
that there will be enough of 
intellect for the region of propen- 
sity, and enough of the social to 
give harmonious and _ vigorous 
affection, and enough of the top 
head above the horizontal line 19 to 
manifest moral feeling; but in Black 
Hawk, the middle lobes of the brain 
are paramount. 

Now all these matters will strike 
an examiner in one minute. When 


we see a man in the pulpit or on the - 


rostrum of a lecture hall or rising in 
a court room to try a case, these 
measurements and consideration of 
the proportion of different parts of 
the head are grasped almost as 
quickly as a person can take an esti- 
mate of the features. Occasionally 
the nose is uncommonly large for 
the face, or the middle lobes of the 
brain are enormously large for the 
front and rear. The base of the 
brain under line 19 is heavy, while 


otal fat Mi 


How To STupDY STRANGERS, 


that part of the brain above line 19 
is low down, pinched and depressed 
like that of Black Hawk, and all 
this is done without any thought 
of bumps; indeed, the subject of 


EN 


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ale 


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dean) i u 

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28, 


FIG. 


BLACK HAWK. 


bumps becomes ridiculous when we 
consider the architectural and mathe- 
matical construction of brain devel- 


FIG, 29.—ANIMAL PROPENSITY. 


opment and distance from the brain 
CCDiLe. 


an Winning Soe 


In Fig 21, as we have already re- 
ferred, the anterior intellectual lobes 
of the Indian brain are comparatively 
small when considered in relation to 
the middle lobes; and in the portraits 
of Black Hawk in the front and side 
views, Figs. 27 an 28, the same will 
be noticed. The head is very wide 
through the sides. The Indian has 
much more of passion and of propen- 
sity than he has of intellectuality; the 
Indian has a narrow and superficial 
development in the intellectual de- 
partments, and is cramped in his rea- 
son and theoretical capability; he is 
governed chiefly by what he sees and 
by experience. 

In the figure of the skull 26 we may 
say that the numerals have all a 
meaning. 1 shows that section of the 
skull which is the frontal bone, 2 is 
the parietal bone, 3 is the occipital 
bone, 4 is the temporal bone, 5 is the 
sphenoid bone, 6 is the nasal bone, 
extending about half the length of the 
nose; 7 is the malar bone, 8 is the 
zygomatic arch, 9 is the mastoid 
process of the temporal bone, to 
which muscles go up the side of the 
neck and fasten, and impart the ro- 
tary motion, or the side motion back 
and forth of the head; to is the oc- 
cipital spine, 11 is the superior max- 
illary, upper jaw bone; 12 is the in- 
ferior maxillary, or under jaw bone; 
13 is the opening of the ear, called by 
anatomists meatus auditorius externus ; 
14 the styloid process. ‘The sutures 
or seams which unite the different 
bones of the head are: 15, coronal 
suture; 16, lambdoidal suture; 17, 
squamous suture; 18, the vertical 
line from the zygomatic arch, show- 
ing the division of the anterior from 
the middle lobes; 19, the horizontal 
line running from A to B, which is 
the centre of ossification, where those 
bones begin to form, upon the dura 
mater, the membrane which lines the 
skull and incloses the brain. As an 
egg is enclosed by skin first and then 
the shell is deposited or built upon it, 
so the skull is developed by fibrous 
radial lines of bone as seen at A and 


SKULL, AND ITs RELATIONS TO BRAIN, 29 


B. Ice freezes in that way and sends 
out spicula; and when these bone 
fibres or radii extend from these cen- 
tres in every direction, they finally 
meet with radii from other bone cen- 
tres. At A and B these radial forma- 
tions and extensions of bone are 
shown, and there would be another 
about in the middle line of the occip- 
ital bone and in other bones, and the 
sutures are formed by the interlocking 
of these radial spicula of bone. 

The line 21 which is drawn fromthe 
eyebrow to the occipital spine at 10 
shows the base of the anterior and of 
the posterior lobes of the brain; the 
middle lobe of the brain hangs below 
that line. From the external open- 
ing of the ear 13, we erect a line 22 
at right angles with 21, and that 
shows the depth of the middle lobe of 
the brain, below the anterior and pos- 
terior lobes. Where the middle lobe 
of the brain is large and hangs down 
low, and sends the ear low down, we 
conclude physiologically that the per- 
son has strong vitality and a strong 
hold upon life. This line 21 was 
drawn by Mr. Abram Cox of Edin- 
burgh and referred to by Mr. Combe 
in his system of Phrenology in the 
volume published in 1825. #£Mr. 
Powell of Kentucky in 1854 an- 
nounced to the world that he had dis- 
covered that the base of the brain is 
devoted to the existence of life, and 
that by measurements, which he gave, 
the probabilities of the length of life 
could be  prognosticated. In our 
drawing, Fig. 26, the line 22, drawn 
from the opening of the ear 13 to 
the line of 21, shows the depth of 
that middle lobe below the anterior 
and posterior lobes; and Dr. Powell 
called that line 22 the Life Line. 

Dr. Powell, however, gives credit 
to Dr. Robert Cox, of Edinburgh, for 
showing how inthis manner one could 
ascertain the depth of the middle 
lobes below the anterior and posterior 
lobes. Mr. Combe, knowing both 
Robert and Abram Cox, is doubtless 
right in attributing that measurement 
to Abram Cox. Mr. Combe describes 


30 How To Srupy STRANGERS, 


the base line and also gives engrav- 
ings. Dr. Powell claims to have 
formulated the idea that the vegito 
vital power depends on the middle 
lobes of the brain, extending below 
the line which Cox draws and which 
we have represented. We believe 
that in the strength of the mid- 
dle lobes of the brain resides the 
power of life, and that the organs 
which belong to the sense of appetite, 
sight, hearing and breathing are re- 
lated to the middle lobes of the brain. 
We believe that the width of the head 
above the ears also gives the power 
of vitality as well asthe depth. It 
will be seen that all narrow-headed 
beasts, birds and fishes have a weaker 
hold on life than those who have a 
broad head ; the narrow-headed ones 
are easily killed and they will yield to 
comparatively slight injuries, but the 
cat and the catfish have great tenacity 
of life; the latter will live all night 
after it is half cut in two with aspear, 
and only a little water in the bottom 
of the boat, while rabbits or shad, 
with their narrow heads, are very 
easily killed. The rabbit will die if 
smitten with the flat of the fingers on 
the side of the head, and a shad will 
die in three minutes after it is drawn 
from the water. 

In order to make this matter de- 
cidedly clear, we insert a special 
drawing to represent a skull, Fig. 30, 
showing the proper measurements and 
making the measurement which indi- 
cates the depth of the middle lobes 
of the brain, as they project below 
the anterior and posterior lobes. A 
shows the base of the anterior lobes 
as they lie on thesuper-orbitar plates. 
B shows the location of the occipital 
spine, or bony point in the back 
head, which also indicates the 
base of the posterior lobes, and 
the separation between the cerebrum 
and the cerebellum. It is not in all 
cases easy fora person not familiar 
with the matter to find this point and 
ascertain the exact location, but in 
some heads it projects three-quarters 
of an inch. C shows the life line, 


drawn from the base line AB to the 
external opening of the ear, and the 
length of the line C shows the depth 
of the projection of the middle lobes 


FIG, 30,—THE LIFE LINE, 


of the brain below the anterior and 
posterior lobes. The greater the 
length of the life line C, the greater 
the tenacity of life under labor and 
care, and especially under injury and 
disease. _If the line be short, that is, 
if the middle lobe of the brain does 
not go much below the anterior and 
posterior lobes of the brain, then the 
hold on life is feeble, but if the line 
be long, say an inch, or an inch and 
a quarter, then the person will keep 
the lamp of life burning, accidents 
excepted, to extreme old age. For 
more than fifty years we have regard- 
ed the width of the middle section of 
the head as being a measure of vitality 
and an indication of long life. When 
Dr. Powell’s life line was promul- 
gated, indicating the depth of the 
middle lobes as showing the length 
of life, we accepted that as an indi- 
cation of long life. We may remark 
that the base line as drawn on 
Powell’s cuts arenot alike on the two 
skulls which he presents, and another 
thing, they are not. according to his 
descriptions, the artist, we presume, 
not getting the right idea. Our 
drawing corresponds anatomically to 
Combe’s description and to Cox’s 


SKULL, AND ITS RELATIONS TO BRAIN, 31 


method, and also to Powell's state- 
ment. It is not a difficult thing 
where this bony point, the occipital 
spine, can be located, to place the 
tape or other line, beginning at the 
brow and drawing the lines to the 


back of the head to the little 
bony point, or occipital spine, 
and the depth of the opening 


of the ear below this line is the life 
line. A person who gets used to it, 
a practical phrenologist for instance, 
can put his thumb on the occipital 
spine and draw the line with his eye 
from the brow to the point in the back 
head, and estimate within an eighth 
of an inch the distance of the line to 
the ear opening where it crosses above 
the opening of the ear. Physicians 
can do this without making any pa- 
rade, and especially they can study 
the broadness of the heads as well as 
the depth of the middle lobes. 

Dr. Lambert, an eminent lecturer 
on physiology and anatomy, was per- 
haps the first man in this country to 
make this point known; and he deliver- 
ed publiclectures, measuring the width 
of the head just forward of the opening 
of the ear, as well as the depth, and 
determining in that way the probable 
risk in matters of life insurance; and 
when he was president of a life in- 
surance company in this city, he would 
measure the width of the head and 
also the depth below this line, and he 
would insure one who had a one and 
a quarter inch life line for about half 
the price at which he would insure 
one where the opening of the ear was 
high up and the head was narrow. 
Our view of the case presents 
Combe’s method, and also that of 
Cox, Powell and Lambert all at once. 

When Dr. Lambert was president 
of a life insurance company and ac- 
cepted and declined applicants on the 
basis of these measurements, other 
companies became alarmed at his 
method, for of course when he saw a 
man had a strong hold on life, he 
would insure him for about half what 
he would have to pay at the other 
companies, and the others he would 


tax higher; so Dr. Lambert would get 
the best ones at about half the nominal 
figures, and as he charged the short 
lived people double price, that would 
drive them all to the other companies, 
and they objected; and so Dr. Lam- 
bert’s young institution had to suc- 
cumb to the combined influence and 
opposition of the other and more es- 
tablished firms. But his was the only 
fair way to insure, on the same prin- 
ciple that a brick house should not be 
taxed as high with insurance as a 
wooden house with a shingle roof. 

There are not a few physicians who 
have become familiar with this 
method of establishing the length of 
life; and when a child is born, if the 
middle lobe of the brain is narrow 
and small, and if the opening of the 
ear is high up, the doctor does not 
expect to raise that child; but if the 
opening of the ear is low down, when 
the line is drawn from the brow to the 
occipital spine, then the doctor ex- 
pects that the child will thrive and 
endure all sorts of illness and injury, 
and live in spite of unfavorable cir- 
cumstances. Hence the children of 
wealthy people, who can give them a 
fine education and surround them 
with all the comforts and amenities 
of life without any exertion on their 
part—these children are apt to inherit 
after a while a light middle lobe of 
the brain, while the children of the 
hard working poor, the people who 
have to smite and hammer their way 
to success, will have broad middle 
lobes of the brain; for they have to 
struggle and tussle and work their 
way to success as best they can. 
They have to work for food and rai- 
ment, and they have to defend them- 
selvesagainst quarrelsomeassaults; so 
the children of the poor live, not be- 
cause there is merit in dirt, squalor 
and poverty, but because there is con- 
stitutional vigor to the middle lobe of 
the brain, and many of them become 
the master spirits of theirage. They 
have drive, force, push and enterprise ; 
they are like steam engines well ap- 
pointed; and in this .country where 


32 How 10 Srupy STRANGERS. 


there is opportunity for the poor, if 
they have brain, numbers of men and 
women have risen to distinction, and 
have made themselves not only mas- 
ters among men, but masters of mil- 
lions; and when they work their way 
to success in this. manner, they are 
called self-made. Occasionally, in 
other countries individuals break 
through the bonds of poverty and ig- 
norance and rise to distinction. Their 
brain power sends them up to pros- 
perity and success, and they climb the 
Stairs; they do not wait for an elevator. 

We have incorporated this basilar 
line of the brain 21 in Fig. 26, and 
also the life line 22, so that the one 
figure of the skull will carry the idea 
of this whole matter. In Fig. 31, 
the bottom of the skull, as we look 


emai 


fo i Mi 
7 || tt tt iM 1 
| i ; (iy 
i\ ; in 


\ 
an al 


rh 
PATON 


ty = Nie 
swt il 
an os 


FIG, 31.—BASE OF SKULL, 


down into it will be easily seen; the 
edge of the skull is shown where it is 
sawed off. In the front part are seen 
the seat of the anterior lobes of the 
brain, the back margin of that ante- 
rior lobe of the brain, and themargin 
of the middle lobe is shown; then the 
back section, the valley in which the 
cerebellum is located, is shown, and 
there is also the petrous portion of 
the temporal bone running in from 
the side towards the centre just for- 
ward of the foramen magnum 21, 
which is the dividing line between the 
middle and the posterior lobes, and 
the depression there holds the cere- 


bellum, See Fig. 20, and see how 
nicely that would fit into the bottom 
of the skull before us; see Fig. 19, 
also D for the cerebellum. 

Thus the intelligent reader will get 
a general idea of how the internal 
structure of the skull is made, and 
how to study the size of the brain and 
its different compartments. une 
topics herein contained have not been 
studied much by the general reader. 
They were usually counted as techni- 
calities and slurred over, but he who 
would read character promptly and 
correctly should be informed, and ap- 
ply his information to these divisions 
of the brain himself. One man may 
have a very short anterior lobe of 
brain; he may be weak in intellect; 
he is narrow headed, and yet he wears 
a good-sized hat, because the middle 
and posterior lobes are decidedly 
large. He has strong animal feelings; 
he is coarse and full of thunder and 
a great worker; the back head is 
strong, and so he is social, friendly 
and warmhearted; but stillthe top of 
his head may be low and small, and 
his front head may be deficient. He 
is little inclined to study and less in- 
clined to moral ethics; heworks hard 
and smites his way through difficulty, 
and he can be led and guided prop- 
erly by superior brains, and thus be- 
come an interesting and important 
factor in the great work and struggle 
of life. Some men want others to 
plan for them and guide their power, 
then they are masters in their own field. 

Every invention which saves muscle 
tends to widen the scope of mankind, 
multiplying the comforts of life and 
elevating those who use muscle. 
Where there is no machinery, hand 
labor makes drudges of men who have 
genius and deserve better things, yet 
strange to say, mere labor has in- 
clined to oppose mechanical invention, 
just as farmers opposed railroads, 
which it was thought would put horses 
out of use and give no market for 
oats. Railroads have made _ horses 
widely required and a market for all 
the oats that could be raised. 


See ae ee eee ee 


CHAPTER IV. 
THE SKULL AND ITS RELATION TO THE BRAIN, 


IG. 32. This skullisacompanion smaller and the bones are thinner, 
piece for Fig. 26. Itwillbeob- lighter and of finer grain. And it iS 
served that the bones are lighter, less not so massive in the base where Com- 


YY Hf 
He 
Wig 

7 


Wy | 
rf 


L, 


FIG. 32.—WELL BALANCED FEMALE SKULL. 


massive and strong. Thenasal boneis  bativeness and Destructiveness and 
not so high, the cheekbone, 7,1s not so_ the selfish propensities are developed. 
massive, and the mastoid, 9, is lessde- Having the skulls in our possession 
veloped, and the occipital spine, ro, is we study them at our leisure. 


33 


34 How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


It will be noticed that this head has 
a beautifully rounded top, the region 
of the religious and moral sentiments 
is well ‘developed. There is not so 
much Self-esteem as in Fig. 26. The 
sutures are very, smoothly united, 
and there is less of ruggedness in its 
structure, especially in the cheekbone, 
7. The different bones of the skull 
are numbered in this the same as in 
Fig. 26. Indescribing the male skull, 
Fig. 26, we mentioned the principle 
of bone development by radial fibres 
or spicula, as indicated at A and B on 
Fig. 26 to which we referred. 


FIG. 33.—INFANT’S SKULL AT BIRTH. 


Here the formation of the frontal, 
parietal and occipted bones is repre- 
sented by radiating fibres. The cen- 
tral points where the bones commence 
to form are shown, which correspond 
to A and Bin Fig, 26. The grain or 
fibre of the bone is seen to radiate 
from these centres till they reach 
corresponding fibres from the other 
bones. Between the frontal bones 
and also the parietal bones the sutures 
are distinctly seen. The edges of the 
bones approach but there is yet no 
locking together of the edges. The 
sutures are also seen along the top- 


head, but they are not yet united; in 
fact, none of the sutures are united in 
the early years of life. In the centre 
of the top head there is a black place 
like open water in a partly frozen pond, 
that is called the great fontanelle or 
fountain, so named from the pulsa- 
tions, which are perceptible like the 
rising of the water ina fountain. Four 
bones approach this point and do not 
yet coverthe space. In infancy there 
are always two frontal bones; in adult 
life they are generally united by solid 
ossification, though we have several 
specimens of skulls in the office that 
are not ossified, they are merely closed 
up like the other sutures of the skull, 
and show two distinct frontal bones. 
The occipital bone, No. 3, it will be 
seen, has its centre of ossification, the 
fibres running to meet the parietal 
bones. . All anatomists understand 
that the dura mater, a tough skin 
(which when dried is very much like a 
dried bladder), encloses the brain and 
in position and function is very like 
the skin which encloses the egg before 
its shell is formed, since the bony 
material of the skullis developed out 
of the dura mater and formed on its 
surface as the eggshell is developed 
out of its skin. The skull is formed 
in patches in separate and distinct 
parts. There is evident wisdom in 
that method. At birth, as we have 
shown in this infantile skull, the bones 
are separate, and pressure upon the 
head might throw it into almost any 
form without straining or breaking the 
bone, or without serious injury to the 
brains. “fhe infants head has -aucott 
spot, a great. fontanelle, which some- 
times lasts for twelve months before it 
is closed up; and there is another 
opening in the back head where the 
saggital suture unites with the lamb- 
dodal suture, and this is called the little 
fontanelle, because it is smaller than 
the one in the top head. The bones of 
the skull not being firmly united, a 
blow or a fall is a little like striking or 
dropping a paper parcel, the force of the 
blow is not so severe as it would be 
if the skull were more solid in its 


SKULL, AND ITs RELATIONS TO BRAIN. 35 


development. Another important 
provision in the fact of the skull being 
composed of parts or sections, 1s, that 
a fracture occurring in one bone froma 
blow usually stops at the suture, and 
the shock tothe brain and skull would 
thus be much less than it would be if 
the skull were solid. 


Fig. 34 represents the skull of a 
child with the frontal suture not yet 
consolidated. Perhaps one adult skull 
in five hundred has the frontal suture 
well defined and capable of being sep- 
arated like the other sutures. In old 
age the sutures in most cases are 
solidly united. 

Fig. 35. We here present the bones 
of a skull which have been separated 
by artificial means. If a person will 
fill a well-formed skull with beans or 
corn and lay it into a vessel of water 
so the beans or corn will become 
soaked and expanded, the joints of the 
skull will be opened as here’ repre- 
sented. * The frontal bone, 1, the 
parietal bone, 2, the occipital bone, 
3, the temporal bone, 4, the nasal 
bone, 5, the malar bone, 6, the upper 
jawbone, 7, the lachrymal bone, 8, and 
the under jawbone, 9, can all be 
numbered as we have numbered 
them on Fig. 26. But the num- 
bers are mere guides, not a law. 
The sutures between the bones 
are seen wide open and their ser- 


rated edges, like saw _ teeth, aid 
in constituting the firm joints repre- 
sented. 


Now all these bones ina 


FIG. 35.—BONES OF SKULL SEPARATED. 


child’s head are available to growth. 
An infant’s jaw is not large enough to 
serve the processes of later life; and 
the Bret. teeth: are ‘small el heiay 
grows and new teeth come, and 
the whole business is enlarged. 

Imagine, then, these different bones 
being like the scales of an alligator 
with separating joints, and the bones 
growing as an alligator’s scales grow. 
It is the easiest possible thing to keep 
the brain covered, shielded and protect- 
ed. People forget that theskull is not 
a prison house for the brain, but a pro- 
tection. Human clothes do not grow 
much, we have to get new ones, but 
the skin, however, manages to grow as 
fast as the boy does; that is alive; 
clothing is an outward garment; but 
the skull and the scalp have living tis- 
sues that expand and grow as the in- 
crease of brain requires. 

Fig. 36 is a front view of the skull 
with the bones all separated. One is 
the frontal, 2 is the parietal, 3 the ma- 
lar, 4 the nasal, 5 the superior maxil- 
lary or upper jaw, 6 the vomer which 
divides the nasal cavity, and 7 the 
under jaw. ‘These bones do not look 


36 How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


as if they were intended to imprison 
anything, but since they are all fed by 
the same heart’s blood and nutrition, 


FIG. 36.—FRONT VIEW OF SKULL. 


they grow, they live, while they pro- 
tect they make room for its occupant. 


Fig. 37 is a bottom view of the skull 
also” separated. ..1, \is the occipital 
bone; 2, 2, the tempral bones; 3, 3, the 


sphenoid bones; 4, the ethmoid bone; 
5,5, the malar bones; 6, the zygomatic 
arch,and 7 shows the opening in the 
skull called the foramen magnum, 
meaning the great hole through which 
the spinal cord emerges from the 
cranium. Inthe edges of these bones 
of the skull can be seen a rough ser- 
rated method of uniting the bones. 

People often ask how it is that the 
brain can develop, being a soft, deli- 
cate mass, inside of such a bony box 
as a skull. It is not a bony box 
strictly speaking. When the brain is 
being developed rapidly in childhood 
and youth the sutures are not united 
and the growth can take place at the 
sutures and easily meet the necessary 
expansion of the brain. But people 
forget that the bone is live matter, 
that it receives nutrition by the blood 
just as the muscle does. A child’s 
thigh bone will be six inches long, 
later on it is eighteen inches long; it 
is not stretched as one would stretch 
an elastic piece of rubber, but it is 
alive and grows. The finger nails 
grow larger every year, they are grow- 
inp .all. the, \timesduringwiite we upe 
method of the growth of the skull is 
supposed to be this, if the material of 
which it is composed is required to be 
removed to make room for the grow- 
ing brain, the bony material is dis- 
solved, absorbed, carried into general 
circulation, and new bony matter is 
formed a little further off, so as not 
to press upon the brain and hinder its 
growth. 

Has the reader ever peeled the bark 
off a tree in the month of May, bark 
half an inch thick and hard enough to 
crack walnuts with? Every Spring 
the bark of the tree increases in size, 
not by wedge and screw pressure, but, 
the sap flowing between the bark and 
wood, the bark grows larger and leaves 
a space between itself and last year’s 
growth of wood, anda delicate creamy 
substance is deposited between that 
bark and the old wood to form the new 
grain of timber. When a birch tree 
is peeled, and we know of ho bark 
that is harder than that, inside of 


SKULL, AND ITS RELATIONS TO BRAIN. 37 


it there is a creamy substance 
of half formed timber, which boys 
like to scrape off and eat as birch; 
it is very delicate. The ross or 
outer part of the bark of trees be- 
comes cracked lengthwise, it is the 
outside shell, it is dead, it is a mere 
coating to protect it against the 
weather; but the inner part of the bark, 
the living part, grows in Spring and oc- 
cupies more room and cracks the ross. 

The analogy of the growth of the 
skull and other bone is like that of 
the growth of the shell of the turtle 
or shell fish. For instance, a clam 
shell is harder than the human skull 
and quite as thick, even thicker, and 
if a person will catch two clams of the 
same bigness, we will say that they 
are two inches in diameter, the shell 
will be a quarter of an inch thick and 
harder than a matured human skull. 
If one of these clams shall be killed, 
that is to say, opened and the shell 
put into a safe place and locked up, 


and the living one planted inside of 


sticks driven into the ground under 
water from which it cannot escape, if 
it be left there, for say, three years, 
then taken and opened and killed, it 
will be found that the shell of the clam 
that was locked up three years ago 
will go right inside of his shell and 
shutupnicely. Now every part of that 
shell has been reorganized over and 
over; it has been solid all the time, 
and yet every particle of it has been 
dissolved, absorbed and removed en- 
tirely out of its place, even the hinge 
has been reorganized; now it will con- 
tain the other shell bodily. But the 
clam did not elbow its way, it did not 
press against the shell, it did not 
force its expansion. The shell grew 
and made room for its occupant, and 
was in fact a living part of the occu- 
pant. How does the horn of the ox 
increase? It ishard and thick, but it 
grows fast. How does the hoof of the 
horse become larger from a colt all the 
way up? It does not split, it does not 
stretch, but it grows as the bark of 
the tree grows. The rapidity with 
which new bone grows when it has 


been injured or fractured is remark- 
able. 

A surgeon told me of a new thigh 
bone being formed ina very few weeks, 
The thigh bone became diseased and 
an incision was made in the thigh and 
the periosteum which covers the bone 
was opened by a slit, expanded, and 
the diseased bony matter for a dis- 
tance of eight inches was taken out; 
and then new bony matter was de- 
posited by the process of nature on the 
inside of the periosteum, as skull mat- 
ter is deposited on the surface of the 
dura mater. The thigh bone in six 
weeks was sufficiently repaired or re- 
covered to enable the man to walk. 

I had a cow that would jump any- 
thing, but the moon, in the shape of a 
fence, and in one of her leaps. she 
broke a rib and the ends slipped by 
about three quarters of an inch; and 
years afterward when she was fattened 
and killed the piece of the carcass 
that enclosed this broken rib was 
corned, and when it was boiled I 
carved it and there I found the spot 
where this rib had been broken and 
slipped by; and Nature had put a 
band of bone right around the lapped 
ends of it and also a support at the 
end of each piece so as to make it 
strong; and that mended bone we 


kept for years as a curiosity. Nature 
repairs its damages whenit can.  Re- 
member that in the blood there is 


bone material in the form of phos- 
phate of lime in solution, and where- 
ever bone material requires to be 
nourished the blood has the material 
with which to do it; and it is carried 
on silently, persistently and success- 
fully in the skull as well as in every 
other bone in the skeleton. 

In cases of hydrocephalus, the skull 
grows and makes room for the ac- 
cumulating water until the skull- will 
contain as many as ten pints of water 
besides the brain. If the skull bone 
thus retires and grows so as to cover 
one and a quarter gallons of water, it 
certainly does not imprison and com- 
press the brain. The blood vessels of 
the dura mater ieave channels on the 


38 How To STuDY STRANGERS, 


inside of every skull like the beds of 
rivers and their smaller branches, 
even the fluid blood does not permit 
the growing skull bone to prevent its 
free courses. In fact, the skull bone 
itself has numerous blood vessels be- 
tween: its two plates to supply the 
means of its growth and change in 
size and form. 

If the brain requires more room in 
one particular part of an adult’s head 
than in other parts the bone is ren- 
dered thinner there and more plainly 
develops on the outside; so one part 
of the skull can thus be increased in 
size. Ifaperson is very much excited 
in respect to any faculty and not so 
much in respect to others, in sucha 
case the skull has been known to be- 
come exceedingly thin over the parts 
exercised, and after death by putting 
a light into the skull at the foramen 
magnum to illuminate the inside of 
the skull this thinness of the skull is 
vividly seen. Persons sometimes are 
troubled about something, for in- 
stance, the subject of devotion, re- 
ligion, or are excited in regard to 
property, mechanism or music, and 
those portions of the skull over the 
extra excited organs will become ex- 
ceedingly thin. Sometimes a faculty 
may be considerably more active and 
vigorous and the organ larger than 
the external examination would reveal. 
When the exercise and activity are 
equal in all parts of the brain the de- 
velopment will be uniform. A physi- 
cian is sometimes confronted by inci- 
dents in which development or ab- 
sorption may have occurred beyond 
the reach of his diagnosis. 

In the next chapter we shall pre- 
sent pictures of some skulls in our 
possession on which one of our stu- 
dents, Robert I. Brown, experimented 
by lighting the interior with electricity 
in a dark room, then photographing 
the illuminated skull. It was a pretty 
slow, fatiguing process, there was so 
little light to make the pictures by; 
but he made some very nice speci- 
mens, showing the sections of the 
head where the brain was most active. 


We could put the light into the skulls 
in a dark room and they showed 
bright places. But photographs of 
skulls had probably never been taken 
in that way before. We often pick up 
skulls and describe the leading char- 
acteristics by the fact of the extra 
thinness of the different parts of it. 
In old age the whole skull some- 
times becomes very thin because the 
brain is active and bone-making mat- 
ter is not sufficiently abundant in their 
food to supply bone support, and the 
skull is partially absorbed to sustain 
the working bones of the system. In 
other old persons the brain is not 
active and shrinks, and there being 
abundant bone material in the food, 
the skull becomes thickened to sup- 
ply or fill the space caused by retire- 
ment of the brain; some children are 
born with poorly formed bones be- 
cause the mothers have lived on fine 
flour, butter, sugar, which are mainly 
devoid of phosphate of lime, and the 
children. are rickety, bow-legged or 
hunchbacked, and the skull is a long 
time in closing the sutures and fonta- 
nelles; being delicate they are ignor- 
antly fed on starchy pap, butter and 
sugar, and they become permanently 
invalid, or die in childhood. Oatmeal, 
the entire wheat and milk, with an 
absence of butter and sugar, will give 
bone and muscle to growing children 
and make them stalwart and robust. 
In Kentucky and Tennessee, in the 
‘“blue grass region,” the soil reeks 
with lime, and every blade of grass 
and every other food product of the 
soil is laden with bone-making mate- 
rial, and the cattle, horses and people 
are bony, tall and strong. In regions 
where lime is wanting, or has become 
exhausted by cropping, the people and 
cattle are less tall, bony and strong; 
and to raise wheat all the land must 
be top dressed with lime to give the 
straw strength to stand up, but lime 
being a dear dressing for the soil, such 
economy is exercised in its use that 
the grain does not get lime enough to 
supply sufficient bone material to 
build up the frame-work of the eater. 


CHAPTER V. 


THE SKULL MADE THIN BY BRAIN ACTIVITY. 


T has already been stated that the 
bone is nourished and grows and 
changes in its form under the physio- 
logical laws of growth the same as the 
skin or bark of a tree, which is de- 
signed as a covering and a friend, and 
it can be modified to suit the growing 
brain, as the shell the growing clam, 
the bark the growing tree, or skin the 
growing fruit. The walnut is first 
small but it has a shell, and the 
growth of the shell accommodates the 
growing fruit within and serves as a 
protection rather than a prison. Peo- 
ple sometimes forget that the skull 
and other bones are alive and sus- 
ceptible to growth and development, 
just as the other tissues are. This 
being true, if a particular part of the 
brain becomes specially active, the 
skull becomes thin by the over ac- 
tivity of the brain beneath it. The 
bony matter is absorbed and carried 
into the general circulation and is 
reconstructed on a larger pattern 
further out. Ifa portion of the brain 
becomes dormant, as sometimes in 
old age the intellect ceases to be ac- 
tive, the skull there becomes thickened. 
We have an interesting illustration 
of a case, Fig. 38, representing a 
skull which was presented for public 
examination at one of my lectures. It 
will be seen that there are certain 
parts of the skull that are light and 
other portions that are opaque, dark. 
Outward from the corner of the eye- 
brow there is a round spot which is 
bright, and the lower and back sec- 
tions of the skull are also light. The 
forehead and top head are dark. It 
will be observed that there is a candle 
inserted in the foramen magnum 
or opening in the base of the skull 
where the spinal cord unites with the 


brain, and the effect of the light of 
that candle is to render the portions 
of the skull covering the active parts 
of the brain brilliantly lighted; the 
opaque and dark portions of the skull 
are those which covered those parts 
of the brain that became torpid by 
disease. The incident I copy from 
my diary, which was carefully kept at 
the time, and is here copied from 
‘‘ Forty Years in Phrenology,” page 
Si. 

‘A most interesting fact occurred 
in South Deerfield, Mass., at one of 
our public lectures when Mr, Buell 
and I were travelling together. We 
had given several lectures, and the 
whole people seemed aroused in the 
interest of our subject. There was a 
Dr. A., who professed to be a disbe- 
liever in Phrenology, and had an- 
nounced his disbelief to all the people. 
We were carrying all the citizens with 
us, and the doctor felt that he must 
seem to the people to be onthe losing 
side unless he could make a rally and 
break us down, or bring the science into 
discredit. 

‘*T rose one evening to commence 
the lecture, when Dr. A. addressed 
me from the back part of the room, 
and requested permission to say that 
he had a skull with him which he de- 
sired to submit for public examination 
at the close of the lecture. He said 
he knew the person well during life, 
and had written the facts so as to 
compare them with the statements of 
the Phrenologist. 

‘‘Treplied, ‘We will not wait till the 
close of the lecture, for if we make a 
mistake, as the doctor evidently hopes 
and expects we will, the audience may 
not care to hear anything more on the 
subject, and I might not feel in the 


39 


40 How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


eo ome al 


mood to lecture. So if we are to be 
vanquished I prefer to have it done 
while [ am in full strength. Please 
bring forward the skull,’ 


FIG. 38. 


SKULL MADE THIN 


‘*Mr. Buell and I examined the 
skull carefully while the audience re- 
mained in an excited whispering state. 
Behind the desk, out of sight of the 
audience, we put a lighted candle, 
which we carried for such uses, into 
the skull, and found that the light 
shone through it at the sides and back 
part of it in the region of the passions 
and propensities, as if the skull were 
made of a few thicknesses of oiled 
paper. In front, in the region of the 
intellect, all was dark, as if the skull 
were very thick except on each side, 


just where the organ of Tune is lo- 
cated, on a space about as large as a 
quarter of a dollar. This was very 
bright from light, and apparently 


AND THICK IN PARTS BY ILLNESS, 


scarcely thicker: than’ letter paper, 
Besides, the front half of the skull felt 
heavy, and, holding it in the center 
it would balance forward, with a 
bump. We noticed that the form of 
the head was like that of a female, the 
bones of the face were light, and the 
general quality of the bone was 
delicate and the teeth were young. 
Our conclusion having been thus 
reached, I called for a person to act 
as reporter, to take down all that 
would be said, so as to compare it 
with the biographical paper the doctor 


had prepared. All things being ready, 
and the audience painfully intent to 
hear the statement, I commenced 
slowly, so that every word could be 
written: 

‘** This is the skull of a female about 
twenty years old. She had a well- 
balanced head and character up to 
about fourteen years of age, was 
bright and intelligent, a good scholar, 
and ambitious, energetic and affection- 
ate; but something happened about 
that time that spoiled her intellect 
with the single exception that her 
musical talent remained very active. 
Meanwhile the propensities were made 
unduly active, and not being regu- 
lated by the intellect or moral senti- 
ments, she became quarrelsome, cruel, 
cunning, avaricious, gluttonous, and 
inclined to social debasement.’ 

*‘T then called on the doctor to 
send up the biography. But he hesi- 
tated and said, ‘the description had 
in some respects corresponded with 
the real character, but he thought it 
was all guess work.’ 

‘‘T replied: ‘Doctor, you brought 
this skull and offered it asa challenge, 
saying you had the sketch written in 
your pocket; that you knew all about 
the person who carried the skull, and 
now you try to palm off an oral state- 
ment and insult us by the claim that 
if we have in any sense described the 
person it is ‘‘guess work.” This 
course is unfair, it is unmanly, and 

eing a medical man, it is wholly un- 
professional. I demand ‘‘Cesar’s 
will,” and hope the gentleman near 
the door will not permit the doctor to 
carry it away. Itis due to the audi- 
ence, it is due to us, it is due to the 
doctor, and to truth, that we have it 
to compare with our statement. 

‘Then the audience clamored for 
it, and the doctor sent it up. I then 
invited the venerable Deacon Graves, 
who occupied a front seat, to ascend 
the platform and read both papers 
First, the doctor’s, then our State- 
ment. If I remember correctly, the 
whispering in the audience had 
ceased, and there was stillness that 


SKULL THIN BY BRAIN ACTIVITY. 41 


could be felt. The good deacon read 
with dignity: 

‘**’The skull presented is that of a 
girl who was remarkably bright in 
every respect, and possessed a most 
excellent disposition until she was 
about fourteen and a half years old. 
She was forward as a scholar, and ex- 
cellent in music. She took a heavy 
cold, followed by brain fever, and 
when she recovered from it her intel- 
lect was utterly gone, except the 
single faculty of music, and though 
she lived six years as an idiot, she 
would sing like a nightingale. Her 
temper became very violent, and she 
was a terror to her friends, and what 
was worse, she became vulgar and 
obscene. She was a patient of mine, 
and I knew her entire history.’ 

‘*The audience listened to the 
reading of my statement, and then 
broke out in prolonged applause. 

‘* The doctor then came forward to 
the platform and took me by the hand, 
saying: ‘This removes the only stum- 
bling-block I had in regard to the ac- 
ceptance of Phrenology as a science. 
I thought a head sowell shaped would 
deceive you, but you have not only 
described her, as she really was before 
she was ill, but as she was after sick- 
ness spoiled her, which I thought it 
impossible for anybody to do.’ 

‘ol (put it sto! vote, if. the lecture 
should then: be given, and I really 
have forgotten how the vote stood, 
but Dr. A., having taken a seat in 
front, I know he voted for the lecture. 
While we remained in town he did all 
he could to make our stay a pleasure 
and a profit.” 

Perhaps the above statement is 
sufficient to cover the whole subject, 
but we may say that if we had had 
the living case, we should instantly 
have detected the fact that she was an 
idiot from her appearance. If we 
could have laid a hand on the top of 
the head and could have induced the 
subject to speak orcough, the top head 
would have been destitute of a vibra- 
tion which belongs to a subject that 
has a thin skull, If we had laid 


42 How To Stupy STRANGERS, 


the hands on each side of the skull, 
where it looks white and where doubt- 
less, it would have felt hot to the hand, 
there would have been a sense of 
vibration if the patient had spoken, 
and thus we could have determined 
what portions of the brain were stu- 
pid and dull and what were active and 
excitable. 

But we are not now arguing that 
every skull in every case, where dis- 
ease may have disturbed the normal 
activity of certain parts of the brain, 
can always be determined by an ex- 
ternal examination. Our object now 
is to show that Phrenology is true, 
that different parts of the brain mani- 
fest different faculties, and that the 
skull is always thin over a very active 
brain, and is likely to be made thin 
over those parts of the brain that are 
specially active, and thicker over 
those parts which are inactive. In 
the case of this subject, the shape of 
the head indicated what the girl was 
at fourteen years of age; that her in- 
tellect was good, her moral senti- 
ments were well developed, and the 
light being put into the skull indi- 
cated what parts of the brain had be- 
come inactive and what parts had 
remained active; and the character 
corresponded with the phrenological 
explanation of the case. 

I was acquainted with a lady in 
Brooklyn, Mrs. D., who was very in- 
telligent and well educated. She had 
large Veneration, which gave devout- 
ness, and not very large Spirituality, 
which permitted doubt and disbelief. 
She was inclined to be an intellectual 
skeptic on the subject of religion, and 
though she would | intellectually criti- 
cise the methods and beliefs and man- 
ners of religious teaching, her Venera- 
tion was so large and active that it 
would attract her to hear all the 
preachers of renown, and she would 
wait at the foot of the pulpit stairs 
until the minister came down, and 
cordially thank him for the interest 
which his discourse had awakened in 
her mind; and being a= stately 
and splendid looking woman of 


fine appearance and conversation, she 
commanded his respect, and she would 
ask him when he would give her an 
hour to converse with her on religious 
topics. He would politely set the day 
and hour, when she might visit him, and 
with her culture and her sharp intellec- 
tual criticism she would command his 
respect, andsometimes bother him with 
her questions and answers; and her 
intellectual skepticism on religious sub- 
jects was noted, and she was equally 
noted for the deep interest that she 
seemed to take in the subject of re- 
ligion; she was drawn to it and could 
not accept it theoretically; she had 
the feeling, but her intellect craved an 
analysis and a demonstration that 
would remove all doubt, and she was 
troubled to get it. She finally had 
apoplexy, and the apoplexy oc- 
curred in the very point of Venera- 
tion; and they made a post-mortem 
examination, removed the skull cap, 
and the skull over a place about as 
large as Veneration occupies was worn 
so thin that it was transparent almost 
when they looked at the light through it. 


FIG. 39. —CHILD’S SKULL ILLUMINATED. 


We now present in figures 39, 40, 
41, photographic illustrations of three 
skulls that have been subjected to ex- 
periments with the electric light by R. 
I. Brown. 

Fig. 39 is the skull of a child; the 
skull was thin, as the light places 
show, and to human sight when 
it was illuminated it looked 


SKULL THIN BY BRAIN ACTIVITY. 43 


like some thin’ china-ware_ ves- 
sel, not transparent, but was very 


thin and emitted light all over it; but 
when the process of photographing 
was undertaken, the room being dark, 
the light which was rendered through 
the skull was not sufficient to make a 


FIG. 40.—A MURDERER. 


very distinct photograph. It will be 
noticed that there is light shown in 
every part of the forehead, along the 
side head, in the back and base 
and along the upper side head. 
This experiment can be tried in 
a dark room with a taper or 
candle, and it will please the 
medical student to see how 
brilliantly the light will show 
itself, especially through the 
skulls of children. 

Fig. 40 is a side view of a 
skull we have in our possession 
showing that the front part of 
the head was narrow, pinched 
and diminutive, and that the 
portion lying behind the line 
drawn vertically from E, the 
location of the ear, was com- 
paratively large. The intellec- 
tual region is very weak; the 
moral is also weak; while the _ re- 
gion of propensity and force was 
decidedly _ strong. This} 1s\/ the 
skull of a murderer having 
strong Firmness and Self-esteem, 


large Destructiveness, Secretiveness 
and Acquisitiveness. The light spots 
are locatedas follows: The upper ones 
are the location of Ideality, upward 
and backward from the location of 
Tune, which isalso light. The lower 
large section of light shows Alimen- 
tiveness, Destructiveness and Acquisi- 
tiveness. The skull itself shows 
these regions very prominently de- 
veloped, and the light placed inside 
illumines the side brilliantly. See the 
difference between the front parts of 
39 and 4o; the child was extra intel- 
lectual and sympathetical, and had 
the mental temperament, and was 
probably precocious, and was relieved 
from the worldly struggle early. Fig. 
40, the murderer, was hanged in the 
prime of life; he was low in his tastes 
and tendencies, selfish and brutal and 
criminal in his conduct. 

Fig. 41 is an adult skull and the 
large patches of white show the activ- 
ity in the region of Ideality, Sub- 


limity, Cautiousness, Secretiveness, . 
Combativeness, Acquisitiveness and 
Alimentiveness. That is a well pro- 


portioned skull. It is as large be- 


: 
" 
iy 


FIG 41.—ADULT SKULL ILLUMINATED. 


hind the ears as that of the murderer 
(Fig. 40) and very much larger in 
the intellectual and moral regions. 
This man had the intellectual and 


44 How To StTupy STRANGERS, 


moral qualities sufficiently strong 
to regulate the propensities and 
passions. Fig. 40 had the pro- 
pensities and passions no stronger 
than 41," but “hée* had" sléss ofr 
the guiding and restraining traits, and 
probably poor culture and unfavorable 
circumstances, which combined to lead 
him in the lines of low life and despic- 
able conduct. 


Mi iy 


FIG 42.—DIANA WATERS, VENERATION 
VERY LARGE. 


Figs. 42 and 43 are a front and side 
view of the cast of the head of Diana 
Waters, who was a resident of the city 
of Philadelphia and died there. She 
was regarded asa religious lunatic. 
She had Veneration and Cautiousness 
very large, Spirituality and Conscien- 
tiousness large, and Hope moderate. 


I) ty : mmf 
Gam 


) 
. 


FiGl43.—-DIANA WATERS. 


She was remarkable for her devotional 
enthusiasm; when an impulse of prayer 
came over her, she would kneel in the 
street and pray. Gentlemen have told 


me that her prayers had an unction 
which seemed to bring the very heav- 
ens down, and hundreds of men would 
stand with heads uncovered as they 
came along, and people ata distance 
would hasten to hear her prayer to 
partake of its divine inspiration. After 
her death her skull was examined, and 
over the region of Veneration it had 
become so thin that it was literally 
worn through by the superior action 
of that part of the brain; it had want- 
ed room and the skull had been devel- 
oped into a hill and kindly absorbed 
from the inside to make room. In the 
front view of the head the region of 
Veneration towers up very high, locat- 
ed, as it is, on the middle line of the 
top head. In the side view, Fig. 43, 
the elevation is shown. She was not 
remarkable for her intellect; she hac 
very little culture; she earned her liv- 
ing by washing, and when she was ap- 
proaching home witha basket of clothes 
to be washed she would set the baske’ 
down against the house on the side- 
walk, and kneel down in the corner by 
the steps, and, as before describec. 
would have an audience of scores o: 
even hundreds of reverent and en- 
tranced listeners. 


y 7 Ve ) 
=), ae 
ie I Za 
~ x} 
a a f-Z- Je 
a WN = Rig 
WS BZTs SSeS 


— 


FIG. 44.—PATTY CANNON, MURDERESS. 


Patty Cannon had a fine intellect, 
small veneration and powerful pas 
sions. She lived in Maryland, near 
the line of Delaware. She was at the 
head of a gang of desperados who 
stole slaves and run them south, was 
arrested for many murders, and com- 
mitted suicide in jail about 1830. 


ee 


CHAPTER VI. 


THE FACIAL ANGLE; ITS INDICATIONS. 


VERY one whose thoughts are 
turned toward the study of the 
mind eagerly seeks some method of 
estimating mental capacity. It is not 
strange, therefore, that any system of 
measurement which promises to give 
a rule for determining the grade of in- 
telligence or the relative rank of in- 
tellect in men and animals should 
awaken interest and invite investiga- 
tion. 

Prior to the publication of the dis- 
coveries of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim, 
men studied faces, measured the 
angles of the face and the proportion 
existing between the weight of the 
brain and body, but nothing which 
would serve as a sule and stand the 
test of criticism was found. 

In the latter part of the eighteenth 
century, just before Dr. Gall promul- 
gated his discoveries, on which for 
many years he had been engaged in 
study and _ observation, Professor 
Camper, of Berlin, proposed a new 
method of measuring the skull which 
soon attained great popularity. He 
claimed that the basis of comparison 
between nations may be found in the 
angle formed by a line passing from 
the opening of the ear to the base of 
the nose, and another line drawn from 
the most advanced part of the upper 
jawbone to the forehead above the 
root of the nose. The annexed cuts, 
Figs. 45 and 46, will illustrate the 
point. 

It will readily be seen that if more 
brain were developed in the forehead 
of the Indian it would elevate the line 
in front of the face and give a much 
better angle. It is not that the face 
is larger but that the forehead is 
shorter, that makes the difference in 
the facial angle in this case. 


It will be understood that the facial 
angle, as measured and estimated by 
Camper, is merely a measure of the 


FIG. 45.—CAUCASIAN, 


relative projection of the forehead 
and of the upper jaw, and does not 
measure the capacity of the cranium 
nor the size of the brain. If the jaw 


FIG. 46.—INDIAN. 


be long it will diminish the angle. A 
prominence of the lower part of the 
forehead will increase the angle, 
though the head be neither high nor 
broad. ‘The angle may differ greatly 
between persons of the same size of 
brain and similar mental capacity. 


46 How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


In the lower classes of men, both 
in civilized and savage countries, 
the middle lobes of the brain, in which 
are located the animal propensities, 
are larger than in the better developed 
of mankind. ‘This tends to depress 
the opening of the ear, thereby en- 
larging the facial angle by carrying 
down the outer end of the lower arm 
of the angle. If the reader will look 
at the engraving of the Caucasian 
skull (Fig. 45) he will see that the 
opening of the ear is much higher at 
the end of the line D than is the front 
end of the line at A. A glance at the 
engraving of the Indian skull (Fig. 
46) will show that the opening of the 
ear is so low that the base line rises 
as it approaches the perpendicular 
line at the base of the nose. This 
fact makes the facial angle of the 
Indian much better or larger than it 
would be if his ear was as high up as 
the Caucasian. 

When these angles are exhibited 
separately from the cranium (Fig. 47) 
the solid line repre- 
senting the Cauca- 
sian and the dotted 
line the Indian, the 
contrast is marked. 
If the opening of 
the-.ear- or, the 
Caucasian were as 
low as that of the 
Indian and the line 
ob therstace sas it 
FIG. 47—-ANGLES now is, it would en- 

OF 45 AND 46. large the angle and 
make it greater 
than aright angle. Or, if the Indian’s 
ear were raised as high as that of the 
Caucasian he would show a very acute 
angle. The relation of the ear to the 
face and the development of the in- 
tellectual part of the brain is the true 
point of study and the basis of value 
to the facial angle. 

Camper’s facial angle is thus seen 
to be defective, and quite unreliable 
and at best valueless. 

More attention has been paid by 
naturalists to the contrast be- 
tween the forehead and face than 


to the actual measurement of 
either; stheya italky Pfleamecivmrar 
facial angles and of the form of the 
jaws and teeth, neglecting to estimate 
the length of the anterior lobes of the 
brain and the size of the entire brain. 

They measure everything but the 
brain, some of them avoiding that, 
lest they should be supposed thereby 
to indorse Phrenology. 

A New FactaL ANGLE 
First DescrinED BY NELSON Sizer, 

We now present a new method of 
measuring the facial angle, with an 
explanation which lies at the founda- 
tion of all the significance and value 
there possibly can bein a facial angle. 

About the year 1857, on the occa- 
sion of the first exhibition of Du 
Chaillu’s collection of Gorilla crania 
toa large company of thinkers and 
men of science, invited by Cyrus W. 
Field, for that purpose, to his house 
in New York, I was requested to ex- 
plain to the company the rank occu- 
pied by the Gorilla in the scale of be- 
ing, as indicated by the cranial de- 
velopment. This request was made 
quite unexpectedly to me after the 
company was assembled; for I was 
expecting like the rest, to hear from 
the great Gorilla-hunter himself. 
Thus confronted by an exigency I 
hastily sent to our Phrenological col- 
lection for specimens of skulls, rang- 
ing all the way from the snake and 
turtle to the highest type of humanity. 
On that occasion, and with such 
ample means of illustration, I eluci- 
dated the fact—the first time, as I 
believe, that it had been done in that 
manner, or on that principle—that 
the face of the snake, the fish and the 
turtle is on a line with the back or 
spine; that as the brain is increased 
in size at the spinal axis, and an ani- 
mal is thus raised in the scale of in- 
telligence and mentality, the face is 
necessarily pushed, by this increased 
development of the brain, forward 
and downward out of line with the 
spine, and thus the faces made to 
form an angle with the spine. I illus- 
trated this thought before the dis- 


ee a ee 


New FAcriAL ANGLE, 47 


tinguished audience, including Dr. rear end of the skull and that the 


Francis, Rev. Dr. Bethune, Rev. Dr. 
Ferris, Chancellor of the University; 
Hon. Geo. Bancroft, the historian, 


spinal column was projected straight 
backward—that the animal's face was 
on his back. Then taking the skull 


FIGS. 48 TO 58.—NEW FACIAL ANGLE, COMPOSITE. 


Fig. 1.—THe SNAKE Fig. 4.—APE 
* 2.—DocG ‘© ~5.—Human Ip10T 
** 3.—ELEPHANT ‘* 6,—BUSHMAN 


and nearly a hundred others, by 
holding in my hand the skull of a 
turtle, a snake or a fish, and show- 
ing that the opening of the skull, 
the foramen Magnum, was at the 


Fig. 7—UNcULTIVATED 
‘© 8-IMPpROVED 
g—CIVILIZED 


Fig. 1o—ENLIGHTENED 
* r1—Caucastan—High- 
est type. 


of a dog and placing a pencil in the 
foramen Magnum to represent the 
spine, the face formed an angle with 
the line of the spine of about 45 de- 
grees. Then the ape family, in- 


“ss 


48 How To StupyY STRANGERS. 


cluding the Gorilla, with more brain 
at the spinal axis, turned the face 
still more away from the line of the 
spine and caused the face to make a 
still larger angle, and so on through 
the tribes of mankind. 

We introduce an engraving, of a 
composite nature, Fig. 48, to illus- 
trate the subject, containing eleven 
figures, ranging from the snake to the 
highest form of human development. 

The spine of the snake, Fig. 1, in 
the group, occupies the place of the 
spine of each of all the other figures 
in the engraving. In the snake, Fig. 
1, the face forms zo angle with the 
spme,. dns theydog, Fig. 2, the brain 
pushes the face out of line with the 
spine about 45°. In the elephant, 
Fig. 3, the face is at right angles with 
the line of the spine and therefore 
makes an angle of go° with the spine. 
In the ape, Fig. 4, the face is turned 
beyond a right angle with the spine, 
and lacks only about 37° of being 
parallel with the spine and on a line 
with the front of the body. It has 
departed from the snake quite 143°. 
The idiot, Fig. 5, shows that the line 
of the face is raised to 155°. In the 
Bushman, Fig. 6, the brain being 
more enlarged, it pushes the face still 
farther toward the _ perpendicular, 
lacking only 20° of the Caucasian, 
and finally running through several 
grades of human development, Figs. 
yo, 10; t0 the, highest, Brace 11, 
the face, instead of being on the 
back, as in the snake, and on a line 
with the spine, it has performed half 
of a complete revolution and is now 
directly opposite of the back on a line 
with the abdominal surface and par- 
allel with the spine; the body is erect, 
the spine and face being perpen- 
dicular, the face having been carried 
around through 180°, solely by the 
development of the brain at the top 
of the spinal column. All the value 
of any facial angle as an index of the 
rank of the animal or the man is ex- 
plained by this mode of development. 
At the conclusion of this exposition 
Mr. Bancroft took my hand in both 


of his, and shaking it cordially, saic 
‘“‘T thank you for this explanation, 
it seems quite new, and I feel in- 
Sstructed@sir il reerinstrucicuss 

Since the promulgation of this idea 
in't3857, to the present time gevery 
year I have sketched this illustration 
on blackboards and explained it to 
public audiences and private classes, 
and had sets of drawings made for use 
in public lectures and for our students 
in thelécture feld: 

In 1844™Dr: “Dexter, ot-Cincaga, 
published in the Popular Science 
Monthly, in connection witha labored 
article, an illustration under the title, 
“Facial Angle.” In his illustration 
the fish, snake, crocodile, eagle, dog, 
baboon and men appear. He recog- 
nizes, however, only one-half the 
change which really takes place in the 
development of the natural facial an- 
gle. Instead of keeping the spine of 
his fish and snake on the line of the 
spine of the dog and man, as we do, 
he projects it directly back from the 
head of his man, whose face is raised 
only at right angles with the spine of 
the snake, when it ought to be 
pushed away from the line of the 
spine, not go° only, but 180?. 

A student of ours in 1872, mark 
the date>C. At Beverly, ‘obtained ‘of 
usa set of separate and combined 
drawings representing this mode of 
brain measurement, to serve him in 
public lectures, and carried them with 
him to the Chicago Medical College, 
where he graduated and, we believe, 
Dr. Dexter was a professor; and dur- 
ing his stay at the medical college 
Mr. Beverly lectured to the students 
and probably to professors, showing 
and explaining my drawings. Dr. 
Dexter’s drawing was evidently in- 
tended to embody my idea, but he 
failed to do it justice by just one-half. 
In self-defense I had an engraving 
similar to the present and published 
it, with my discovery, in the PHRENO- 
LOGICAL JOURNAL for July, 1874. 

We commend to our readers a care- 
ful study of our illustration. It shows 
that the snake, Fig. 1, and his face, like 


New FAcIAL ANGLE, 49 


that of fishes and reptiles generally, is 
level with the line of the spinal column. 
Between the Bushman, Fig. 6, and 
the highest type of Caucasian, Fig. 
11, there are really very many grades 
of development, far too numerous to 
be represented. From the snake to 
the top of the scale, the opening of 
the ear is represented in the same 
place, and all the changes in the por- 
traits, shapes of head, and position of 
face, are due to growth of develop- 
ment of brain from that common 
centre at the top of the spinal cord, 
called medulla oblongata. Thus the 
scale of development is complete 
from the reptile to man. 

Figs. 59-60. In this double picture 
we represent the head of the Cau- 
casian, with his vertical face and 
ample development of the forehead. 
We lay over it, bringing the opening 
of the ears together, the head and 
face of the native African, who by 
some would be said to have a project- 
ing muzzle, or prognathous jaws. 
The face does not protrude from the 
opening of the ear any farther for- 
ward, except at the lips—that is, the 
bony part of the jaw does not advance 
any farther from the opening of the 
ear than in the Caucasian head, but the 
frontal lobes of the brain being smaller 
than those of the Caucasian, permit 
the face to fall back at a considerable 
angle. If by culture that intellectual 
region of the African head could be 
developed, the face would not be pro- 
trusive. The form of the posterior 
part ef the Caucasian head, which 
lies behind that of the African, is 
indicated by the dotted lines.. 

In the white man’s skull we some- 
times find the distance from the 
opening of the ear to the centre of 
the forehead an inch longer than 
from the opening of the ear to the 
occiput, while in the negro’s head it 
is frequently half an inch or an inch 
longer in the rear than in the front; 
then if we add the strong, uncivilized 
features to this setting of the brain 
backward by decreasing the size of the 
head in front of the ear, and increas- 


ing it behind the ear, the notion of 
the muzzle and prognathous jaws be- 
comes absurd by understanding that 
itis the deficiency of frontal head, 
not-an excess of face. 

Those who investigate skulls should 
always begin at the opening of the 
ear, which corresponds to the capital 
of the spinal cord, from which the 
brain is developed in every direction, 
as we study a wheel by starting from 
the hub, or an apple by starting at 


FIGS. 59—60.—A DOUBLE PICTURE. 


the core. Some apples have one side 
much larger than the other, and it 
would not be fair to centre that apple 
anywhere but at the core, and let the 
deficient side take the responsibility 
of its own deficiency. Hence we 
match the heads in this picture at the 
opening of the ear, and let the pro- 
jection of the development manifest 
itself from that centre. If the in- 
tellectual portion of the negro’s head 
were better developed, the face and 
forehead would cover the white man’s 
head, and, like his, be perpendicular. 

This contrast also intensifies the 
significance of the new facial angle 
and teaches a new and better way of 
studying different heads and faces 
from the snake to the Websterian type. 


50 How To STUDY STRANGERS. 


If the reader will turn to the out- 
line heads, Figs. 1 to 4 on page 12, 
he will see the doctrine of the new 
facial angle pointedly illustrated. 
The face of Webster is vertical. The 
forehead stands out beyond the eyes, 
and although the face is large and 
strong the brain above the face is 
the massive factor that attracts atten- 
tion and commands respect. Figs. 
59 and 60, page 49, show the Cau- 
casian and African, normal speci- 
mens. Figs. 1 to 4, page 12, show 
the large and grandly developed head 
of Webster, which, from the face of 
the snake, the turtle and fish, has 
made an advance of 180 degrees 
away from the line of the spine. The 
contrast between Webster and the 
idiot, Fig. 4, shows the extreme of 
healthy organizations; Webster, if 
regarded as standing at the head of 
intellectual human life, and No. 4, 
the idiot, ranking as the lowest 
healthy human being. The forma- 
tion of these heads shows in the 
anterior and upper regions more dif- 
ference than there is in the back head 
or in the basilar, animal region. 
Physical existence in the idiot may 
generally be rather low, but the 
mother of this one had four other 
similar children, and the parents, 
although healthy in body, were at 
best semi-idiotic. The physical func- 
tions merely may be as strong asin 
the philosopher, the difference being 
in the development of the brain. 

Figs. 59 and 60 show the intellec- 
tual superiority of the Caucasian and 
the relative deficiency of the African, 
yet the African in this case is more 
strongly developed in the region of 
the crown and in the posterior or 
social region than the average Cau- 
casian. What the African lacks is 
mainly intellectual development and 
culture. In Fig. 3, page 12, we have 
a malefactor, developed largely in 
the back head, and on page 13 the 
back view shows great breadth of 
the head in the region of the animal 
propensities and the chief defects 
appear to be in the moral and intel- 


lectual regions. Comparing these 
two views of Fig. 3 with the face of 
Webster, Figs. 1 to 5, in which the 
intellectual and moral elements are 
strong, and the propensities, as com- 
pared with the malefactor, Fig.3, are 
weak, we have a startling contrast. 

Fig. 92 is a magnificent specimen 
of vigorous intellectuality. Fig. 93 
shows a wonderful foreheadand great 
power of intellect. Fig. 94 repre- 
sents one of the grandest men this 
nation has ever raised, and Caleb 
Cushing, Fig. 111, shows amagnificent 
anterior or intellectual development, 
a vertical face and a vertical fore- 
head. Fig. 114, Roscoe Conkling, 
was a man of intellectual capability. 
In Fig. 116 we find a masterful in- 
tellect and a magnificent imagina- 
tion, all serving to illustrate the pre- 
eminence of the new facial angle. 
Fig. 136 speaks for itself, and in Fig. 
177, Prof. Charles E. West, the model 
teacher, are the elements of thought, 
morality and affection. Lord Col- 
chestér,)! Fig’ 278, Jevinces vanterior 
development and moral power in a 
signal degree. Fig. 181, Dr. Nott, 
one of the brightest and most com- 
prehensive intellectsof histime. Fig. 
185, Francis Egerton, Duke of Bridge- 
water, had a strong physique, prac- 
tical intellect, but not much depth or 
strength of mind. In Brother Jon- 
athan, Fig. 186, we have a specimen 
of a revolutionary father with a fore- 
head that is majestic and masterful. 
Fig. 187 represents Albert Galatin; 
the anterior lobes of the brain are 
voluminous and show remarkable 
capability and especially financial 
talent. Among later men we find in 
Fig. 311, Wm. M. Evarts, with a 
long and massive frontal brain hang- 
ing heavily beyond the eyes and the ° 
face, the result of culture and intel- 
lectual force. In Fig. 313 we have 
that magnificent orator and scholar, 
Rev. Richard S. Storrs, D.D., who 
is still a living ornament of his 
profession in the city of Brooklyn, 
which rejoices to claim him as her 
own. 


CHAPTER VII. 
TEMPERAMENT; ITS NATURE AND INFLUENCE ON CHARACTER. 


HE old and familiar doctrine or 
statement that ‘‘size is a meas- 

ure of power, other conditions being 
equal,” must be stated and insisted 
upon in regard to the brain, and also in 
regard to every organic function of 
the body. This principle that size 
measures power, if the qualities and 
conditions are the same, is applicable 
to every kind of matter. To study 
temperament is to learn quality and 
power. When the chemist under- 
stands the ingredients of a specimen 
of gunpowder, the amount to be used 
for a charge in a gun fora given dis- 
tance or penetration is regulated ac- 
cording to the composition of the 
fulminate. One kind of powder may 
be twice as strong as another, and 
therefore but half the quantity would 
be required for the same result. The 
same principle is applicable to every 
other material. This is distinctly 
shown is respect to timber. Lignum 
vite is very dense; there is a great 
deal of ligneous matter in a given 
cubic inch of that wood. Ebony is 
compact, solid and heavy, but not so 
dense or heavy as the first named; 
then there is boxwood, another very 
fine and snug-grained timber. When 
we come to the ordinary kinds of 
wood, such as are used for the 
economic purposes of life, we reach 
hickory and oak, and extending our 
. search we have the porous chestnut, 
the soft willow and bass, and, last, 
the palmetto, the coarsest and most 
spongy of all. Pine wood answers 
very well for certain purposes, but 
it would make a poor handle for a 
hammer, an axe or an_ excavator’s 
pick. The different kinds of timber 
represent temperament, and tempera- 
ment means the combination of parts 


51 


or qualities; and applying this doc- 
trine of size a measure of power to 
textile fabrics in every variety, from 
fiddle-strings to crochet worsted, we 
have from the coarse sackcloth all 
the way up to the finest satin, and 
then we have the same grades re- 
specting leather; we have the kid, 
the cowhide, and lastly the hide of 
the rhinoceros and the elephant. 
When we come to sensient, organ- 
ic life, everybody understands that 
there is a difference between the 
make-up of a Game chicken and of 
a Cochin or Brahma; the latter isa 
great, clumsy, awkward bird, slow in 
motion as well as in thought; he will 
weigh perhaps thirteen pounds, and 
a game chicken that weighs only five 
pounds will beat him out of record, 
and conquer him in battle in short 
order; but when we compare Brahma 
with Brahma and game chicken with 
game chicken, the conditions being 
equal, then size is the absolute meas- 
ure of their power. When we com- 
pare bristles with bristles and fur 
with fur, we understand it; we can 
compare the coarse, the middling and* 
the fine, and things are valuable ac- 
cording to the grade of quality. 
Grindstones, building stones and 
precious stones are judged by the 
samelaw. Thesame istrueof human 
temperament, which means the rela- 
tive proportion of qualities or con- 
ditions which make up a constitution. 
Few persons are to be found who 
are exactly alike in their inheritance 
of the necessary constitutional ele- 
ments of bone and muscle, of the 
nutritive or vital organs, and of nerve 
power, or of the circumstances of 
their birth and life, so that there are 
almost as many temperaments, or 


on 
) 


How To StuDY STRANGERS 


grades of temperaments, as there are 
persons; each one has some modifica- 
tion or a temperament of his own. 
‘Occasionally we find men in respect 
to whom the temperament would seem 
the same, and they can be matched 
as to strength and speed as we match 
horses of similar constitution and 
size. 

As we understand temperament and 
employ the term in studying and de- 
scribing character, we recognize three 
temperaments or temperamental con- 
ditions. The elements of these tem- 
peraments are derived from different 
systems of organs. ‘There are three 
systems of organs or factors in each 
human being, and in each animal that 
is highly organized. 

First, there is the frame of bone 
and muscle, united by tendons, and 
these act like ropes and pulleys ap- 
plied to levers; the jointed, bony 
frame united by the muscles and ten- 
dons make up the organic framework 
of the constitution, and it is called 


Ist. THE MOTIVE TEMPERAMENT, 


or the temperament of motion. Some 
have called it the locomotive or self- 
moving temperament. It is not diffi- 
cult for a person to understand that 
the bones and the muscles, thus nicely 
united, constitute the temperament of 
motion. Half a century ago it was 
generally called the bilious tempera- 
ment, and by many persons of the 
present day, the old name ‘‘Bilious,”’ 
is still used. In talking about this 
temperament we say the Motive or 
Bilious temperament, so that people 
shall know that the Motive and the 
Bilious are the same, and they will 
not be confused. The bones and the 
muscles act in harmony and in con- 
nection with each other, hence all 
form a distinctive part of the human 
economy. 


2d. THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 


The second temperament is called 
Vital; it was formerly called the San- 
guine temperament; and another tem- 
peramental condition or system of the 


organism was called the Lymphatic 
temperament, but since the latter also 
ministers to nutrition, that is proper- 
ly considered a part of the Vital tem- 
perament. The Vital temperament 
embraces the blood vessels, or the 
arteries and the venous system, and 
we include also the lymphatic sys- 
tem, which carries a _ nutritive 
fluid without the color of blood, 
that circulates freely through the sys- 
tem. The lungs, heart, and digestive 
apparatus, including stomach, liver, 
spleen and lymphatic vessels consti- 
tute the vital temperament, and its 
office is to manufacture and distribute 
nutrition to all parts of the system, 
and take up waste material and carry 
it off, thus keeping the system in 
health. 


3d. THE MENTAL TEMPERAMENT. 


The third temperament is called 
the Mental; it has been called 
the Nervous, and in early time the 
Melancholic; it has also recently 
been called the Encephalic. The 
brain and nervous system constitute 
this temperament. The brain is the 
common centre of the physical sys- 
tem, and the nerves of motion and 
the nerves of sensation are the agents 
by means of which the mind, whichis 
related to and acts through the 
brain, acquires knowledge of external 
things, and by means of which, also, 
the mind sends out mandates of pur- 
pose and power, through the nerves 
of motion, employing the musclesand 
the bones to execute and accomplish 
the desired purposes. 

These several temperaments we 
will consider separately, and after- 
ward in their combinations and gra- 
dations. In point of fact every liv- 
ing animal must have a nervous sys- 
tem, or Mental apparatus; also, bone, 
or shell and muscle, representing the 


> 


Motive temperament; every being | 


also must have the Vital or nutritive 
apparatus, including the stomach, to 
make the blood, and the lungs, or 
their equivalent, to impart oxygen to 
the blood, and then the heart to cir- 


By TEMPERAMENT, FACE AND HEAD, 53 


culate the blood through the arteries, 
capillaries and veins, so that nutrition 
can go to every part of the system 
for its up-building. Waste matter 
also is taken up, absorbed and car- 
ried off by the Vital apparatus, the 
whole making up the elements of life, 
health and power. 

The Nervous system, or Mental 
temperament, is the most important. 
Somebody has said ‘‘ Mind is Life,”’ 
and the brain is the instrument 
through which mind acts, and the 
nerves carry the influences of thought 
and purpose and wish and will to the 
extremities, and bring back knowl- 
edge from the outer world, by means 
of the nerves of sensation. 

As these three great systems be- 
long to each organic life or consti- 
tution, they are sometimes developed 
in complete harmony, but frequently 
the Motive or Bilious temperament 
predominates; sometimes the Vital, 
at other times the Mental, yet there 
is always something of each tempera- 
ment in each individual, existing of 
course in different degrees of strength, 
so that the doctrine of temperament 
is the basis of investigation as to the 
composition of each individual pre- 
sented for study. No single tem- 
perament makes perfection. No one 
temperament constitutes the whole 
of manhood, but a combination of all 
the qualities and conditions of har- 
mony give the ideal. 

The subject of temperament is 
complex, but not insolvable. One 
may have 50 percent. of the Motive, 
30 per cent. of the Vital and 20 per 
cent. of the Mental; in others these 
combinations are reversed, or other- 
wise varied. We must study each per- 
son and learn by observation to de- 
tect the proportionate presence of 
each temperament, just as a painter 
does in mixing primary colors for de- 
sired shades. 


Ist. THE MOTIVE TEMPERAMENT. 


We may say that the general ap- 
pearance of the Motive temperament, 
where it greatly predominates, 


shows us the heavy, strong and bony 
frame, plenty of development in the 
muscular system, with tenacity and 
endurance of muscular power; the 
bones are large, and the outline of 
the system is comparatively rough; 
the hair is usually dark, often hard and 
coarse, and the complexion dark or 
brunette. There are’ some _ per-' 
sons with light or red hair who have 
coarseness of texture and hardness of 
fibre, and this light-complexioned 
Motive temperament is called the 
Xanthous: so we have _ light-com- 
plexioned people of the Motive tem- 
perament. Occasionally a man is 
found who has strengthof body, large, 
strong, angular features, and who 
has hair of a strong, wiry character, 
which he gets by inheritance from a 
parent who has dark hair and skin; 
yet he will inherit the light and 
sandy color of the hair, and perhaps 
the light complexion of the skin, from 
the other parent. He will seem to 
inherit color from one and quality of 
fibre from the other. The figure is 
commonly tall, though we find some 
short, sturdy, dark-haired, dark- 
skinned, enduring men; but usually 
the Motive temperament shows tall- 
ness of the body and length of bone, 
especially lengthof limb; also long, 
bony fingers and feet; strong features, 
wide cheek bones, and usually a 
heavy, strong voice. People of this 
temperament are fond of substantial 
affairs; they like to do rough, heavy, 
manly business, and we have noticed 
in different trades and occupations 
that persons of the Motive tempera- 
ment are from choice connected with 
hard and laborious pursuits; they 
like to lift and carry burdens, they 
like to wield heavy tools and imple- 
ments, they enjoy striking heavy 
blows and in the construction of 
houses, they willlay the cellar walls 
and handle the heavy timbers. In New 
York there is a class of men who 
fulfill these duties in reference to 
house building; they go from one 
place or structure to another and are 
thus occupied all the time; then 


54 How To Stupy STRANGERS 


others with this temperament pretty 
strongly marked but with a combina- 
tion of the vital will do the brick 
work; that is not light, but it is not 


and the implements of his trade are 
not heavy nor coarse, nor do they re- 
quire a rough, bony, muscular hand; 
and men should classify themselves in 
the prosecution of different kinds of 
work and business according to the 
temperament which they have, and so 
adapt themselves to the nature of the 
business. The choice of occupation, 
therefore, and the assignment of dif- 

ferent persons to pur- 

suits, require that the 


eal ¢ nature of the work or busi- 


I) of u)) 


o Zw \e \\\ \) ae . Sy —— 
ERM oo AS 


FIG. 61.—THE HUMAN SKELETON, 


so heavy as the other—it requires 
quicker motions; then another class of 
men will follow the brick masons and 
do the inside work, which is called 
the ‘‘finishing”’ of the houses; then 
comes the painter and decorator; he 
has a finer temperament, and the 
quality of the mental and physical 
development is adapted to that which 
is artistical, elegant, and ornamenta! ; 
he has more of the Vital and Mental 
temperaments; he uses a light brush, 


ness should be studied and 
adapted to the organic con- 
dit onsof temperament and 
\ the mental peculiarities of 
\ the persons who are can- 
didates for the work. 

Fig. 61. THE HUMAN 
SKELETON. This skeleton 
appears to have belonged 
to a person of a strongly 
marked Motive tempera- 
ment; the heads of the 
bones forming the joints 
appear to be large; there 
are large ankle joints, 

large and heavy joints at 
the knee; the thigh bone is 
heavily and roughly de- 
veloped; the bones of the 
hips, the pelvis, seem 
massive and large; the 
shoulders are amply devel- 
oped; the spinal bones are 
heavy and the elbow and 
wrist joints are large. 


Heh ate The bony processes for 


the insertion of muscles 
are sarge on different parts of the 
skull and wherever on the skeleton 
the heavy, working muscles are at- 
tached. 

Fig. 62. POSITION OF BONES IN THE 
BoDY. Shows the position of bones 
as they are situated in the complete 
body, it being a back view. It is acon- 
trast to Fig. 61, showing the bones 
by themselves; and the plump, well- 
rounded outline of the figure made 
of muscle and muscular connective 
tissue, with something of fatty 
tissue, make up the bulky develop- 


——— ee 


By TEMPERAMENT, FACE AND HEAD, 


os | 
wt 


ment of the body. ‘The legs, the 
thighs, the arms and ribs are united 
by hundreds of muscles, which are 
generally attached to the heads of 
the bones, and by their action give 
to the system all the motions that are 
required for the varied duties of life. 
The human hand has been regarded 
as the most facile implement in the 
world; a horse’s upper lip enables 
him to gather the standing grass 


FIG. 62.—POSITION OF BONES IN THE 
BODY, 


within reach of his teeth and to take 
up the feed which comes to him in 
any form; the tongue of the ox serves 
the same purpose, and while the thick 
lips of the ox are very immobile the 
tongue serves as a hand; the lips of 
the camel are large and loose, and 


are employed by him as a hand to 
gather in food or whatever he wishes 
to take. ‘The muscles which operate 
the tongue and the lips are related 
to the bony structure, and the nery- 
ous system imparts to the muscles 
their impetus to act, but the bony 
frame is the fulcrum; the solid ground 
on which the muscle is attached and 
the bony frame thereby becomes the 
basis of action. The most rapid 
manipulation of musical instruments 
by the fingers and the erms are per- 
formed through the legitimate me- 
chanical adaptation and activity of 
the muscles and bones, acted upon 
by the nerves of motion, and when 
one watches the rapidity and accu- 
racy of the motions of a distinguished 
pianist, he marvels at the wonderful 
possibilities exemplified in such artis- 
tic manipulation, and he concludes 
that the mechanical conditions and 
facilities of actionin obedience to the 
law of human dexterity corstitute the 
most marvelous facts in the whole 
economy of life. The sturdy steps 
of a horse and every motion of the 
pianist’s fingers, and all other mo- 
tions are under the law of organic 
action; and if one muscle, fiber or 
nerve becomes paralyzed it destroys 
the perfection of the muscular result ; 
thus motion is governed and con- 
trolled by nerve, muscle and bone, 


FIG. 63. MUSCLES EXPOSED. 


This figure represents the mus- 
cles with the adipose matter dis- 
sected away, leaving the great mus- 
cular masses exposed to view. Of 
course this figure is not intended to 
be an exhaustive representation of 
the action of muscle and nerve; it is 
simply to show the massive agency 
through which the Motive or mus- 
cular temperament works out its re- 
sults. It is not strange that so 
troublesome a disease as rheumatism, 
when it is located in the muscular 
structure should give intense pain and 
suffering to the unfortunate victim. 
This muscular system is subject toa 


56 How TO STUDY STRANGERS 


high degree of cultivation, not only 
in development, but in facility of 
action, and is of late years attracting 
more attention among men of leisure 


FIG, 63.—THE MUSCLES EXPOSED. 


and learning than previously; hence 
some people think our colleges are 
making more of mere physical culture 
thanpiswexactly (required, -butrisuch 
matters are apt to regulate themselves 
and find the proper channels in which 
to work out their destiny. 


Fic. 64. MUSCULAR CULTURE. 


This is a back view of a student of 
one of our Universities, who is an ath- 
lete in boating. The photograph is 
taken with the muscles of the arms and 
the shoulders wrought up by the law of 


the mind acting through muscle, and 
shows how the different muscles of 
the arms and back can be enlarged 
by exercise and hardened and devel- 
oped for the duties and services re- 
quired. The large deltoid muscles 
of the shoulders and the upper arm 
are very finely rounded, and the 
biceps between that muscle and the 
lower arm is very finely 
cultured and shows in 
the “figure: -Chiswdces 
not show a figure of a 
heavily endowed Motive 
temperament; the Mental tempera- 
ment is well represented. The extra 
muscular development is induced by 
athletic training. Some forms of 
development make the muscles large 
and hard, and other kinds of develop- 
ment, that which has to do with 
quick and accurate motion, gives 
peculiar fibrousness to the muscles. 
The biceps muscle in the right arm 
between the elbow and the shoulder on 
the front of the arm does not show in 
this back picture as much asif the pict- 
ure were a front view. The lower 
extremities of this figure seem large, 
plump, well-rounded and heavy, but 
the arms and shoulders have been 
developed differently from the lower 
extremities by being made to undergo 
a very much more positive, active and 
complex exercise than the muscles of 
the legs; and here we see largeness 
in the legs, but not so much a sign of 
special culture as in the arms and 
shoulders. The legs have the de- 
velopment which indicates sturdy 
strength; in other words, still strength, 
a condition in which the muscles are 
fixed, while the shoulders and the 
arms show the culture of the muscles 
in active working order. 

Some years ago two gentlemen came 
into our office and requested me to 
give a description of one of them 
who was a stranger. I took hold of 
his right wrist with my right hand 
and grasped the biceps muscle with 
my left, and he clinched his hand 
and flexed his arm to develop the 
muscle, and I was astonished at the 


By TEMPERAMENT, FACE AND IJEAD, 57 


peculiar liveliness and multiplicity of 
the muscular fibers,—they seemed to 
be like a bundle of whip cords, and I 
said, ‘‘What do you do with these 
muscles ?”’ And he said, ‘‘ Noth- 
ing.”” And I said, ‘‘I should 
suppose if I were blindfolded and 
had hold of this arm that it be- 
longed to the great violinist, Ole 
Bull. For I can think of noth- 
ing but the intense exercise 
required to work the violin which 
would give such a peculiar de- 
velopment, to the muscles. When 
I got through with the examina- 
tion I found out he was Ole Bull’s 
son, himself a great violinist. If 
he had been lifting timber and 
making coarse and clumsy use 
of the muscles, they would have 
been hard and solid instead of 
fibrous strings, all alive, and 
feeling like a bundle of worms 
or of snakes. Mr. J. J. Watson 
was the gentleman with him, and 
he, being an eminent violinist 
himself, wrote the matter up for 
publication, thinking it was very 
interesting. This temperament 
then is one of motion, power, en- 
durance and executiveness; per- 
sons having it well developed, 
especially if it be well sustained 
by vitality and nutrition, will be 
hardy and well adapted to ex- 
tended marches and long, weary 
days of work; they will carry 
heavy loads and wield heavy in- 
struments, and so become mas- 
ters of motion and strength; a 
man of this temperament, on an 
iron grey horse, well trained as 
a cavalry man, would make a 
charge and wield a sword with won- 
derful effect in battle. 


FIG, 65. A GOOD MOTIVE TEMPERA- 


MENT. 


Fig. 65 has a strong predominance 
of the Motive temperament, which is 
shown by the large bony hands and 
the rough outline of the shoulders, 
legs and arms; they do not look 
plump; to be sure the coat sleeve pre- 


vents the perfect outline, but it will 
be seen that the upper and lower ex- 
tremities are lean and bony, and that 
the cheek bones stand up rather 


FIG. 64.—MUSCULAR CULTURE. 


roughly; the shoulders are square and 
the neck muscular; the forehead has 
a bony ridge over the eyes, and it is 
rather a tall head, and especially tall 
in the region of the crown, and is 
somewhat narrow above and about the 
ears, and if that man knew how to 
wield his fists in encounter, he would 
be quick and positive in motion and 
his blows would be heavy and effect- 
ive. The hair, eyes and complexion 


58 How TO StTupDY STRANGERS 


are dark; his head is long from the 
chin to the crown; the bones and 
skin are rather thick, and the whole 
make-up is enduring. 


observation what kind of men can be 
most relied on for the accomplish- 
ment of such duties and service, and 
will select their men accordingly, 


QR Gas 


FIG. 65.—A GOOD MOTIVE TEMPERAMENT. 


In the selection of men for labori- 
ous work, where heavy implements 
have to be wielded, and heavy weights 
carried and controlled, this type of 
temperament will furnish the best 
material for such work; and men who 
are engaged in railroad building, 
bridge building, or the handling of 
heavy timbers or stone, will learn by 


Young men looking out into the 
open field of life, wondering what 
they would best endeavor to pursue 
as a life calling, if they lack the Mo- 
tive Temperament they should not 
learn to ve blacksmiths, stone cutters, 
or bridge builders; nor should they 
go into the heavy lumber business. 
A man without the excessive develop- 


By TEMPERAMENT, FACE AND HEAD. 59 


ment of the Motive Temperament can 
do heavy work, or make a successful 
muscular effort in emergency and ex- 
citement, but it wears on him. 

A horse with this Motive Tempera- 
ment, large bone and strong muscles, 
‘ will take a heavy load, but he don’t 
like to be pushed and be obliged to 
work quickly; and men who are wise 
in the management of horse flesh, will 
not allow a nervous, sensitive, thin, 
sprightly horse to be overloaded or 
placed in a condition where he will 
be obliged to use more muscular power 
than his constitution properly war- 
rants. 


FIG. 66.—ABRAHAM LINCOLN, 


Abraham Lincoln is a good repre- 
sentative of predominant Motive 
temperament, but in an extended 
and careful analysis we would say 
Motive Mental; the Vital tempera- 
ment was the lacking or delinquent 
one in his organization. He was six 
feet four inches high; his arms and 
legs were long, lank and bony; he 
had a long, strong neck; the bones 
were prominent; there was little but 
muscle, and that was made up of 
tenacious, hardy tissue. The tendons 
which connect the muscles with the 
extremities were large and ample, en- 
dowed for power; he was a man who 
could wield the ax; he was called a 


‘‘rail splitter,’ because he was fa-: 


mous asa young man for his ability to 
work timber into that necessary form 
for fencing in the great, New West. 
In the border States, which were 
heavily timbered, the: man who could 
use the ax in felling the forest and 
in making timber into rails or into 
cord wood, or preparing it for the 
saw-mill, or cutting it into lumber, 
was considered the head worker of 
the country. In the lumber camps 
every where the work requires muscle 
and bone, and the men are generally 
tall and high shouldered, they have 
also long arms and great, long 
fingered hands, but there is not 
a single pound of surplus flesh 
on them. Abraham Lincoln lived in 


ee eat ee 
the forest-leveling days; he was in 
the glory of his laborious life about 
1830, and in his Western forest home 
he was a great chopper, a powerful 
wrestler, and was a mighty man 
among men, but he had hardly an 
ounce of fat on his whole masterful 
frame; it was all bone, muscle, 
sinew and nerve. As he advanced 
in life he laid aside the ax, though he 
was proud to let any friend see he 
was a good chopper, even while he 
was President. 

As he studied law and practiced it, 
and brought his mind into relation 
with mental topics, his Mental tem- 
perament was increased and it be- 
came more influential; but he never 
essentially modified his bony struct- 
ure or the muscular development; 
of course, as he used the pen more 
and the ax less, the tensity and 
hardness and general power of the 
muscles abated, but a recurrence of 
the labor which developed it would 
have called back the former power, 
and with his added mental develop- 
ment would probably have given that 
power a-better direction than it had 
in earlier time. 

The features of Lincoln were bony 
and coarse because the bones and 
muscles were mainly manifested. 
There are men who have a good bony 
structure and also plenty of the Vital 
temperament, but the bony frame in 
such cases is clothed and covered 
with abundant flesh and _ adipose, 
while Lincoln had but little of the 
Vital temperament which gives 
one plumpness and smoothness. But 
the Mental temperament was mani- 
fested in him in various ways; 
whenever he was pleased and was 
surrounded by conditions — that 
awakened in him the gentle and 
tender feelings, his face would 
lose its hardness, there would come 
over ita mildness that made his face 
particularly sunny, especially when 
he smiled. I have watched him for 
an hour sitting by his side, while he 
was listening to one of Henry Ward 
Beecher’s discourses, and as Mr. Lin- 


60 How To Strupy STRANGERS 


coln was intent in listening to the 
sermon I had opportunity to scan his 
face at my leisure. When a certain 
thought was being uttered by the 
speaker, anything that was brave and 
peculiar, his face would be knitted 
with intense interest, and as it cul- 
minated in a flash of wit, or in an 
outburst of benevolent enthusiasm, 
Lincoln’s rugged face would glow 
like a burst of sunshine upon the 
mountain’s brow. Again he would 
show an eager enthusiasm as if he 
were making a speech himself. This 
was in the Spring of 1860, before he 
was nominated for the Presidency. 
The strength of Lincoln’s style of 
speaking and writing, and the com- 
pactness and earnestness which exist 
in his sentences are the result of 
mentality working out through the 
Motive temperament. 

Mr. Calhoun had the Motive, Men- 
tal temperament, and his utterances 
were like the stacatto expressions 
of the strings of a musical instru- 
ment, hard and intense rather than 
like the waving folds of a flag in the 
breeze, easy and graceful. Mr. Cal- 
houn never joked, he never used a 
soft and mellow figure of speech; in 
his sentences he called things by their 
Saxonynames,. if thevyehad one, a Ve 
remember some of Mr. Calhoun’s con- 
temporaries: there were Webster, Lewis 
Cass, Silas Wright and Buchanan, 
men having an abundance of the Vital 
temperament, and there was pliable- 
ness and mellowness in their lips, man- 
ners and methods, but Mr. Calhoun’s 
voice was like the twanging of a gui- 
tar string, as if his thought and his 
voice came from a string tuned up to 
concert pitch, only it was not espe- 
cially musical, there was no fun or 
persuasive playfulness in it, but direct- 
ness, sincerity and intense earnest- 
ness. 

Mr. Lincoln had a strong social 
nature; he hada keen sense of humor 
and wit, and his mind was sharply 
analytical, and therefore he could see 
in a story the culmination of a long 
argument, This was often illustrated 


by him while he was President; a 
little story would settle a knotty 
controversy. A Virginia farmer, a 
man about as tall as himself and 
about as bony, came to him witha 
chronic grievance; the farmer had 
had about twenty or thirty acres of 
wheat trampled on and nearly spoiled, 
first by one army and then by the 
other, and as he was loyal to the 
United States he felt that the United 
States ought to pay him for the dam- 
age, and he frequently came to see 
Mr. Lincoln about it right in the midst 
of the war, when it seemed question- 
able as to what the result would be. 
This tall, lank man stood in his pres- 
ence and Mr. Lincoln said: ‘‘ Yes, I 
now remember, you are the Virginia 
farmer who wants to see me about 
that field of wheat. It reminds 
me of a story. When I was running a 
flat boat over the falls of the Ohio 
River at Louisville, and trying to 
work the stern oar so as to keep the 
boat off the rocks, we had some 
passengers on board, and among the 
rest was a woman and her little boy; 
presently I felt some one tugging at my 
coat tail, and there was the little boy, 
and he said to me, ’Mister, will 
you please to stop the boat. I have 
lost my apple overboard?’” The 
Virginian thought a moment and then 
Sadi 0. Tsee: The eenaiggee a And. he 


bowed himself out and never troubled 


Mr. Lincoln again until the war was 
over. There was grim humor about 
that, but the humor and the absurdity 
were very much better than a sharp 
argument. General Jackson would 
have thundered at the man and told 
him to go back to his farm and de- 
fend his wheat, as he did in the case 
of the New Orleans merchant when 
Jackson used bales of cotton to make 
breastworksof them. The ownercame 
out and said, ‘‘ These cotton bales 
are mine; I must have compensation 
if they are to be used for the public 
good;’’ and General Jackson took a 
musket out of the hands of a soldier, 
and, handing it to him, said: ‘‘ There, 
go into the ranks and defend it,” 


iT, FACE AND HEAD, 61 


By TEMPERAME 


in that way. Through all his ad- 
ministration he would tell a funny 
story, when a solid argument would 


That shows the difference between 
Lincoln and Jackson in a_ similar 


case: Lincoln told a story and sent 


Vhiigpeets) 4 


ttl, 


Me 


sS 


‘ 


2 
SSP TILA See 
ed gd fae POLO. 
Bee cite to eae 


Toren 


s) 
Nh} 
NY 


SE aS 
SIS 

PRBS 6Se 
SANS SSE ceee 
ores na 


a SAY. 
rm 
te Recta ge eC p= iis 
F oe. neath "> aoe 


FIG. 66.—ABRAHAM LINCOLN, 


be likely to provoke an angry re- 
joinder and perhaps enmity, 


the man off feeling cheap but good- 
natured, and so got rid of the trouble 


62 How To Stupy STRANGERS 


FIG. 67.—MISS MIDY MORGAN. 


This very remarkable woman died 
June. 1, 1992; she \ was sborny. in 
Cork, Treland, .. November; jez; 
1828; her name was Maria—Midy 
was her nickname that the cattle 
men gave her. She was one of 
a large family of brothers and sis- 
ters. Her father was a man of con- 
siderable consequence and wealth. 
As a girl, she became fond of horses 
on her father’s estate, she was a fine 
horsewoman, and obtained great 
reputation as a daring rider. She 
was over six feet high, had a large 
frame, but was thin as well as tall and 
lively and vigorous. 

In her country she used to ride after 
the fox and hounds, and often led 


the chase among famous horsemen. . 


Her father died when she was a 
young woman, and left practically at 
the head of the family, she took gen- 
eral supervision of the farm, studied 
farming, cattle raising, and frequently 
visited the city markets. She raised 
cattle for the London markets, and 
also bred horses; and horses were 
her hobby. 

The mother went to Italy with 
Midy and her sister, who was some- 
thing of an artist, ¢In- Rome; the 
young woman resumed her horseback 
riding, and it was a bold ride that she 
made one day which secured for her 
an introduction to the king, Victor 
Emanuel. He, learning of her fond- 
ness for and knowledge of horses, ar- 
ranged with her to go to England and 
Ireland and purchase a stock of Irish 
Hunter mares for his private stable. 
She accomplished her mission, took 
six valuable mares from England, 
through France, over the Alps, to 
Italy. The commission had been so 
satisfactorily executed that the king 
presented her with a gold watch, on 
the case of which was his monogram 
in diamonds; he also gave to her a 
great diamond star. 

After fulfilling the king’s mission 
she established a Zoological Exchange, 
and purchased and exchanged wild 


animals for the various zoological 
gardens in the old country. 

Mr. Lawrence, the American con- 
sul at Florence, advised her to go to 


America. In 1869 she arrived with 
letters of introduction to Horace 
Greeley, Henry J. Raymond and 


Leonard Jerome. She applied for a 
position as a writer on the New York 
Times. Mr. Raymond having died just 
before she reached America, Mr. 
Bigelow became editor. He listened 
to her pleasantly, then remarked, 
‘* that there is not a vacant place on 
the staff, except that of cattle and 
live stock reporter.”’ 

“Weil lcansfill that. she said: 

He laughed and told her she might 
try; and she so thoroughly filled the 
position that she commanded the re- 
spect of all the cattlemen and re- 
porters,and was employed onthe Z7zmes 
in that capacity for twenty-seven 
years. She suggested improvements 
in the treatment of cattle, and her 
writings fairly forced a reform in these 
matters. She wrote editorials for the 
Tribune, Rural New Yorker, Turf 
field and Farm, Hearth and Home, 
florseman, Breeders’ Gazette, and 
other papers. Her acquaintance grew 
large and valuable; her opinions came 
to be looked up to; she received invi- 
tations to lecture; she made an ad- 
dress before the Legislature at Albany; 
went to Washington by invitation of 
the President and gave him her views 
on ‘‘cattle transportation.” She in- 
dulged her passion for horses on all 
occasions and permitted no oppor- 
tunity to go by to see the best horses 
in the land. She became acqvainted 
with such men as Robert Bonner and 
Cornelius Vanderbilt, and was elected 
member of the ‘“‘ American Jockey 
Club.”” She built a singular house 
on Staten Island that was thoroughly 


fireproof, of stone and iron, as 
her home, and was proud of it. 
She was a_ big-hearted woman 


and was always ready to help any 
one in distress. She loved all forms 
of animal life, and probably had more 
animals, of every sort, named after 


- a 
“tS Fl 


_her. 


By TEMPERAMENT, FACE AND IIEaApD, 63 


her than any woman living. It is 


thought she left a comfortable for- 
tune. She was a well-known figure 
Square” 


about ‘‘ Printing House 


strong but regular, and her head 
high, and she carried herself with 
that spirit of steadfastness and inde- 
pendence that attracted attention; 


FIG, 67,—MISS MIDY MORGAN, 


and at the cattle market. She wore 
the regular boot, and, she being 
above most men in height, walking 
with a long stride, she attracted 
attention; but her amiable face, 
her intelligent expression and her 
pertinent words, full of wit and gen- 
iality, won the respect of all who met 
Being six feet high, and en- 
dowed with an ample amount of bone 
and muscle, she was a good repre- 
sentative of the Motive Tempera- 
ment. Her features were large and 


and her voice was pleasant, her eye 
invited confidence, her words were 
magnetic, and her presence was al- 
ways commanding. 

We cordially cherish the thought 
and the memory of her presence and 
words for the last quarter of a cen- 
tury. If she had been more endowed 
with the Vital Temperament she would 
have been more plump, and therefore 
would have been very massive as well 
as stately. 


64 How To Stupy STRANGERS 


Fig. 68 is taken from life by 
photograph ofa boy 17 years old. He 
had not been employed at hard work, 


FIG, 68,—MASTER TRYON, 


but he was an athlete among the 
boys, and he would wrestle, tussle 
and jump and run and play ball. 
His parents were endowed with 
abundant muscle, and the mother 
was tall, strong and muscular, and 
had a good Vital temperament added 
to the Motive; her Motive tempera- 
ment stood in relation to the Vital 
about as sixty to forty. This boy, there- 
fore, inherited a magnificent Motive 
temperament with a full degree of the 
Vital; he was well nourished by the 
Vital temperament, consequently the 
bones are well grown and the muscles 
are ample and plump. ‘The picture 
thus taken from photograph shows 
the different pairs of muscles on the 
back, on the arms and on the neck, 
and if he could have a thorough men- 
tal training to develop mind as wellas 
body, he might be a man of notable 
brain power as wellas of brawn. 

In daily life there is a tendency 
for those less endowed with bone and 
muscle, and more of brain and nerve 
to become absorbed in study and 
brain work, and neglect bodily train- 
ing—and those who are stalwart, take 
nearly all the exercise of body and 
less of brain work, 


Fig. 69 represents a boy witha pre- 
dominance of the Motive tempera- 
ment. His hair is dark, strong and 
coarse; the bones are amply de- 
veloped and his muscles are firm, ten- 
acious and enduring without much of 
the Vital or Mental tempera- 
ment to smooth, soften and 
refine his make-up; he will 
make a man adapted to earn- 
est business, requiring more 
or less labor and physical ex- 
ertion and endurance, mani- 
festing a firm spirit and quiet, 
hardy courage; he will not 
be quick, flashy and impetuous; there 
is not kindling wood enough in his 
temperament to set him off quickly in 
the strifes and controversies of life, 
and when he becomes fairly imbued 
with a subject and his mind is made 
up, then positiveness will express as 
much as any word can of what be- 
longs to his character. A girl with 


Ly (i\ ‘ 


FIG, 69,—BOY, MOTIVE TEMPERAMENT, 


this temperament will be an energetic 
thinker and worker with positiveness 
and endurance, and be worth a dozen 
soft handed, pliable specimens of 
grace and beauty. 


CHAPTER VIII. 
2d. THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT, 


HE organs and functions which 

make up this temperament are 
called the nutritive system; they min- 
ister to the nourishment, feeding and 
up-building of the whole constitution, 
and take in the entire digestive system, 
beginning with the mouth, and includ- 
ing the stomach, the intestines,and the 
messentary system which absorbs the 
nutritive material and carries it up 
through the thoracic duct into the 
sub-clavian vein and thence into the 
heart. This fluid is a whitish, milky 
substance called chyle, and when it 
passes from the heart into the lungs 
and comes in contact with oxygen, it 
thereby becomes of a scarlet color 
and is called blood. The digestive 
apparatus may be supposed to end 
where the thoracic duct empties the 
digested food-material into the blood- 
current. The heart is the next organ 
of the vital apparatus which operates 
upon the fluid, sending it into the 
lungs, where it is charged with oxy- 
gen, and then bringing it into the 
other side of the heart, which by 
muscular contraction starts it into the 
system of blood vessels called arte- 
ries, 

The heart, lungs, veins, stomach, 
and intestines are not represented in 
this engraving (Fig. 70); simply the 
arteries are shown. ‘The office of 
these is to carry the blood to the ex- 
tremities and into the minute hair- 
like capillaries, from which nutrition 
is absorbed by the tungry tissues; 
these capillaries are so numerous and 
so extended that every particle of the 
entire economy is pervaded by them; 
there are branches of these from the 
larger vessels all along on the way 


to the extremities, which supply the 
intervening parts with arteriae blood, 
laden with nutrition, and then there 
is a system of veins (Fig. 71), which 


FIG, 70.—THE ARTERIAL SYSTEM, 


returns the blood from all the points to 
which the arteries have carried it out; 
in fact, the arteries and the veins are 
united at their extremities. Each 
hair-like artery becomes a hair-like 
vein and returns the blood to the 


66 How To Stupy STRANGERS 


heart to be sent again through the 
lungs to be revivified, and then out 
through the arteries and back again 
through the veins. The arteries re- 
semble the service pipes of the water 
works of a city, carrying the clean 
water to every house and every room, 


and then the veins, like the system’ 


of drain pipes in the houses, take up 
the blood, when it has done its work 
of nutrition and cleansing, and car- 
ries it into larger vessels and, like the 
system of sewerage, the veins bring 
back with the blood imperfections or 
impurities which it has in its journey 
taken up, and the blood is thus 
changed toa dark purple. In going 
through the liver the blood leaves 
some impurities, others are deposited 
in the kidneys, and some are excluded 
through the lungs and the skin; 
so the arteries carry out  nutri- 
tion, and the veins bring back 
the blood that has become exhausted 
of its vitality, and has taken up im- 
purities and the waste material of the 
system; and this process of carrying 
out and bringing back blood keeps 
up the current of life and vitality, 
and tends not only to nourish but to 
purify the whole system or constitu- 
tion. This process of house clean- 
ing and refitting which is performed 
by the blood is sharply illustrated by 
the house maid with her pail of clean 
water, scrubbing brush, pearline and 
wiping cloth, who loosens the dirt by 
the brush and pearline, wipes it up 
with the cloth and empties the ac- 
cumulation into two sinks, called liver 
and kidneys, and so leaves the prem- 
ises cleaned and sweetened, as the 
house is by removal of smoke, dirt 
and grease andthe application of a 
coat of fresh paint and whitewash. 
A dwelling has a general cleaning 
once in six months, a partial cleaning 
once a week, and a daily tidy touch; 
but the ‘‘House Beautiful” in which 
mind lives has the cleansing process 
going on allthe time. The scrubbing, 
wiping, rinsing process never ceases, 
or when it becomes lax the condition 
called disease occurs, threatening 


decay and death. Proper food and 
hygienic conditions will make new 
blood of the right sort, and then if 
not polluted by bad habits, the nor- 
mal action of life’s functions will keep 
the system in happy, healthy working 
condition to ripe old age. Early 
death is the result of human error in 
some form; it is premature, and is a 
penalty of violated law, ignorantly or 
otherwise. 


aN | i \ 
f , p x Ass ~ 
A ; 
= YY 3 z s ey oe 5 
= —— i 


SP 
Ze 
— 


FIG, 71.—-THE VEINOUS SYSTEM, 


So completely does the system of 
blood vessels pervade the entire con- 
stitution, for purposes of up-building 
and cleansing, that there is nota place 
as large as a needle’s point on the 
whole surface of the body which will 
not bleed if we prick it with a needle, 
showing that there is a blood vessel 
there. Now if everything else about 


THE BLOOD VESSELS AND LYMPHATICS. 67 


the body could be disposed of, leav- 
ing the blood vessel system intact, 
we should have before us, if the ar- 
teries and the veins were filled with 
blood as in daily life, a complete 
man, formed like the living man; 
even the skin is pervaded by blood 
vessels except the outer cuticle; so 
that the blood vessels would consti- 
tute a man of a blood-red color, and 
shaped exactly and in every feature 
like the man in life and of the same 
size within less than the thickness of 
a sheet of paper; thus, the blood 
vessels are found everywhere, carry- 
ing nutrition and bringing back im- 
purities to be disposed of through 
their proper channels. Thus once in 
five minutes all the blood in the body, 
twelve or thirteen pounds, passes 
through the heart and visits all the 
extreme points. 

We have in a previous chapter 
shown a man of bone and muscle. 
(Fig 62.) We now show two engrav- 
ings which represent imperfectly the 
blood vessels, the arteries and the 
veins, (Figs. 7o and 71), which if 
complete would be shaped exactly like 
a man of bone and muscle, just as 
large, and showing the entire outline 
of organs made up of the blood 
vessels. 


THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. 


We show another man in Fig. 72 
made up of the lymphatic system, 
somewhat similar to the arterial and 
veinous systems, and these are small, 
delicate vessels and of whitish color, 
and carry, not the red blood of the 
arteries nor the purple blood of the 
veins, but the white fluid of the lym- 
phatic system. The largest only of 
these lymph vessels are represented 
in Fig. 72, and they, like thearteries, 
enter in microscopic minutia into 
every organ of the body, and have an 
important part to perform in the 
great function of nutrition. This 
lymphatic system, instead of being a 
temperament by itself, properly be- 
longs to the nutritive system. The 
digestive system makes the nutrition; 


the arteries, veins and lymphatics dis- 
tribute this nutrition, and the result 
is the up-building of the body; hence 
the temperament represented by all 
the vitality-making organs is called: 


FIG. 72.—-THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM, ’ 


the Vital temperament because it is 
the source of all vitality. The bones 
themselves are fed by this nutritive 
system called the Vital temperament; 
the muscles are built up by it, the 
nerves are built up by it, and even 
the veins and the arteries themselves 
are nourished and replenished with new 


68 ~ How To Stupy STRANGERS 


material of nutrition which they help 
to manufacture and absorb as health 
and the system require, so that every- 
thing that belongs to a man’s consti- 
tution comes through the Vital tem- 
perament which is made up of the 
factors which we denominate the 
vital organs. 

This temperament used to be di- 
vided; one part was called the San- 
guine temperament, but in that case 
they regarded only the heart, lungs 
and arteries as constituting the San- 
guine temperament; they left the di- 
gestive and lymphatic systems out of 
the question, and called this part of 
the nutritive system the Lymphatic 
temperament. Thus they cut the 
blood-making and blood-distributing 
systems apart, calling them by two 
names as twotemperaments. In Mr. 
Combe’s time it was customary for 
lecturers——and Mr. Combe did it him- 
self—to ridicule the unfortunate peo- 
ple who had a superabundance of the 
digestive system. The Lymphatic 
temperament was a source of joke 
and merriment, and nobody wanted 
to be charged with having that tem- 
perament. In fact, that which they 
called the Lymphatic temperament 
was a partial disease; it was an unbal- 
anced condition in which there was 
more nutrition generated than was 
assimilated and worked into complete 
life power, and thus, a man would be- 
come extra fat and heavy by an extra 
amount of lymph being induced. It 
was like pulling a lamp-wick too 
high, which gives imperfect combus- 
tion, and fills the room with smoke. 

The Vital temperament includes the 
three systems illustrated by Figs. 70, 
71 and 72, and also the organs which 
convert food into blood, which being 
combined, constitute the digestive 
apparatus (Fig. 73). This shows A, 
the heart; B B, the lungs; C, the 
liver; D, the stomach; E, spleen; 
f f f, intestines; m m, kidneys; g, 
bladder. All these organs are en- 
gaged in the processes of preparing 
‘food for nutrition and cleansing the 
‘tissues and blood of the impurities 


and waste material which need to be 
carried outof the system. ‘This tem- 
perament is distinct from the Motor 
or mechanical system, and also from 
the nervous system, yet both of these 
systems render indispensable aid in 
carrying on the processes of diges- 


DT We 
vid} ) 
D7 uL 
Dp 
S ZA 
oN Z 
~.38 
~ SS 


~ 
~ 


THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 


\N 


FIG. 73. 


tion, from the chewing of the food all 
through the various processes of 
making healthy tissue and life power. 

In the early history of Phrenology 
in this country it was found by lec- 
turers that there wasa great misun- 
derstanding on the part of the people 
in regard to the nature of the tem- 
peraments. Since my public career 
of Phrenology commenced in 1839, I 
frequently had this experience before 
an audience. I used the names of the 
temperaments as Mr, Combe always 


pub -in,- a 


FALSE NOTIONS OF TEMPERAMENT, 69 


did, recognizing four temperaments, 
named Sanguine, Nervous, Bilious and 
Lymphatic, and I would say of a man 
before an audience, ‘‘ This man has 
the Sanguine temperament.” And 
the man, thinking I meant that he 
was happy and cheerful, would con- 
tradict, and plainly say that it was 
not so; that he was not san- 
guine, but inclined to look on 
the dark side, and then I would 
explain that it was not disposition I 
was talking about, but temperamental 
constitution; then another would 
come up for an examination who 
was of the Motive temperament, and 
as we Called that Bilious, I would 
say ‘‘He has astrong Bilious tem- 
perament.” And many times I would 
be contradicted on the spot, and the 
man would say “You are all wrong 
there; I haven’t hada bilious attack 
for six years.” The people thought 
the Bilious temperament meant a dis- 
eased condition of the liver and the 
bowels, and that the Sanguine tem- 
perament meant that a man hada 
cheerful and _ enthusiastic — spirit. 
When we found a man who had the 
Mental temperament strongly marked 
we would say: ‘‘You have a pre- 
dominance of the Nervous tempera- 
ment.” And often a man would 
reply: ‘‘ You are mistaken, I am not 
nervous at all; in fact, the doctor 
always sends forme to assist him in 
surgical operations, because I am 
calm and never nervous.” The Messrs. 
Fowler, coming in conflict, as they 
often did, with this error on the part of 
the public, were led tostudy the nature 
of the lymphatic system, dropped the 
term Lymphatic as applied to a tem- 
perament, and merged it into and as 
a part of the nutritive system, call- 
ing the combination the Vital tem- 
perament because both systems min- 
ister to vitality. Some still use the 
term Bilious for the Motive tempera- 
ment, thus rendering themselves 
liable to be misunderstood. At all 
events the term Motive applies to the 
Sones and the muscles, their functions 
mean mction; and vitality is the re- 


sult of digestion, circulation and 
assimilation; hence Vital is the true 
name for the nutritive functions. 

The characteristics of the Vital 
temperament are vital warmth, a 
steady and vigorous pulse, abundant 
and complete digestion, good circula- 
tion and assimilation, and therefore 
a tendency to plumpness of figure, a 
ruddy complexion and ardor in feel- 
ing, and ready recuperation for life’s 
work. People who have the Vital 
temperament in excess are generally 
inclined to be fat, and as they become 
advanced in years are liable to get 
heavy and too stout, although they 
are not necessarily lazy, even if they 
are heavy. There are some such 
people who, though too stout, too 
much laden with adipose tissue, are 
yet earnest workers and great drivers ; 
they have strength generated by good 
digestion; they have an abund- 
ance of healthy blood freely dis- 
tributed through all parts of the sys- 
tem, giving life and vitality, and so 
they are cheerful, zealous and hearty. 
Many persons of this temperament 
have too full a development in the re- 
gion of the stomach for their comfort. 
They have also a broad and deep 
chest; they have well rounded limbs 
and full, plump and thick hands. 
The complexion is often florid, the 
eyes blue or gray, the hair light or 
sandy, the cheeks red and the skin 
a peachy white, with abundant per- 
spiraticn. We are speaking now of 
persons in which this temperament 
predominates, even as extra bone 
and muscle come from a predomi- 
nance of the Motive temperament. 

Lincoln, Calhoun and Jackson, 
having the Motive temperament, 
were slim, tall and bony; Lewis Cass, 
Silas Wright, Levi Woodbury and 
James Buchanan were rounded, heavy 
and plump, full of blood and had the 
Vital temperament ; others, like John 
Randolph and Henry A. Wise, were 
thin, nervous, sensitive and excita- 
ble, had light bones and muscles and 
delicate features. These had the 
Mental temperament in predominance, 


70 


————— 


How To Srupy STRANGERS. 


FIG. 74—THE MARQUIS OF SALISBURY. 


In this portrait of Lord Salisbury 
we have an excellent illustration of 
the Vital temperament. The great size 


ishment, giving ability to manifest 
breadth of thought and capacity for 
great affairs, such as a prime minister 
requires. In conjunction with the 


FIG. 74.—MARQUIS OF SALISBURY-——-THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT, 


of the chest, the fullness of the entire 
person, the large and healthy looking 
face, the stout limbs, plump hands 
and the well nourished appearance of 
the whole system, show ample diges- 


tion and nutrition, abundance of 
blood and a free circulation. His 
large brain is well supplied with nour- 


ample vital power, he had with his 
large brain also a full share of the 
Mental temperament which gives him 
clearness of thought, and with his 
great vital endurance, the ability to 
think clearly and acutely, and bear 
the fatigues incident to his long and 
eminent public career. 


THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 


FIG, 75——AMELIA E, BARR. 


VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 


The portrait of this lady indicates 
a decided predominance of the Vital 
temperament. In the appearance of 
that face, neck and shoulders there 
is evidence of excellent nutrition, 
fullness of life power, abundance of 
blood and of healthy tissue. It will 
be noticed that the features are not 
angular, massive or rugged, but pli- 
able, mobile and expressive. The 
cheek is plump outward from the 
nose, also full outward from the 
mouth, and the fullness and plump- 
ness of the neck below the chin indi- 
cating a person who is well nourished, 
whose digestion is excellent and 
whose enjoyment of life is ample. 
The forehead is developed in the 
lower and middle sections rather than 
in the upper part; there is more ten- 
dency to gather knowledge, remem- 
ber it, rehearse it, or reform it, ac- 
cording to her own impressions, than 
a tendency to follow a line of strict, 
logical reasoning; she translates her 
thoughts into feelings and clothes her 
ideas with sentiment and emotional 
life. The back-head seems to be 
amply developed, indicative of the 
temperament in question, and also 
for great sociability, and especially 
the love for children. Her intellect 
is that of a writer, and her tempera- 
ment and motherly spirit have made 
her an eminent writer for children. 

Every function rejoices in abound- 
ing activity; the affections are strong 
and responsive; the thoughts quick, 
the emotions genial and smooth, 
making her a sympathetic centre 
wherever she may roam or rest. 

Fig. 76. This boy is a good illus- 
tration of the Vital temperament ;— 
the fullness of the cheeks outward 
from the nose and outward from the 
mouth show breathing power and di- 
gestion, and the fullness and strength 
of the chin indicates good circulation. 
The quality of constitution, fibre and 
disposition area good contrast to Fig. 
69, and rightly trained he will make 


-~I 
= 


a man of vigor and abundant vital 
power, and he will manifest also har- 


AID Vlas, 


mony of character, and most decided 
brilliancy and vigor of intellect. 


FIG. 76.—VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH BY ROCKWOOD. 


42 How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


FIG. 77—MR. R 


This gentleman, who came to us in 
the ordinary way of business, kindly 
consented, at our request, to have his 
picture taken for publication. He is 
a good specimen of the Vital temper- 
ament; his weight is 245 pounds. 


FIG. 77—MR. R—VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 


The relatively small and delicate feat- 
ures, as compared with the size of 
the body, the fullness of the percep- 
tive organs, and the largeness of his 
back-head, which, however, does not 
appear in the engraving, all show the 
Vital temperament, and also a strong 
resemblance to the mother, and from 
her he derives the comparatively nar- 
row shoulders. His arms are very 
arge at the shoulders and taper off, 
showing a comparatively small wrist 
and hand, and fora man standing five 
feet ten inches high his arms are 
short. The reader will observe the 
broadness of the hips and the large- 
ness of the thighs and the fullness 
of the abdominal region; he had 


a large digestive apparatus and 
made an abundance of blood, and he 
is strong, earnest and active for a 
heavy man; his feet are small, and 
we found by measurement that the 


FIG. 783—MASTER H. T. 


thigh measured twenty-seven inches; 
we rarely find an organization to show 
a finer nutritive and digestive appara- 
tus, and the ability to convert food 
into life-power more readily and 
abundantly. Then his head is large, 
and he can make steam as fast as he 
needs to useit. From the knee to the 
waist it will be seen how ample the 
development is, and that indicates 
largely where he got the last forty- 
five pounds. 


FIG. 78 H.T.—VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 


Shows a boy thirteen years of age. 
He is heavy in the region of the 
waist and below it, his legs are large 
and taper rapidly, his hand is deli- 


BREATHING, DIGESTION AND CIRCULATION. %3 


cate, and his features are also deli- 
cate, contrasting sharply with Fig. 
69. The chest is full, but not prom- 
inent, and below the waist he is full, 
well rounded and stout. He weighed 
135 pounds, and that is a heavy 
’ weight for a boy thirteen years old. 


BALANCE OF TEMPERAMENT. 


Some are evenly balanced in tem- 
perament. Washington was supposed 
to be evenly balanced. We think 
Chauncey M. Depew has a pretty fair 
representation of the three tempera- 
ments. General Lee was well repre- 
sented in all the temperaments. Mr. 
Beecher had a fair balance, with per- 
haps a little surplus of the Vital, 
which made him stout in his later 
years. Rev. Dr. R. S. Storrs is a good 
specimen of Harmonious tempera- 
ment, as his portrait elsewhere repre- 
sents. His head is large, his face 
plump and full and his body was just 
full enough to be grand at sixty years 
of age. Rev. Dr. Cuyler is thin and 
wiry; the Motive Mental tempera- 
meni prevails in him, and the Mental 
Motive is more conspicuous in Mr. 
Talmage, though his complexion 
favors the Vital. 

In the examination of persons in 
respect to character, constitution and 
temperament, it iscomparatively easy 
to recognize the Motive temperament 
in the large bones, strong hair, in the 
dark complexion and in the fullness 
and hardness of the muscles. The 
Vital temperament generally has depth 
of chest and a good development of 
the shoulders and arounded fullness of 
the abdominal region (see Figs. 74,75, 
76, 77, 78), with ample fullness and 
largeness of the limbs and plumpness 
of the face and hands. There is, 
however, a special method of estimat- 
ing the development and healthy con- 
dition of the lungs and of the digest- 
ive system and also of the circulatory 
system by the form of the face of the 
person, 

THE BREATHING POWER. 


A large and healthy condition of 
the lungs will generally be found with 


a strong development of the malar 
bones, or a frontal prominence and 
width of the cheek bones outward 
from the nose, and if there is an 
abundance of good, healthy flesh on 
every part of these bones we expect 
to find large and vigorous lungs, and 
where that section of the face is broad 
and strong, we generally find a large 
chest, capacious and healthy lungs. 
No matter if the man is tall and slim, 
if that part of the face is well filled 
out he will have a good development 
of the lungs, though there may not be 
an ounce of fat on him, and, like the 
large-chested, slim-built greyhound, 
he breathes deeply and abundantly 
and he is not short-winded. When 
consumption or any diseased condition 
of the lungs invades the system, it 
produces a feverish expression of the 
face outward from the nose, the hectic 
flush, as it is called, appears thereon, 
and as the disease advances that part 
of the face becomes wan and paleand 
thin, the cheek bones show plainly 
and the eyes look glassy, glaring and 
cavernous. I have seen the late Dr. 
Dods, in magnetizing a person, put 
his fingers on that part of the face 
and nearly stop the man’s breath; 
he would not say anything, but the 
man would soon pant for breath. 
Writers on magnetic and physiological 
subjects, some yearsago, used to talk 
about the poles of the lungs being rep- 
resented in the malar part of the face, 
and they also spoke about the poles of 
the stomach having relation to the 
middle side sections of the face out- 
ward from the mouth. 


DIGESTIVE POWER. 


Anybody can observe that those 
who have good digestion are apt to 
be plump in the cheek outward from 
the mouth, sometimes unpleasantly 
so. Young persons who have healthy 
digestion and good, wholesome food 
are fat and full in the cheeks. 

It may not have escaped the ob- 
servation of nearly every reader, 
especially mothers, that when a child 
is troubled in the Summer with a dis- 


74 How to Srupy STRANGERS, 


ES 


turbed condition of the digestive ap- 
paratus, he falls away in that spot; 
the middle of his face, called the 
cheek, gets hollowand thin, and that 
part looks pale; and when a person 
is nauseated he looks white about the 
mouth, and the part of thecheek that 
should be fresh or red, looks white. 
People have a contemptuous expres- 
sion, ‘‘He looked white about the 
gills,” when he was seasick or nau- 
seated by the sight of blood or his 
stomach was ‘‘turned”’ by something 
else. Dr. J. B. Dods would place his 
fingersand thumb on the sides of the 
face at the poles of the stomach and 
the robust man would at once turn 
pale and become deathly sick at the 
stomach. 

Now, to come back to the child, let 
him be cured of this Summer trouble, 
and in four or five days he seems to 
be as plump in the cheeks as he ever 
was, and no other part of his body 
has fallen away; his legs and arms 
seem as plump as before, but during 
his short sickness his cheeks fall in, 
and as soon as the stomach trouble is 
ended his cheeks fill out again and he 
is healthy and happy as ever. His 
loss of flesh was chiefly onthe cheek. 
People are often astonished when we 
charge them with being troubled 
with dyspepsia; they confess the fact, 
but wonder how we know it, but it 
will be readily shown in a thousand 
photographs that might be presented ; 
so this sign of poor digestion is 
manifest and easily discerned. 


THE CIRCULATION, 


or the strength and activity of the 
heart and the integrity of the circu- 
latory system, are indicated by the 
fullness, length, breadth and strength 
of the chin, and to use the old 
phrase, the poles of tthe heart are 
represented in the chin. I think a 
Phrenologist would recognize, in 
looking over the faces of a thousand 
men in regimental line, every man 
who is especially liable to a disturbed 
action of the heart, as well as every 
one who was stern, staunch and 


steady in that respect. The same, 
also, as to the breathing and digest- 
ive power. We sometimes say of a 
person under our hands, “ Your circu- 
lation is perfect and strong, you are 
likely to hold on to life to a good old 


FIG. 79——-LARGE CHIN, HEART STRONG; 
CHEEK FULL, DIGESTION GOOD, 


age; if your stomach does not break 
down, your heart will do its work 
with steady vigor and strength until 
all the other functions of the system 
are exhausted.” And to another per- 
son we will say, ‘* Your circulation is 
not naturally good and strong, there- 
fore you should avoid the use of 
articles that are by their nature cal- 
culated to disturb the action of the 
heart, or the ‘nerves which operate 
the heart.”’ 

Tobacco, coffee and spices induce 
a disturbed action of the heart, and I 
suppose that thousands of men and 
women have been benefited and 
saved by giving up those habits re- 
lating to the use of coffee, tobacco 
and spices through my professional 
advice, and there were some notable 
cases where the patients had a dis- 


BALANCED VITAL ELEMENTS. 75 


ee — -- - — 


eased condition of the heart or of its by looking at his photograph; and 
functions, and afterwards perfectly re- let any one look at his picture on the 
covered from the trouble by avoiding 
those articles which it was supposed 
produced the disturbance. More than 
fifty years ago I had an attack of dis- 
turbed action of the heart and I sent 
for a physician in the middle of the 
night, and when he came and felt of 
the pulse and studied the action of 
the heart, he said: ‘‘Do you use cof- 
fee?’ nik Wes ak isatd. You had 
better stop it,” hereplied. ‘Do you 
use tobacco?” ‘‘Yes,’ Isaid. ‘‘You 
had better stop that, too, for if you 
do not, your heart will stop some time 
and you cannot start it again.” I 
dropped coffee and tobacco, and I 
have had no trouble with the heart for 
half a century. : 

It may be said within the field of < 
safety that three-fourths of the peo- 
ple who die suddenly of heart trouble, 
or heart failure, to use the popular 
term, will be found to have been hab- 
itual users of coffee, spices or to- 
bacco, and sometimes of all three. 

On the 31st of January, 1891, the 
Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Win- 
dom, as will be remembered by not a 
few people, died at the close of a 
great speech he had made before the 
New York Chamber of Commerce. 
Of course it was an exciting position, 
but he had been Senator, and was not 
afraid of the presence of men of cal- 
ibre and knowledge, and, being an 
excellent financier, he was looked up 
to by the distinguished company he 
was addressing, which well knew how 
to appreciate him. Hewent through 
the speech grandly, but before the 
applause was ended which followed 
his last sentence he fell prostrate 
with heart failure, and the newspapers ‘ 
innocently said that ‘‘he had taken : 
a cigar out of his pocket ready to % 
light and that it was in his fingers in 
death.” He might have lived twenty 
years longer and have continued his 
usefulness if he had avoided that 
habit, and seven years before his 
death I frequently predicted that he 
would probably die in that way, just 


= 
——— 


i 


nl 


FIG. 80—DIGESTION POOR, CHEEKS 
HOLLOW} CIRCULATION FAIR. 


\\ 


WY 


\\ AAI 


FIG. 81—D. G. MITCHEL, VITAL- 
TEMPERAMENT BALANCED. BREATH- 
ING, DIGESTION AND CIRCULATION 

GOOD. 


76 How To Stupy STRANGERS 


national bank note! He was a mag- 
nificent looking man, but his chin 
was small, and his heart was the one 
weak part of his system. We have 


twenty millions of people, men and 


FIG. 82—-GEN. ABRAHAM DALLY, 


AGE 93. 

He was a soldier of the war of 1812. In 1889 he 
appeared in his uniform at the Centennial Celebra- 
tion, and was seated with President Harrison on the 
grand stand at Madison Square, New York. His face 
shows the integrity of Breathing Power, Digestion 
and Circulation, Hence his long life. 
boys, in this country who are smokers, 
and they are all candidates for such 
an end, and some will perhaps reach 
it before long; then the coffee drink- 
ers and those who use spices heavily 
are liable to the same trouble. 

A neighbor of mine had a bright 
little girl of nine years, and one day 
she had convulsions. A doctor was 


hastily sent for half a mile away, and 


when he came he questioned the 
family as to what she had been eat- 
ing, for he surmised that there was 
some: trouble with the stomach, and 
he managed between times to get an 
emetic down her throat. She 
then threw up a large quantity 
of nutmeg. She had been to 
the nutmeg grater and eaten 
all the little ungrateable pieces, 
and so she had taken perhaps 
the value of an entire nutmeg, 
and when she threw it up the 
whole house was filled with its 
odor, and it covered the floor, 
looking like Indian meal. Then 
the doctor said: ‘‘ Now she 
will be all right.” And so 
she was. 

A medical friend of mine 
had a patient, a young man 
who had recently gone as clerk 
into a village store where he 
could have opportunity to eat 
all the cinnamon and cloves he 
wanted. So he was nibbling 
at something of the sort all 
the time; but he soon began 
to have trouble with his heart 
and he went to the doctor, 
who, smelling the odor of 
spices, asked him whether he 
ever eat any, and he replied: 
‘* Oh, yes, I eat spices all the 
time.’’ And the doctor told 
him that was the cause of his 
trouble, and advised him to 
quit their use entirely, and he 
soon got quite over the difficulty. 

But there are some people who tell 
me they do not care, they like cer- 
tain things, and they are going to 
enjoy life whether they live five in- 
stead of fifty years longer or not; 
but the use of these articles is founded 
not on a natural want but purely on 
habit. A man has an uneasy feeling, 
craves something, and indulges him- 
self; then his system gets used to it, 
and his desire for it grows, and all 
these unnatural, artificial things, 
tobacco, alcohol, spices and coffee, 
have an evil effect on the nervous 
system, Animals generally by in- 


HARMONY OF TEMPERAMENT, 


stinct evade them. We learn grad- 
ually, little by little, to use them, 
until a habit is formed, which 
craves the accustomed indulgence, 


77 


Mrs. Garfield had a harmonious 


temperament, fine quality, and a good 
education. 
her with four children, James A., 


Her husband dying left 


BIG, 83—MRS, ELIZA GARFIELD, MOTHER OF THE PRESIDENT, AGED 80. 


THE FACE CARRIES THE BEAUTY OF A HARMONIOUS VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 


and we become its slaves. A _ sys- 
tematic, gradual lessening of the 
amount used will enable any person 
to go out of the habit as he acquired 
it, and perfect freedom from the de- 
sire for it will be reached ina few 
months. The veriest slave of alco- 
hol, tobacco, opium, arsenic, tea, 
coffee or spices, by lessening the 
amount used by a constant and sys- 
tematic rule, will save his health and 
utterly conquer the habit and the ac- 
quired desire. 


the future president being a babe. 
Her slim resources consisted of a log 
house and a farm in the forest half 
cleared. She had a hard time in raising 
and educating them. Hex fine intellect 
planned well; her industry and econ- 
omy made her the master of her con- 
dition. Her face was marked by the 
signs of Breathing, Digestion and 
Circulation, and was beautiful and 
Winsome even in old age. Our 
pioneer, patriotic and pious mothers, 
‘‘God bless them every one!” 


CHAPTER IX. 


THE MENTAL TEMPERAMENT. 


HE brain and nervous system con- 
stitute the important apparatus 
which we call the Mental Tempera- 
ment, It is the centre and master of 
all the structures which make up the 
bodily organism. Everything else is 
the servant of this. The genial, hard- 
working butcher, who, in plying his 
trade, Jhas cut) upsdroyes -o17ocen: 
sheep and swine, if questioned on the 
subject of the nervous system, would 
remember that in the cranium of his 
victims there is a conglomerate mass 
called ‘‘ brains,’”’ and when he splits 
with his clumsy cleaver the spine of 
an animal he has seen a white sub- 
stance in its long cavity, which he 
calls the ‘‘ pith of the backbone.” 
To him it is meaningless, and while 
he hews his way through the quiver- 
ing flesh, severing myriads of once 
conscious nerve filaments, if he should 
chance to discover a large branch 
nerve he would regard it as merely a 
‘‘string,”’ precisely as he would a 
portion of the cellular tissue which 
lies between the layers of muscle, 
and with as little knowledge of its 
use. 

It is only the eye of the anatomist 
which detects the more considerable 
nervous fibres and requires careful 
attention and sharp analysis to trace 
them on their way towards their in- 
finite divisibility. These filaments, 
moreover, cannot be recognized in 
their last analysis without the most 
powerful microscope. In fact it re- 
quires something more subtle than 
microscopic power, faith and experi- 
ment even, to appreciate how in- 
finitely extended and minute the 


nerve fibres really are in the human 
system. 

It is not a stretch of fancy, it is no 
flight of the imagination, to say that 
if all the parts of the human body, 
except the nerves, could be removed, 
and these should occupy the same 
positions precisely that they now do, 
the man would stand forth in full 
size and ample proportion, though 
probably he would not weigh ten 
pounds. The eye could not penetrate 
between the fibres. 

We know that the finest point can- 
not be brought in contact with the 
surface of the human system without 
producing sensation—without hitting 
a nerve; if, then, there is a fibre of 
nerve at every point of the human 
surface which the sting of a bee can- 
not fail to touch, not to say the clumsy 
point of a cambric needle, it shows 
that the nerves have been divided till 
they so completely fill all the space 
constituting the bodily surface, that 
nothing visible to the naked eye sepa- 
rates the nervous filaments; that the 
nerve fibres fill the space as complete- 
ly as particles of moisture fill a given 
space in steam or vapor. 

In making this statement, it is not 
forgotten that the blood vessels are 
distributed in asimilar manner, though 
less minutely, throughout the system, 
so that the needle’s point perforates 
one of them also whenever it is made 
to penetrate the surface. 

As the heart is the great centre of 
this minute network of blood vessels, 
so the brainisthe centre of that almost 
infinite network, the nervous system. 
This vehicle of the soul, the intellect 


THE MENTAL TEMPERAMENT 79 


and will, this agent of all sense and 
feeling, is more emphatically a distinct 
man than any other part of the human 
system would be. ‘True, health re- 
quires a harmonious condition of 
frame, muscle, digestion, circulation 
and assimilation; but may we not as- 
sume that bones and muscles, stomach 
and circulatory power, are mere ad- 
juncts, aids and servants of the werve- 
man? 

We do assume that the brain and 
nervous system constitute the agent or 
instrument through which the soul be- 
comes cognizant of external things, 
and by means of which it exercises its 
power upon matter. If we may use 
the illustration, it is the handle which 
enables the soul to take hold on mat- 
ter; it is the connecting link between 
gross matter, oak, iron and granite, 
and that interior thought which deter- 
mines into what forms and uses iron 
and oak shall be fashioned and made 
subservient to human power and pur- 
pose. 

In Fig. 84 we introduce a rude illus- 
tration, a kind of trellis of the nerv- 
ous system, it being the fourth in the 
series of systems which combined 
make up manhood. ‘This shows the 
nervous system somewhat as the map 
shows the Mississippi and Missouri 
rivers in a rude and general way, 
without showing the ten million small 
streams and contributory rills which 
after a while get large enough to be 
shown on the map. 

The nervous system is quite as per- 
vasive in the constitution as is the 
muscular and bony structure, Fig. 62, 
or as the arterial and veinous systems, 
Figs. 70 and 71, or as the lymphatic 
system, Fig. 72, it pervades the whole 
human structure; it fills the entire 
body. The nervous filaments con- 
nected with the brain penetrate every- 
where, piercing bone and muscle, ac- 
companying every artery and vein 
with its smallest ramifications. This 
is the man of ncrve. 

Imbued with sensitiveness the most 
delicate, capacity to suffer pain, or 
to enjoy pleasure the most exquisite, 


the nervous system must be regarded 
as the crowning excellence, the sub- 
limation of the physical organism. 
All the other parts of the structure 
are mere ministrants to this. What 


BRAIN 


FIG. 84. AND NERVES, 

were bone to give form, and erect- 
ness, and substance, and stamina to 
the human body without nerve to in- 
spire and direct and utilize their 


action in producing motion and 
force? The history of paralysis an- 
swers the question. What were 


digestion and assimilation to feed and 
nourish and develop the man if he 
were without nerve power, without 
sensitiveness to pleasure and pain, 
and without the power of motion? 
What were delicious tastes, what 
were beautiful sights, what were har- 
monies of form and proportion, what 
were enrapturing strains of music 
without nerve to carry the report of 
these external facts to the internal 
man? 


FIG. 85. EARL GREY. 


Fic. 85.-Eart Grey. This picture represents the 
mental temperament in very high degree. The 
head and face are pyriform, wide at the top, and 
tapering like a pear toward the chin. What delicate 
outline of figure! How refined and classical! 


How To STuDY STRANGERS 


MENTAL TEMPERAMENT. 


stn a LE ee eee 
Observe the hands, long and thin. This is taken 


from a fine engraving published in London in 1848, 
with the fashions of dress of fifty yearsago. The 
elaborate white neckwear then in vogue, with the high 
Coat collar to cover the dressing of the neck from the 


THE 


Let it not be said that we would 
endue mere nerve with soul-power; 
that we would make the immortal 
man to consist of mere matter, If 
anything more than another evinces 
the wisdom and skill of the Creator, 
it is this adaption of the nerve fibre 
to be the medium through which ex- 
ternal things can be brought, so to 
speak, in contact with mind. The 
immaterial spirit, indestructible, im- 
mortal and invisible, is brought into 
connection and co-operation with 
outward life by the instrumentality of 
the varied and peculiar apparatus 
under the general name xervous sys- 
Lem, 

Certain it is that the eye is not 
sight; it is but the instrument of 
sight. The auditory apparatus is 
merely the agency through which all 
sounds are brought tothe soul. The 
olfactory and the gustatory nerves are 
as necessary to tasting and smelling as 
are those of sensation to the function 
of feeling. But they are external. 
Behind the eye, which receives and 
forms the image, is the nervous 
retina, which is but the optic nerve 
spread out to receive the impression. 
This is carried through the optic 
nerve to the brain, and within that 
brain, using it as its agent or instru- 
ment, resides the conscious spiritual 
being that we call man. 

Any one of the external senses may 
be destroyed, sight for example, 
while all the rest remain perfect, by 
destroying the connection of their 
nerves with the brain; still, within the 
mind, in his interior life, in his con- 
sciousness and memory, man sees the 
glorious rainbow; he pictures to him- 
self faces of friends, the landscapes 
he has known and the starry heaven 
he has so often admired, but which, 
in the flesh, he shall see no more. 

The old composer who had lost his 
hearing could still write oratorios and 


MENTAL TEMPERAMENT 81 


play them with masterly skill. Though 
his ear refused to transmit the sound, 
his inner life knew the harmonies 
and his memory enabled him to enjoy, 
in silence, the music by which others 
were enraptured, 


FIG. 86. 
MENTAL TEMPERAMENT, 


LAURA D. BRIDGEMAN. 


Laura D. Bridgeman, the first deaf, 
dumb and blind person ever educated, 
had so sensitive a touch through the 
education of her nervous system, 
that she was able to select different 
colored worsted, and manufacture 
elegant patterns of crochet work with 
the accuracy and taste in combina- 
tions of color that belong to the work 
of those who can see. 

Behind, or within, all these deli- 
cate contrivances, these sources of 
joy and of sorrow, the soul sits serene, 
communing directly with its God, and 
indirectly, through its nervous instru- 
mentalities, with all the works of 
God. 

If this nervous system, this most 
delicate of all God’s structures, has 
such exalted labors to perform in the 
outworking of the soul, need we argue 


«ar to the shoulder ; the watch ribbon and seal at the 
hip, are characteristic of the time. Observe how 
classic are the features--slim nose delicately formed, 
and the eye keenly cut, and the refined lips, pointed, 
chin, and the broadly expanded temporal region, and 


breadth and elevation of the top head. Such a mental 
and physical development indicates literary and ar- 
tistic taste, and an irresistible leaning toward cul- 
ture and refinement. 


82 ; How to Stupy STRANGERS 


the necessity of keeping this soul- 
house free from every abuse and con- 
tamination? 

Who, with this view of man’s excel- 
lence, with this view of the infinite 
wisdom exhibited in his structure, can 
innocently violate the sanctity of this 
house he dwells in? Consider how 
this sensitive nervous system is tor- 


S 


SS 


FIG. 87, 


tured by the use of alcoholic liquors, 
how it is abused by the narcotic and 
the stimulating effects of opium and 
tobacco, how tea and coffee and con- 
diments tend to pervert its normal 
action and promote disorder and un- 
happiness! Is it surprising that dys- 
pepsia, gout, rheumatism, neuralgia 
and delirium tremens, heart trouble 
and nervous prostration, should utter 
their protest and thus seek to instruct 
the soul how better to govern the 
temple it inhabits ? 


\S fies 


LUCRETIA MOTT. 


Let those who would play upon this. 
delicate human instrument with rude 
appliances do so if they will till wis- 
dom reform them or death kindly rid 
the world of their presence and 
malign influence; but let it be ours to 
treat this temple of God with a refine- 
ment and gentleness, with a wisdom 
and care commensurate with the 


MENTAL TEMPERAMENT. 


beauty of its structure and the glory 
of its being. 

This, the nervous system, like the 
blood vessel system, consists of two 
analogous systems: /77s¢, the nerves. 
of motion which go from the brain 
and spinal cord, and carry the man- 
dates of the mind to the extremities, 
and are the basis of muscular action 
or motion, and these are called motor 
nerves. No musclecan act without a 
nerve-to giveit impetus. Second, the 
other system consists of nerves of 


—T 


TuE MENTAL TEMPERAMENT 83 


sensation or feeling, carrying  in- 
formation, pleasurable or painful, 
from the extremities everywhere to 
the sensorium, to the brain and mind. 
Taking these two systems of nerves, 
it is impossible to conceive of a sub- 
stance more pervading, more omni- 
present. We have said that at every 
EET AN 


ly, 


\\ yy in) 


FIG: 88. EDGAR ALLAN POE. 
MENTAL TEMPERAMENT. 


_ 


Fic. 88.--EpGar A, Por was remarkable for an ex- 
cessive mental temperament. His frame was light, 
slender and refined in its outlines; his features were 
delicate and sharply chiseled; his brain was uncom- 
monly large for the size of his face and body ; his 
skull and scalp were thin, his hair fine, and his head 
widened in its upper development. How massive in 
the upper part of the forehead, in the region of Rea- 
soning! How broad in the region of the temples, 
where Ideality, Constructiveness and Sublimity are 
located! And the region of Spirituality was also 
enormously developed. He was remarkable for a 
critical and original intellect,a vivid and brilliant 
imagination, and for sensitiveness of temperament 
which was often painful to himself. His entire life 
was an intense excitement. The wierd and solemn 
sadness which runs through every line of ‘ The 
Raven,” had in his own life as much of truth as of 
poetry, and we can but regret that so gifted a nature 
could not have had environments which would have 
blessed and given sunshine to his life. He was the 
son of theatrical parents, and, of course, inherited the 
tendencies toward the dramatic with the peculiar sus- 
ceptibility of the mental temperament. He died in 
1849, at the early age of forty. Hisshort but brilliant 
career has made an ineffaceable impression upon the 
world, Edgar A. Poe had dark hair and eyes, which 
carried a vein of sadness and shadow. 


needle’s point all over the body a 
blood vessel could be punctured and 
the vital fluid would respond; and 
now, at every needle’s point of space 
on the surface of the body is a nerve 
or a multitude of nerves. We have, 
therefore, an all present sense of feel- 
ing, since every perforation of the 
needle’s point everywhere gives pain. 
If every other tissue of the system 
but this, the nervous, were dismissed 
from the constitution, there would be 
left acomplete nervous man. Imagine 
an image of exactly the size and form 
of a man made up of cotton fibre, 
and if it were colored a kind of pearly 
grey the cotton fibre would look like 
the nervous filaments; if everything 
else were dissected away, there would 
be the nerve man of the form and 
size of the original man, an essential 
part of the physical ego; and this is 
the nervous system. 

When people complain of being 
‘‘nervous,’’ therefore, this infinitely 
diffused sensitive organism being 
everywhere, can it be wondered at 
that whenever this shall become fever- 
ish or in any way disordered it should 
make the whole man suffer? When 
we think of this delicate composition of 
manhood—muscle, bone, blood-vessel, 
lymphatics, and then add the nerves, 
so related as each to affect the other— 
we may well say, ‘‘ Man is fearfully 
and wonderfully made.” And yet 
people rudely kick and cuff, they stab 
and pierce, they pound, they bruise, 
they shoot and lacerate this complex 
and sensitive structure, and wonder 
why it does not always recover when 
it has been thus maltreated. Is ita 
wonder that a sensitive student, read- 
ing of the organic systems and the 
diverse ailments to which those struct- 
ures are liable, should feel and 
imagine, as is nearly always the case, 
that he has all the diseases that are 
described? 

And this, remember, collectively, 
is only the machinery of manhood; 
we have a man of mentality besides, 
and these are only his tools, his imple- 
ments of health and power of con- 


84 How to Stupy STRANGERS 


————— 


sciousness and achievement. The 
man of mentality, the soul power, 
lives in this house of many members, 
which are united by the great senso- 
rium, the brain, where mind and mat- 
ter coalesce and interplay in the de- 
velopment of mind and power. 

And this, which feels, knows and 
inspires to action, is called the Men- 
tal Temperament; this is the machin- 
ery of that temperament; this be- 
comes the connecting link between 
mind and matter. And onthe healthy 
condition and harmonious working 
and interworking of these organisms 
depends the outcome of life and 
health and power. Verily, it is ‘‘a 
harp of a thousand strings,” or ten 
thousand millions of strings. For 
who can count the nervous __fila- 
ments? And every one is a factor. 
Who can count or estimate the capil- 
laries which carry blood and nutri- 
tion or bring back waste material to 
be disposed of for the maintenance 
of health? Is it not really strange 
that a harp of so many strings should 
really keep in tune, or approximately 
in tune, so long? It must be re- 
membered that the Mental Tempera- 
ment is a part of every human con- 
stitution, though in some of the lower 
forms of idiots the mental system is 
so small, weak and defective that it 
is a large charity to call it Mental 
Temperament. 

That which we denominate the 


Mental Temperament depends upon ' 


the predominance of the brain and 
nervous system. In a harmonious or 
balanced temperament, each system 
or temperament being represented in 
equal degree, the person is capable 
of manifesting the characteristics of 
each of the temperaments equally; 
but there are few persons so well bal- 
anced that they do not show mani- 
festly a predominance of the Motive, 
of the Vital, or of the Mental Tem- 
perament. 

_ Where the Mental Temperament 
predominates, Fig. 89, the frame is 
light, the head large as compared with 
the size of the body, and especially 

a. 


hy 


as compared with the size of the face. 
When decidedly predominant, we see 
the high, pale forehead, broadest at 
the top, delicacy of features, expres. 
siveness of countenance, fine hair, 


FIG. 89. 
MENTAL TEMPERAMENT. 


JOHN GARDNER. 


Fic. 89..-Mr. JoHn GarpDNER has outlines of face 
and head, as well as the qualities of body and mind, 
which belong to the Mental temperament. How 
sharp and definite the features! How elevated and 
expanded the top head, giving clearness and force 
to the moral qualities! His head measures over 
twenty-three inches in circumference, and his weight, 
about one hundred and thirty peunds, is forty-five 
pounds too light forsucha head. He has a remark- 
ably active intellect, is very sensitive and susceptible 
in his feelings, keen in intellect, and is one of the 
most successful of inventors. Mr. Gardner has the 
blonde type of complexion, which gives sunshine and 
cheer to life, unlike Edgar A. Poe. He is superinten- 
dent of the ‘‘ Winchester Arms Co.,’’ New Haven, 
Conn. 


thin, sensitive and fine grained 
skin, and often a high-keyed, sharp, 


‘but flexible voice; the figure is deli- 


cate, elegant and graceful, but seldom 
strong or commanding. In dispo- 
sitions and mental manifestations, 
such persons are refined and suscepti- 
ble; they have taste, a sense of the 


THE MENTAL TEMPERAMENT 85 


beautiful, vividness of expression, in- 
tensity of feeling, and are generally 


MENTAL TEMPERAMENT. 


FIG. go. 


inclined toward study, thought, medi- 
tation, and to general mental mani- 
festations; the thoughts are quick to 
come and rapid in their progress; the 
senses are keen, the imagination lively, 
and the moral dispositions strongly 
marked. 

If a line be drawn around the head 
from the center of the forehead to 
the most prominent part of the back 
head, those having the Mental Tem- 
perament will generally show a head 
larger above that line than below it. 
If the temperament be of the vital 
type, it will often be found larger 
below that line than above it. The 
brow will be prominent, the side head 
broad, and the base of the brain com- 
paratively heavy. With the Mental 
Temperament, the upper side head is 
prominent, ample and broad; the head 
is likely to be long and broad on the 
top, and well expanded and rounded 
upward. The logical, the sym- 
pathetical, the eesthetical and the as- 
piring elements are stronger than in 
those who have the Motive and Vital 


temperamentsin predominance. Most 
of the scholars and leaders of thought 
will be found endowed with more of 
the Mental Temperament than of each 
of the other temperaments. In this 
temperament the skull is usually thin 
and the bony material fine, and the 
scalp generally not so thick as in the 
Vital and the Motive temperaments. 

Fig. 91. This indicates fineness of 
organization, delicacy of features and 
of quality, and a fullness of the brain 
development indicating a decided 
predominance of the Mental Tem- 
perament. In any collection of men 
the contrast between him and Figs. 
74, 77 Or 80 would be prompt and 
decisive. Little criticism is required 
to detect a decided predominance of 
either temperament. This head is 
broad above the median line; is de- 
cidedly intellectual, and clearness 
and vigor of thought would readily 
be inferred. ‘There is nothing of 
coarseness of fibre or features or of 
the general make-up or of the expres- 
sion that would give one the idea of 


FIG. QI1.—EX-GOV. CHAMBERLAIN, 


the robust vigor of the Vital Tem- 
perament and the hard, bony, endur- 
ing power which belongs to the Mo- 
tive Temperament. 


CHAPTER X. . 


BALANCED TEMPERAMENTS. 


HE proper balance of tempera- 
ment, or that which is desirable, 
is secured when all the temperaments 
are strong as wellas equal. The best 
results in life come from harmonious 
conditions of temperament or constitu- 
tion, with organic vigor enough to 
make each temperamental element 
amply effective in the make-up of 
character and results. 

Some kinds of ore make iron that is 
hard but brittle; other kinds are 
tough but not hard. In making car 
wheels, which require hardness in the 
“tread” and toughness in the spokes 
or plates, hard iron, which can be 
“chilled” in the process of casting, is 
mixed with tough iron, and the result 
is safety and success. Spring steel is 
soft while being wrought, but the pro- 
cess of tempering makes it hard, elastic 
and useful. The same is true with 
edge-tools—tempering gives the requi- 
site hardness for the cutting edge. It 
is rare to find an ax which will not 
break. from too much hardness, or bend 
from being too soft, if used in hemlock 
knots. 

When all the mowing was done by 
hand, an uncle of mine reluctantly 
bought the last scythe in a store at 
twenty per cent. discount, because, be- 
ing defective in form, it had been re- 
jected; and it was so excellent in 
quality that it carried an edge nearly 
allday without being whetted, to the 
gratification of the owner and the 
wonder of all others. .In its structure 
the right material was heated, ham- 
mered and tempered in such a manner 
as to make the best scythe, perhaps, 
ever produced ; and for ease of using 


and lasting qualities it was worth any 
dozen scythes ever made. In constitu- 
tion and temperament that instrument 
was to common scythes what Milton 
Shakespeare, Alexander or Napoleon 
were to average manhood. 

A balanced human temperament, ora 
balanced horse temperament, is the 
one that is most desired. All the mod- 
ern struggles for superiority in horse 
flesh, paying as much as forty thousand 
dollars for a single horse, means that 
there is a difference in the quality of 
horses; that ten hundred pounds of 
horse does not mean the highest order 
of quality or constitution; but when 
the highest order of quality or constitu- 
tion for given purposes in the composi- 
tion of a horse has been reached, then 
the price, among knowing men, goes 
up. The qualities combined in the 
game chicken, in the race horse, in 
draft horses, in horses for courage and 
endurance, always aiming toward the 
desired result, are examples of consti- 
tution or temperament Horses are 
wanted for speed and for endurance, 
and then the horse alsoneeds to possess 
the kindly spirit, docility, integrity and 
intelligence. 

Most men who attain to distinction 
reach it through some specialty of men- 
tal development. or of temperament. 
Some men have the temperament of 
strength; they can lift or run or fight 
masterfully; others have the tempera- 
ment of mentality, the power to think 
and invent and to do mental work; 
another has the sentiment, the pathos, 
the goodness, the love, but not so 
much courage, force, or even talent. 
But an all-around person with a perfect 


BALANCED TEMPERAMENTS, 


19 4) 
~ 


temperament or constitution represents 
the motive or framework, the vital 
or nutritive, and the mental in har- 
monious proportions; and, as we have 
said, these proportions may be har- 
monious, but not strong. They may 
be equal in their force, but with not 
enough force in each of the compo- 
nents to make the sum total grand, and 
the quality high. 

The best temperament undoubtedly 
is the one which so represents each of 
the three great temperaments that a 
keen observer can hardly say which is 
the better, the stronger, the superior ; 
each quality must be seen, must be 
evinced in each person so that it is dis- 
tinctly observable, and yet the other 
two temperaments backing and sus- 
taining it so that itis difficult to say 
which is the stronger; and this being 
reached, then the question is, how 
much power is there in each tempera- 
ment, and in all combined. Human 
success comes by a harmonious com- 
bination of the temperamental ele- 
ments joined with enough of each 
and ofall to bein the highest degree 
powerful. 

Washington has been regarded as a 
model man; writers have hunted for 
words of adulation; perhaps patriotism 
had something to do withthe reverence 
which he called out. Possibly a sharp 
analysis of Washington temperamen- 


tally might indicate more of the motive. 


than of the mental; being more than 
six feet high, he had a powerful frame, 
and was all his life noted for physical 
agility and strength. Some of hiscon- 
temporaries were his superior 4n intel- 
lect, but perhaps none of them in self- 
control and that dignified integrity, 
which in him elevated principle above 
profit or fame. Franklin was a better 
thinker. Hamilton had more versatil- 
ity and mental brilliancy; Jefferson 
probably more .of the astute logical 
powers, but Washington, in many re- 
spects, made his own fortune and fame 
by his harmonious character and con- 
duct. He could wait and economize 
his force, and win by wisdom and pru- 
dence joined to courage and fortitude. 

We introduce a few portraits which 


have a leaning towards harmonious 
temperament. 

Fig. 92. Chief Justice Chase, had a 
magnificent brain; the Mental temper- 
ament was amply and vigorously mani- 
fested ; the smoothness which pertains 
to the outline of figure and features, 
show abundant vital or nutritive power ; 
and he had a vigorous frame and ample 
muscle, showing a good Motive tem- 
perament. His body was strong and 
full, and at the same time tall and 
well proportioned. 

Salmon Portland Chase, was the son 
of a farmer in New Hampshire, and 
was born Jan. 13, 1808. His ances- 
tors were English and Scotch. His 
father died suddenly, and Salmon at 
the age of twelve was committed to the 
care of his uncle, Bishop Chase, of the 
Protestant Episcopal church who lived 
near Columbus, Ohio. The boy divided 
his time between farm work and hard 
study in the Bishop’s academy. His 
uncle next placed him at school in 
Cincinnati until 1823, when he returned 
to New Hampshire and taught school, 
meantime preparing himself for Dart- 
mouth College which he entered in 
1824, and graduated two years later. 
He went to Washington to take charge 
of a school, which numbered among its 
patrons Henry Clay, Wm. Wirt and 
other distinguished men. During his 
leisure he studied law under Wirts su- 
pervision, and settled at Cincinnati. 
He was opposed to slavery and acted 
with the Free Soil Democrats. On 
Feb. 22, 1849, he was chosen United 
States senator, and labored for the Pa- 
cific railroad, the Homestead Law, 
Cheap Postage and Reform in Public 
Expenditures, and in slavery debates 
took a commanding position. In 1855 
he was elected Governor of the State 
of Ohio, and re-elected in 1857, and 
in March, 1861, he was elected United 
States Senator for a second term, but 
was appointed Secretary of the Treas- 
ury. In 1864, Mr. Lincoln appointed 
him Chief Justice of the United States. 
He died May 6, 1873. 

Asa legislator, as an executive officer 
in the Government during its trying 
period as Secretary of the Treasury, 


88 How To StupyY STRANGERS. 


and as Chief Justice of the United the fulfillment of duty. He had fine 
States, he filled every position grandly; fiber; he had ardor and endurance; 


FIG, 92. CHIEF JUSTICE SALMON P. CHASE. 
From Carpenter’ s **Emancipation Proclamation.”’ 
there was the right quality in him, and he had a manly face, a noble head, and 
there was abundance, muchness, for acommanding frame. 


89 


intelligence, integrity, stead- 


tendency in their specimens. to shade 
a little more toward one temperament 
than the others; but in this head and 
body and face, the temperaments are 


strongly marked, with perhaps a trifle 
advantage in favor of the Motive. 


TEMPERAMENTS, 


was enormously large, but he had three 


to give it support; more than six feet 


h, he walked as aruler, recognized 


ig 


1 
n 


BALANCED 


framework of the Motive 


Fig. 93, Lucius P. Robinson, was one 


of the most efficient, wise and success- 
York, and that is saying much. In that 


ful Governors of the State of New 
face th 


temperament is strongly marked; in 


that face and form the abundance of Capacity, 


HALAL) // 
iit LH 
MA) /// 
HMM HY | | {| 
YY j 


brain shows the Mental temperament. 


the Vital temperament is ade 
represented; and the largeness 


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YY YY ///// oe 
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smoothness, and perhaps a little less 


Chief Justice Chase shows a little more 
hardness. 


Observers will find, ifthey hundred pounds of manly development 


undertake to select a perfectly balanced 


temperament, there will be a constant 


How To Stupy STRANGERS, 


90 


Lae er Sa es 
Ore. 
OEY 
Oo f- aS 
VO a’ wn 
~lalspte ewes 
pe) —— 
nE OS 
Se nel oe 
Oe aS 
a Be pact 
ok pret UR 
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Ot Paes 
FESR 
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cae, fours 
eo) o 
39 
Ke: 
=e%08 
BSc 
Oo 8% o 
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Aw, 
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men felt 
What 


emperament 
the fullness 


than one. 


in his presence 
Then 


it ! 


among men; 

small in more senses 
How the Motive t 
in 


a face! 
shows 


; PHILANTHROPIST. 


GERRIT SMITH 


FIG. 94. 


In early 


ffer, and 
f plumpness of 


thropist, 


here. 


mitigate misery everyw 
life, the characteristics 0 


raduate of Hamilton College, and 


constitutionally a philan 
inclined to benefit all who su 


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3 
ze 
Ga oO gy) om 
acetic 
a @ Og 
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Oo Os wae 
GuS co 
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qd Gem & 
SEER 
1e, ua 
s2fSog 
any & 
wag & 
w tigen 
BY es eee 
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BALANCED 


TEMPERAMENTS, 


91 


the face were manifest, and only became 
exceedingly heavy from the progress of 
years. He was one of the brainy men 
of his age,and one who sought to do 
good. Onsome points he was called 
fanatical, but the fanaticism had a basis 
of kindness, and the sentiment of jus- 
tice as he studied justice. 


he is capable of a great deal of work, 
and his biography shows that he is the 
worker of his church in this country. 
Without being especially robust, he is 
electric, sharp, positive, practical, clear 
cut and harmonious as a thinker. 

He should be known for energy, 
briskness, good nature and kindness. 


Fig. 95, Cardinal James Gibbons, 
was born in 1834. This picture was 
made for him when he was about fifty 
years of ageoralittle less. In its study 
as a harmonious organization, we see 
the refinement of the Mental tempera- 
ment, especially in the form of the nose 
and eyebrows and inthe set and expres- 
sion of the eyes; we see the Vital in 
the smoothness and comparative plump- 
ness of the system; we see the phases 
of the Motive temperament in the com- 
pactnessand moderate angularity of the 
organization. His features and his or- 
ganization impress us with the idea that 


¥ 


Few have his even poise of will and 
ability to meet and overcome diffi- 
culties and annoyances. The face 
shows culture, not the one-sided train- 
ing that is too often found in men of 
the professional callings, especially 
clergymen, but a harmony of de- 
velopment that belongs more to the 
man of affairs than to one engaged 
in a special line. He should be a 
good administrator or manager, with 
so many signs of practical talent in 
the forehead and sidehead, and with 
so much versatility he could be at the 
head of an institution or of a system, 


92 How To STUDY STRANGERS. 


and organize and direct its operation, 
however many sides there might be. 
Activity is the marked part of his 
nature, and in varied activity he finds 
his best means of usefulness and suc- 
cess. 


FIG. 96. 


Fig. 96, James B. Eads, the eminent 
engineer, had the three temperaments 
handsomely and well represented. The 
first impression is that he had a pre- 
dominance of the Mental; the large- 
ness of the head, the smoothness of his 
development, the accuracy and almost 
classical elegance of his features serve 
to show it; and then his height, his 
endurance and hardihcod, and the 
length of his features, and the length of 
his head and face indicate the Motive 
temperament. Probably the Mental 
temperament slightly predominates ; 
but the temperamental constitution has 


much of each of the temperamental 
elements. In this head we see also 
large Combativeness, and this, joined 
with his practical talent and firmness 
and self-hood, would lead him to feel 
that he could overcome any difficulty 


JAMES P. EADS. 


which could be mastered. He could 
have become a great military com- 
mander had he been thrown into 
thatlmeotmdntyes ‘he might nage 
been a great statesman and scholar; 
he had inventive talent, mechanical 
originality and a great deal of that 
faith, which, working with the in- 
ventive, tends to reveal new pro- 
cesses and new fields and methods of 
achievement. His Hope was large, 
hence he was liable to magnify his 
prospects, and perhaps startle the 
world by his hopeful projects. To 
him, however, they seemed clear and 


BALANCED 


certain; and with his ingenuity to 
plan, and his force to energize en- 
deavor, his achievements took a high 
rank. He is known and remem- 
bered for his improvements at the 
mouth of the Mississippi River, and for 
his construction of the St. Louis bridge 
across the Mississippi River. He was 
born 23d of May, 1820, a native of Law- 
renceburg, Indiana, and was a resident 
of St. Louis from thirteen years of age. 


=~ 


TT 


FIG. 97. 


Fig. 97, Sir Garnet Wolseley. His 
services in the British army and his 
campaigns in Egypt and other parts of 
Africa show the caliber of the man 
and the confidence reposed in him by 
his country and government. The 
whole aspect of this portrait indicates 
mental and physical activitv, positive- 
ness, intuition and force. The plump- 


TEMPERAMENTS. 98 


ness of the face shows the Vital, the 
delicacy of the structure indicates the 
Mental, and the power and endurance 
embodied in his constitution show the 
Motive. His type of talent was in- 
tuitive rather than philosophical; hence 
he is a man adapted to emergencies, 
rapid and prompt to follow old rules 
and to make new ones according to 
the circumstances. We see in his his- 
tory and in his make-up something of the 


SIR GARNET WOLSELEY. 


dash of Custer, the pluck of Sheridan 
and the steadiness of Grant. ‘The ele- 
vation of the crown of the head shows 
not only the Motive temperament, but 
that masterful dignity and power of 
command which such an organization 
is expected to evince. On the return 
of Sir Garnet to England, he received 
the thanks of Parliament,and a grant of 


Yt How To Stupy STRANGERS 


twenty-five thousand pounds “ for his 
courage, energy and perseverance” in 
the conduct of the Ashantee cam- 
paign, and was also knighted and pre- 
sented with a sword, and with the free- 
dom of the city of London. 

Fig. 98, Rev. Morgan Dix, D. D., the 
son of General and Governor John A. 
Dix, was born in the city of New York 
in 1827, a graduate of Columbia College 
in 1848, and from the General Theo- 
logical Seminary in 1852. At thirty- 
five, in 1862, his character and talent 
had won for him the Rectorship of 
Trinity parish, New York. His face 
and head indicate clearness of thought, 
resoluteness of purpose, definiteness of 
integrity, persistent thoroughness anda 
clear sense of what he deems to be his 
duty; and he is a thorough disciplin- 
arian. Perhaps he inherits some of that 
spirit from his father, which, during 
the war, gave the order, ‘“ Whoever 
pulls down the American flag, shoot 
him on the spot.”” In this head the 
organ of Firmness is very largely 
developed, and that, working in con- 
junction with his Conscientiousness, 
renders his mind decided and positive, 
and even absolute. When he has 
reached a conclusion with his well- 


: . N 
defined intellectual development, his \ 
Conscientiousness and Firmness com- * 


bine to render that decision final, and 
so he will often be felt to be inde- 
pendent even to severity. 

His Self-esteem is also well indi- 
cated in the face as well as in the 
head; and that which his own facul- 
ties reach as a result, his Self-esteem 
gives him a consciousness of the 
worth of his own work, so that 
he readily comes to feel as well 
as to think that his plan is the 
right one, and his method that which 
ought to be adopted and perfected. 
Then, he is cautious, but not 
timid; it makes him conservative and 
guarded and safe, and sometimes 
slow in reaching a point of progress 
and reform; he inclines to conserve 
everything that is worthy of being 
saved and protected and to concen- 
trate and consolidate the facilities 


which he holds, rather than to dissi- 
pate his strength or his skill or waver 
in his administration. If he had taken 
engineering as a line of effort, he 
would have been accurate and excel- 
lent in doing carefully whatever is 
nice in its needs and responsible in 
its uses. While some men are not 
keen thinkers, are not persistent and 
decisive and are inclined to do the ex- 


FIG. 98, 


REV. MORGAN DIX, D. D. 


terior, loose work where niceness is not 
required, as a cabinet-maker requires 
a nicer touch and a keener eye and a 
sharper perception and better Order 
than the man who fells the forest trees 
and works them into rough lumber. 
In a financial pursuit, acommercial or 
manufacturing business, he would 
have shown traits that would have 
made him a master in such fields, and 
with his culture in the way of scholar- 
ship, his training in the rules and 
regulations of a systematic hierarchy, 
he would build up his cause and make 
close joints and firm work. 


BALANCED 


Fig. 99, Eugene W. Austin, has a 
plump, well-nourished body, a full, 
manly face without hardness of ex- 
pression ; he has a good-sized brain and 
well balanced, and his temperaments 
are so blended that he is able to carry 
himself with courtesy where it is a trial 


FIG. QQ. 


to do it, with courage and earnestness 
when necessary, and with aclear intelli- 
gence always. He is urbane and 
smooth in his manners, earnest in his 
purposes, and yet manages to achieve 
without jostling other people or making 
his life and efforts offensive to others. 
It would be troublesome to tell what 
temperament were the more manifest in 
his make-up. 

In this portrait we have not only a 
large head, but one that is harmonious 
in development and fully brought out 
in several prominent particulars. The 


meee 


EUGENE W. 


TEMPERAMENTS, 95 


admirable development of the per- 
ceptive organs across the brow indicate 
ability to make himself acquainted 
with the external world and the de- 
tails of duties and particulars regard- 
ing business or scholarship. He has a 
good memory of things and persons. 


wore“ 


1 ff al 
LEE} 
ALY 
VELLA 


ANE 


y, 


\ 


A. 


AUSTIN. 


He remembers facts; is apt and suc- 
cessful in relating that which transpired 
within the range of his knowledge, and 
he tells an anecdote in a manner that 
makes it entertaining and memorable. 
He is orderly and systematic in his 
work, critical and definite in his 
ideas, and arranges his plans and 
his efforts with relation to his other 
knowledge, and so he becomes a 
critic and a careful inspector of affairs. 
He has human nature well developed 
and reads strangers readily, and with 
his smooth and pleasant methods of 


96 How tro Stupy STRANGERS 


address and his easy conversational 
power and his cordial sociability, he 
can make friends wherever he moves, 
and secure the sympathetic assistance 
cof others in the furtherance of plans 
and purposes that minister to his own 
pleasure or profit. He has the power 
of friendship and the ability to make 
that friendship apparent and effective 
and efficient. Sociability, politeness, 
wit, good talking talent, and the power 
to adapt himself to circumstances and 
individuals will mark his career and 
conduct. 


We now turn with pleasure to the 
feminine physiognomy, phrenology and 
constitutional endowment. | 


Fig. 100, Miss This is 
a strong and harmonious temperament, 
to represent which, a figure for our pur- 
pose might have been hunied for 
among thousands of people without 
success; and when a friend of ours 
brought her into our office and intro- 
duced her, our first impulse and im- 
pression was a decision that we would 
solicit her picture for this purpose. We 
have read of “‘loveat first sight” among 
young people, but this was an absorb- 
ing physiological, temperamental zm- 
pression at first sight, for which we felt 
very thankful. 

She has a strong chest, square 
shoulders, ample frame, firm and ex- 
pressive features, massiveness of brain, 
power of constitution, joined to good 
vitality and mental susceptibility. 

The head measures twenty-two 
inches, and the weight is one hundred 
and forty-eight pounds. The figure 
being of good height, five feet eight, 
has also fullness and smoothness; the 
hands are plump and well nourished ; 
the face is strong and smooth and at 
the same time expressive ; the brain is 
amply developed across the brows ; in- 
telligence, memory, reasoning power, 
and moral sentiment, force of charac- 
ter, and affection, are among the strong 
traits; and then the temperament 
being harmonious, her physical and 
mental life, health and vigor should 


carry her to eighty-five yeais of age 
with a clear head and a steady hand. 
The excelient representation also of 


ROCKWOOD PHOTOs 


FIG. 100. MISS . 


the Motive temperament, in harmony 
with the other temperaments, gives her 
more strength of countenance and 
firmness of build than is often found 
among women. One might look a long 
while for a better temperament or a 
more harmonious constitution, or one 
whose capacity for duty, usefulness 
and happiness are better provided for 
in the organization. 


BALANCED 


Fig. ror, Mrs. R. B. Hayes (Lucy 
W. Webb); hada strong face ; the nose, 
the chin, the cheekbones, the arched 
eyebrows and breadth of the face just 
forward of the ears,indicate the Motive 
temperament. Thealtitude of the head 
at Firmness and Self Esteem represents 
that temperament; then there is a 


WA 
Uy 
yy 
; Hy, Ae fi 
Li} by7, 


smoothness in thestructure of the figure, 
the face and the head, which show the 
Vital temperament; her manners were 
mellow and gracious; she made no 
enemies; had a conciliatory spirit, and 
was personally welcome and attractive ; 
and she had brain enough to show a 
marked amount of the Mental temper- 
ament; so that she had harmony of 
temperament, and it puzzles a critic to 
tellin which of the temperaments she 


TEMPERAMENTS, 


97 


was most amply endowed. Her Firm- 
ness and Conscientiousness, and her 
Motive temperament to sustain her in 
her positions, were manifest in the 
strength of purpose which she adopted 
during her residence in the White 
House. Some people thought her fan- 
atical in some of her moral notions, but 


she had the firmness and the steadiness 
to carry them out. 

The portrait exhibits a large devel- 
opment of the perceptive organs, which 
gives that great prominence and intel- 
ligent expression to the lower part of 
the forehead. 

The fullness of the eye indicates 
abundant language, and there is in 
the whole lower half of the forehead an 
expression of observation, quickness of 


98 How To StTupy STRANGERS. 


perception, and sharpness of criticism 
and excellent memory. The upper 
part of the forehead indicates good 
common sense, but not a broad philo- 
sophic turn of mind. She was the 
scholar rather than the thinker, the 
brilliant conversationalist with power to 
gather up facts and information and 
have them ready for use. The crown 
of the head was well elevated. She had 
strong determination, ambition, pride, 
self-possession. Every feature was in- 
stinct with intelligence, energy, deter- 
mination, and positiveness. 


PIGS .102, 


Fig. 102, Miss Helen Potter, lectur- 
erand personator ; a brilliantwoman, a 
woman of power and positiveness, cour- 
age, fortitude and force; hearty, zealous, 
healthy, plump, impassioned, brave, 
with a relish for wit and humor, a capac- 
ity for the dramatic, and an impulsive, 
loyal friendship which carries weight 


wherever she moves. Perhaps the Vital 
temperament would seem to be more 
manifest than the other two, when she 
says nothing and does nothing ; but the 
moment she begins to act, the ardor, the 
executiveness, and the power, evince the 
Vital, the Motive and the Mental tem- 
peraments. 

This face represents power, self- 
reliance,.thoroughness, health, good 
perception, and decided force of 
character, and with herample physique 
she can put into her professional 
work as an elocutionist a great deal 


it 
A a il 


of force, fire and soul. Her per- 
sonation of John B. Gough was a 
marvel of imitation, embodying sym- 
pathy, intensity, tenderness, pathos, 
power, andall that made Gough mas- 
ter of his audiences. Another of her 
characters was Lawrence Barrett in 
‘‘Julius Czeesar.” She recited the 


MISS HELEN POTTER. 


BALANCED 


text while dressed in costume similar 
to that which Mr. Barrett wore in 
playing the part, and many people 
thought the imitator surpassed the 


FIG. 103. 


model. Oscar Wilde was another of 
her characters, and it was astonish- 
ing to see how she could go from the 
impassioned Gough to the peculiarly 
mellow pliancy and smoothness that 
belonged to Oscar Wilde, and she 
has just the kind of wit and sarcasm 
combined that enables her to carica- 
ture gently while she merely proposes 
to imitate. Susan B. Anthony at- 
tended one of her representations in 
which she herself was portrayed by 
Miss Potter in dress, manner, tone 
and voice in one of Miss Anthony’s 
masterly speeches, and some said 
that Miss Anthony laughed at the 


TEMPERAMENTS, 99 


representation until she cried. Miss 


Potter has intense realism in her per- 
sonations, and 
the original, 


sometimes outdoes 


MADAME DE LESDERNIER., 


Fig. 103, Madame De Lesdernier, 
This lady was amply endowed with the 
three temperaments—Motive, Vitaland 
Mental. She stood nearly five feet ten 
inches high, had a large frame, strong 
and expressive features, indicative of 
the Motive temperament; her hair was 
nearly black and abundant ; her eyes 
were dark and magnetic. Her plump- 
ness was such as to give her about 160 
pounds in weight, and, for her height 
and frame, that was as nearly right as 
art and fancy could wish it. Her intel- 
lect and all her mental make-up evinced 
the Mental temperament, and she was 
avery fine uramatic reader. 


CHAPTER XI. 


TEMPERAMENTS NOT BALANCED. 


N a crowded city a person may 
hunt for a month to find a well- 
balanced temperament. The term 
temperament means a mixture or com- 
bination of constitutional qualities 
useful and necessary in the make-up 
of manhood or animal life. There 
are all grades of balanced tempera- 
ments from strong to weak, as there 
are of wagons, from the heavy truck 
to the light road wagon, all parts of 
each made proportionate to the other 
parts, like Dr. Holmes’ ‘‘ Wonderful 
one-horse shay,’ which lasted ‘‘A 
hundred years to a day,” and became 
worn out ata given moment and broke 
down into a worthless heap. 

Balanced temperaments being rare 
and seldom found, either at par or at 
any other grade down to harmonious 
weakness, it follows that the impor- 
tant study of the temperaments be- 
comes, for the most part, a study of 
departures or variations from the true 
standard of development. 

Observe with something ofa tailor’s 
admiring criticism a company of 
cadets or soldiers on parade, and see 
how few, notwithstanding some pad- 
ding of the breasts and sleeves, have 
satisfied you. Go toa gymnasium or 
to an athletic or calisthenic club, 
where exercise is done publicly and 
where the clothing does not, by puff- 
ing or padding, obscure the form; 
or goto the bathing beach, where the 
crowd of sparsely clad _pleasure- 
seekers tempt the restless waters and 
display the structural form of their 
constitutions, and how few there are 
in a hundred whose figure is satis- 


factory. And those who chance to 
have a favorable temperament for 
health, grace and power, how joyous 
does the man or woman seem in the 
display of it! If one with thin limbs, 
narrow shoulders, flat chest and weak 
structure generally, starts for the surf, 
consciousness of deficiency, not mod- 
esty alone, is expressed in every timid 
motion, till the kindly surf defeats 
criticism; whereas any one man, 
woman or child, with faultless figure 
and ample endowment of vitality and 
power, will walk with ease, graceful 
self-possession and evident pride. 

We have, in Chapter VII., discussed 
the Motive temperament; in Chapter 
VIII. the Vital temperament, and in 
Chapter 1X. the Mental temperament, 
showing and describing parts of the 
constitution which belong to the differ- 
ent temperaments respectively. In 
these discussions, we have aimed to 
show how much the Motive tempera- 
ment covers of the constitution, what 
part of the organization it is that 
makes up that temperament, and so 
of the Vital and of the Mental. When 
these temperaments are equal and 
harmonious, we call the temperament 
balanced, and we have discussed, in 
Chapter X., what the general appear- 
ance of the constitution is when the 
temperaments are harmoniously and 
strongly developed; and with these 
expositions of the several tempera- 
ments and of the temperaments in 
harmonious combination before the 
reader’s mind, he will be able, all the 
better, to understand that which now 
remains to be done in reference to 


TEMPERAMENTS Not BALANCED, 101 


temperament, namely, the unequal 
developments of the temperaments, 
or the ‘‘ temperaments not balanced.”’ 
And we wish the reader here to dis- 
miss from his mind the idea that a 
balanced temperament, whatever its 
grade of power, is all that is required. 
It needs to be strong as well as har- 
monious. Housesare built with light 
timbers, scanty covering and im- 
proper fastening, but it is the same 
from top to bottom; it is all alike; it 
is harmonious but not strong. 

Thediscussion now before us relates 
to structures that are not harmoniously 
developed, or where the qualities are 
not of equal power and influence. 

The reader goes out into the world 
and begins to study temperament; as 
a person approaches him he says to 
himself, ‘‘ Now, I will see whether 
the Motive, the Vital or the Mental 
temperament predominates; some- 
times he can readily see it and feels 
satisfied; sometimes he sees evi- 
dences of each of the temperaments; 
but then he is puzzled to know how 
much there is of one and how much 
proportionately there is of another, 
how well the balance is indicated?” 

If he cannot tell which of the tem- 
peraments is most adequately en- 
dowed or most prominent in its devel- 
opment, the inference will be that it 
is a balance of temperament; but 
balanced temperaments are so scarce, 
one will tire himself in hunting to find 
one. We wish the reader to be so 
well versed in the matter, that when- 
ever one appears, he will know it as 
quickly asa draughtsman would know 
a perfect circle, or an astronomical 
observer a moon that was perfectly 
full, not phased at all. 

In the portraits that we present 
under this head, we wish to say in 
advance, if we happen to get a por- 
trait of any man who is almost as 
well balanced and as strong and 
perfect as might be desired, it is an 
object lesson to the reader; he may 
carry itin his mind to contrast with 
some other less perfectly balanced 
and less vigorously endowed. And 


though the portrait is inserted under 
the head of temperaments not bal- 
anced, it does not mean that what- 
ever illustration we may give is there- 
fore unbalanced; it will be seen, and 
we will be careful also to state the 
fact if we think the temperament is 
well balanced. ’ 

Fig. 104. In this portrait of Cyrus 
W. Field, the father of sub-marine 
telegraphy, there is distinctly seen evi- 
dences of the Motive temperament; 
the long, strong nose, the height of 
the person, and the height of his head 
in the region of the crown. He stood 
six feet high, was a man of strong. 
frame and he had also in connection 
with these ,evidences of the Motive 
temperament, a great deal of natural 
mental excitability, so that the Mo- 
tive-Mental temperament would be 
the title we would give his organiza- 
tion. He was born in 1819 in Stock- 
bridge, Mass., and was one of the 
hardest workers in the world. He 
had toughness and endurance origi- 
nating in the Motive temperament; 
he had also a fair share of the Vital 
and a high degree of the Mental 
temperament. Hence an active de- 
velopment of mind proceeding from 
such a constitution rendered him 
prompt, determined, persistent, alert, 
keen and earnest, and he had a kind 
of magnetism about him that com- 
manded attention and respect, as 
evinced in his wonderful achievement 
connected with the disappointments 
and delays in laying the Atlantic 
cable. In 1856 he organized in 
London the ‘‘Atlantic ‘Telegraph 
Company,” and he subscribed for one- 
fourth of the whole capital of the 
company. By personal effort he pro- 
cured from the British and American 
Governments aid in ships, and accom- 
panied the expeditions which sailed 
from England in 1857 and 1858 
to lay the cable across the Atlantic 
Ocean. Twice the attempt failed, 
once in ’57 and once in ’58. The 
third attempt was successful, and 
in August, 1858, telegraphic com- 
munication was made across the 


102 How To Srupy STRANGERS, 


ocean. It worked a few days and be- 
came silent; the public lost faith and 
resisted; the project now became more 
difficult than ever, but its chief pro- 
moter, Mr. Field, renewed his efforts, 
crossing and recrossing the ocean 
scores of times during seven weary 


SX 


SS 


\\ 
N 


SS 
ws 


to the Western shore. Mr. Field had 
the prophetic sagacity to see what 
ought and could be done, and the 
courage to make the effort, the iron 
will and the persuasive wisdom which 
could lead, govern and co-ordinate 
the mental, financial, legislative and 


aeegal y YY Wy Lf 
Uy) 17 


Lapse) 


FIG. 104.—-CYRUS W. FIELD. 


years, until at last in 1865, a better 
cable and better appliances were pre- 
pared, and the ship, ‘‘Great East- 
ern,’ a marvel of unwieldy folly ex- 
cept for cable laying, took it on 
board and sailed west, and after pay- 
ing out twelve hundred miles the 
cable broke and was lost. The ship 
returned to England defeated. In 
1866 another expedition set out and 
was successful. The Great Eastern 
returned to where the year before it 
had lost the cable, found it and 
spliced it with one which she had on 
board for the purpose, and carried it 


popular forces requisite to begin, 
manage, and finish such an under- 
taking, which qualities in any one 
man might not again be found in a 
century. John Bright pronounced 
him the Columbus of modern times. 
At the age of thirty-five he devoted 
himself to the great untried task, and 
at forty-seven he had realized his 
hopes and won the perpetual grati- 
tude of the human race. He wasone 
of four brothers, each being pre-emi- 
nent in his sphere of effort. Judge 
Field being one, and David Dudley 
Field was another. He died in 1892. 


TEMPERAMENTS Not BALANCED. 


Fig. 105. In temperament, George 
Law was in some respects a contrast 
to Cyrus W. Field; each man was a 
power and a success in his way. 
What sturdy features! What astrong, 
full, massive development, indicating 
the Vital temperament! What broad 


103 


at the bottom of the ladder, namely, 
as hod carrier, and worked thirty- 
three days and earned thirty-three 
dollars. In the Winter work failed, 
and he studied arithmetic, geography 
and bookkeeping. In the Spring 
he went to work as a mason and 


FIG. I05.—GEORGE LAW, A MIGHTY MAN. 


cheek bones, showing that the Mo- 
tive temperament was amply de- 
veloped! Whata broad and master- 
fulchin! What projecting eyebrows! 
What wealth of black, wiry hair! His 
voice was bass and terrible when 
aroused; his will was the law where 
he had aright to rule. He left the 
farm and became a builder, starting 


bricklayer. His employer failed and 
he lost his Summer’s work; but 
nothing daunted, he walked twenty- 
two miles toa job, earned the same 
wages per day, and walked back and 
paid his landlord. He rose to bea 
sub-contractor and finally a con- 
tractor; and before he was thirty 
years old he had made a fortune, 


104 


married, and was the father of a little 
family. He bid for, and obtained 
some sections of the Croton Aque- 
duct, and to him was awarded the 
contract for the building of the High 
Bridge over the Harlem River for the 
passage of the Croton Aqueduct, and 
it was the execution of this work 
which made him a millionaire. He 
was a natural mechanic, a good in- 
ventor, and he contrived ingenious 
plans for saving labor on this great 
job, so that, although he took the 
work at a very low estimate, he made 
it immensely profitable by means of 
the labor-saving apparatus which he 
invented for the purpose and used. 
The High Bridge across the Harlem 
has been for fifty years the wonder of 
visitors to New York City ; but re- 
cently when making the new Croton 
Aqueduct, as they approached the 
Harlem River, instead of crossing 
it, as George Law did, by a very 
costly bridge, a shaft was sunk in the 
solid rock vertically below the river; 
it was continued horizontally under 
the river, and an upward shaft was 
made to bring the water back to the 
original level, and then it was sent on 
under ground through rock to the 
city. Iihe: steam Sdrilleand, elecitic 
light made this possible and profita- 
ble. This serves to mark the change 
in engineering methods since 1840. 
George Law, having made a for- 
tune, engaged extensively in ocean 
steam navigation, having at one time 
not less than sixteen large steam- 
ships. To him belongs the credit of 
the Panama Railroad; though he did 
not originate the idea, without the 
aid of his capital and energy the road 
could not, at that time, have been 
built. In 1855 he was much talked 
of as a candidate for the Presidency. 
He was a mighty man, bodily and 
mentally; he weighed heavily, was 
solid, hardy and enduring, was tall 
and brawny asa giant, and he hada 
strong, practical brain to match, and 
he was a law unto himself and always 
a law to all whom he employed. He 
knew what ought to be done and 


How To StTuDY STRANGERS. 


how, and would brook no delay or 
deficiency. He was rough in his 
manners when annoyed. His integ- 
rity and efficiency were recognized, 
and what he laid his hand to was ex- 
pected to succeed. He would be 
master of his affairs. A captain of 
one of his steamers ordered some re- 
pairs without consulting Mr. Law, 
and when the bill of $250 came in he 
declmed tow pay it; “Buti Captain 
Wardsordered it.” “Chentsaid Geo, 
Law, ‘‘Let Captain Ward pay it.” 


_When the captain refused to pay it 


the claim was renewed and a suit 
threatened. Geo. Law replied as 
roughly as language could be framed. 
The suit was brought and a verdict 
taken by default, and Geo. Law paid 
the execution. Capt. Ward and the 
other fifteen captains, when in the 
home port afterward, asked the 
owner’s consent to spend any con- — 
siderable amount on a steamship. 
Geo. Law must be recognized as mas- 
ter of his own business if they were 
captains of his ships. 

In George Law there was a high 
degree of two of the temperaments, 
the Vital and Motive, and a strong 
manifestation of the Mental, and 
Combativeness, Destructiveness and 
Self-esteem enough to master resist- 
ance. 

Fig. 106. The temperament of Mr. 
Longfellow indicated a full degree of 
the Motive, a large degree of the 
Mental, a good share of the Vital 
temperament; and the Vital and 
Mental combining rendered his feel- 
ings and character smooth and plia- 
ble, and his language was sympa- 
thetical rather than coercive. He 
was affectionate and hopeful rather 
than dominating. He had very large 
perceptive organs, which rendered his 
mind fertile in description. His 
Language was amply developed, so 
that what his Perceptives recognized 
or his imagination suggested was pre- 
sented in smoothness of diction and 
with a rhythmical harmony. He was 
a poet of things as well as of senti- 
ment, and if one will read his ‘‘ Hia- 


TEMPERAMENTS Not BALANCED. 


watha”’ and note the thousand and 
one things which he draws into his 
lines, and by reiteration renders them 
rhythmical and musical, it will be 
seen how his large Perceptives and 
knowledge of things enabled him to 


\ 
\ 


N 
~ SWAY \ 


SSA 


~ 
NSS WY 
Wy 


NY 
ARS 
NSS 
x\ 


105 


Hawthorne and John G. Whittier. 
His style was smoothand musical, his 
sentiments pure, elevated and genial, 
and his charming melody is loved and 
appreciated alike by scholars and 
those not favored with critical culture. 


FIG. 106.—HENRY W. LONGFELLOW. 


do that which, in the hands of a poet 
like Moore or Poe, might have suf- 
fered. They were poets of sentiment, 
and outside of the realm of sentiment 
and imagination not great. The low- 
er part of the forehead of Poe, Fig. 
88, when contrasted with that of 
Longfellow, shows why their style 
was unlike. 

Mr. Longfellow was conspicuous in 
that brilliant galaxy of genius which 
included James Russell Lowell, Dr. 
Oliyer Wendell Holmes, Nathaniel 


The genial Dr. Holmes is the only one 
of that gifted circle now left, and 
though he has passed several of the 
milestones beyond the four-score, his 
mind seems as bright, his inner life as 
young, his social spirit as cordial, and 
his wit as keenand playful as when no 
gray messenger of time had ventured 
to touch his honored locks. Mr. 
Longfellow was bornin Portland, Me., 
Feb. 27, 1807, and died at his resi- 
dence in Cambridge, Mass., March 
24, 1882. 


106 


How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


Fig. 107. Thomas A. Edison has 
a temperament indicating a _ pre- 
dominance of the Mental and Vital. 
The Motive temperament is not 
specially marked. Physically he is 
not to be thought of in connection 
with such men as Cyrus W. Field or 
George Law. Mr. Edison has the 
Mental temperament highly devel- 
oped, and a full degree of the Vital 
temperament to give it nutrition; but 
he works smoothly, silently, patiently, 
is always busy, never tired, never in 
a hurry and never idle. He was born 
at Milan, Ohio, Feb. 11, 1847. When 
a boy running the streets he would 
get old clock-works and make struct- 
ures with great ingenuity. 
came a telegraph operator in the 
West, and was known to a few as one 
of the very best. 

His advent to the East has been 
humorously told among the experts 
in the art, and may not be out of 
place here. 

A leading man in a large telegraph 
office in Boston was offered a situation 
elsewhere, and the manager inquired 
of him if he knew a person who could 
fill his place; he told him he knew of 
but one man, and that was Thomas 
A. Edison, and he was in Chicago. 
He was telegraphed for, and when he 
reached the city he had a misshapen 
straw hat which had seen service and 
become pyramidal; he wore cotton 
clothes, and looked, after his long jour- 
ney, anything but attractive. When 
he quietly announced his name to the 
manager all hands in the office looked 
upon him with contempt, and laid a 
plan to “‘roast him out,” and placed him 
at the instrument to ‘‘receive’’; that 
is, to hear and write out the matter 
as it came over the wires from Wash- 
ington; the operator at Washington 
having been secretly requested by 
some envious operator in the Boston 
office, to ‘‘ shove” the one who was 
receiving. He sat for four hours thus 
receiving, with a row of men standing 
with open mouths, watching his mar- 
vellous speed and accuracy. The 
machine clicked faster and faster, in- 


He be- . 


creasing the speed beyond precedence, 
and still there was no outcry from 
the receiver to ‘‘repeat,” and finally 
the operator at Washington, who 
knew of Edison in Chicago, inquired - 
over the line, ‘‘ Who have you receiv- 
ing? It must be either the devil or 


I07.—THOMAS A. EDISON. 


Tom Edison.” The man with the 
dilapidated straw hat quietly re- 
sponded over the wire: ‘‘It is Tom 
Edison at your service,’ and that 
ended the extra speed, and convinced 
all the observers that the man under 
the straw hat was not to be despised; 
and several other people have since 
found it out. 

Mr. Edison is known as the inventor 
or improver of the Telephone, of the 
Electric Light, and of the Phonograph 
or talking machine; also of the duplex 
system of telegraphy. He is modest 
and commonly silent, never boasts, 
but quietly works his way on to vic- 
tory. We suppose he has made an 
ample fortune; he has doubtless done 
the world a thousand times more ser- 
vice than his fortune amounts to, and 
his name is yet to be elevated and 
more widely known. His work is but 
just begun, and his usefulness and 
fame, like that of Franklin and Morse, 
will broaden and brighten by time. 


TEMPERAMENTS Not BALANCED. 107 


Beneficent invention is the sure pass- 
port to perpetual gratitude and fade- 
less renown. 

Fig. 108. Mark Lemon.—This por- 
trait indicates a man very highly en- 
dowed with the Vital temperament. 
’ He was large, heavy, plump, and as 


FIG, 108.—MARK LEMON, EDITOR OF 


he became older, was fat and un- 
wieldy. He had hard, strong hair, 
large bones, and a very solid and 
substantial muscular development; 
hence he was Vital and Motive, more 
strongly Vital than Motive. If such 
a man would live temperately and ex- 
ercise abundantly, he would be likely 
to attain toa greatage. He evidently 
resembled his mother, from whom, 
probably, he obtained his Vital tend- 
ency. His forehead indicates prac- 
tical talent and excellent memory 
and ability to use all he knew to a 
good advantage at a moment's notice. 


There was in that development, a 
tendency towards intemperance in 
eating, in other words, over-nutrition. 
He could digest twice as much as he 
needed. Obesity was therefore his 
bane; though he was a man of wit 
and brilliancy, his temperament was 


Ny 
MI) i) i, 


‘“STONDON PUNCH.”’ 


a temptation to degeneration in tone 
and character. 

Fig. 109. James B. Richards had a 
remarkably fine quality of organiza- 
tion, was tender, gentle, sensitive, 
susceptible and exceedingly sympa- 
thetical. He had large Mirthfulness 
and was witty. He had large Ideality 
and was poetical. He had large Lan- 
guage, and was one of the finest de- 
lineators of tender and touching and 
sympathetic subjects that I ever 
knew, personally. He was broad in 
the region of the temples. With 
large Ideality, Mirthfulness and Self- 


108 


How tro StTupyY STRANGERS, 


esteem, he had rather large Con- 
structiveness; he had good percept- 
ive intellect, wonderful order and 
patience that knew no fatigue, per- 
sistency without parallel. He was 
an assistant of Dr. Howe, of Boston, 
who educated Laura Bridgeman, the 


BG: 


deaf, dumb and blind girl. Mr. 
Richards astonished the world by 
educating idiots that seemed to be 
utterly helpless and senseless; and in 
the progress of time, calling out the 
feeble spark and culturing it so that 
one such boy repeated the Lord’s 
Prayer after three years of training, 
and a distinguished bishop said, with 
tears trembling in his eyes, ‘‘I never 
heard it better recited.” Mr. Rich- 
ards had a school in New York 
for feeble-minded children which I 
often visited, and it was a marvel 
to witness from time to time the 
changes that he would make in the 
condition of those that had been 
neglected and despised. <A _ few 


years ago he died of pneumonia, and 
I remember that George William 
Curtis sat at the head of the coffin 
at the funeral, showing what one cul- 
tured, thoughtful, gentle nature 
thought of James B. Richards. 

Mr. Richards was a natural mis- 


* 


I109.—-JAMES B. RICHARDS, TEACHER, ESPECIALLY OF IDIOTS, 


sionary. His father and mother were 
among the first American missionaries 
in the East. They went there directly 
after their marriage and commenced 
together to study the manners and 
customs of the people and also to 
study the language of the country. 
At the same time that they were 
studying and becoming pupils of the 
heathen, they were preparing and 
exercising their faculties in gaining 
access to the thoughts and giving in- 
struction to the people in a religion 
to them new, and of course strange; 
and while thus engaged in this pecu- 
liar work of student life and teacher 
life at once, they became parents of 
James B. Richards. The parents 


TEMPERAMENTS Not BALANCED. 


had made themselves teachable in 
learning this strange language, and 
at the same time had mellowed them- 
selves to habits which brought them 
clear down to the comprehension of 
the people who were learning from 
them new thoughts, new ideas; and 
their child inherited this faculty to 
teach and this teachable spirit, and 
probably since time began there was 
never a child born under circum- 
stances so favorable to make hima 
teacher of those low down in com- 
prehension, and in respect to whom 
there is great difficulty in minifying 
the truth, in other words, grinding 
the whole corn so that the little 
chickens can eat it. 

Thus he was eminently qualified by 
his parentage and their peculiar con- 
dition to become a teacher of the lit- 
tle ones. He would go to a family 
where there was an idiotic child 
or a child that was remarkable for 
weakness or imbecility, and he would 
want the parents to say nothing to 
the child and let him be in the 
room alone with it, and he would 
get down on the floor with the play- 
things and commune with the child 
at its own level, and thus learn its 
status, its grade of mentality. 

So he commenced with one idiotic 
child that was considered as senseless 
as an oyster; he lacked even the 
bodily perception of touch, so little 
was his nervous system developed 
and cultured. The boy was brought 
to Boston for Mr. Richards to deal 
with. He was not dressed, simply 
wrapped up; he lay ona pallet on the 
floor; and made no intelligent noise. 
Mr. Richards lay down by the side of 
him, and drew his hands over him 
gently, magnetically ; and then he 
would take a Greek book and read 
aloud, and he had a peculiarly sweet 
and sonorous voice. He read to him 
that way an hour a day, of course, 
read merely to occupy himself and 
keep himself posted in Greek and to 
busy himself and be near to the child, 
eight years old. After six months’ 
reading daily to him an hour while 


109 


lying on the floor, he thought he 
would remain in the chair and read, 
and the child began to express dis- 
pleasure, discomfort. He would lift 
one shoulder and partly roll over, 
and manifest by a noise he made, a 
kind of moan, that he was not quite 
satisfied.. Mr. Richards watched him 
and read some more, and a repetition 
of the discontent was made. And it 
occurred to him that perhaps the 
child wanted him to lie down as be- 
fore and read to him as he had done. 
He lay down by the side of him and 
commenced to read, and the boy drew 
along breath and gave an expression 
of contentment—uttered a sound of 
satisfaction—and this was the first 
dawning of that child’s intellect, the 
first manifestation of choice or pre- 
ference; and the teacher was so de- 
lighted with such slow success, even 
of such small measure that he ran to 
Dr. Howe in the institution, dancing 
with delight, and he said: ‘‘ Eureka! 
Eureka! I have found it! I have 
found it!’”’ And this was the boy 
that recited the Lord’s Prayer in the 
presence of the Bishop after three 
years’ training. 

Fig. 110. This portrait of the In- 
dian Chief is a contrast to James B. 
Richards. The face is coarse and 
powerful, a great bony nose, strong 
cheek bones, a heavy, hard upper lip, 
large development across the brows 
in the region of the perceptives, 
which constitute mainly the Indian’s 
intellectuality, with a moderate de- 
velopment of the upper part of the 
forehead, where the reasoning and 
creative faculties are located. The 
base of the brain was large, 
showing severity, cruelty, and the 
qualities that go with _ rude, 
savage life. Two generations of cul- 
ture of the children of such a person, 
separated from the wild, rough usages 
ofthe life of their ancestors, would 
increase the upper section of the 
brain, would soften and harmonize 
the features, and would tend to equal- 
ize the development of face and 
brain and body and modify the tem- 


110 How To StTupy STRANGERS. 


perament. The Motive tempera- 
ment is the strong one in this organ- 
ization; the Vital is second in 
strength; the Mental is only medium. 
I once saw this Indian in New York 
on exhibition and shook hands with 
him. 

If the reader will turn to Figs. 27 


and deficient in these Indian por- 
traits, while in Caleb Cushing and 
other cultured and civilized men, the 
tophead and upper part of the fore- 
head, especially, are more broadly and 
amply developed. Across the brow, 
Red Cloud and Black Hawk are 
amply developed, and their culture 


FIGs sD DOl-—REDS CLOUD: 


and 28, and study the head of Black 
Hawk in connection with that of Red 
Cloud, of the same family of man- 
kind, he will have a vivid sense of the 
difference between the wild man 
without civilization and culture which 
never rises above the mere acquisition 
of the means of subsistence, and a 
member of the Anglo-Saxon race as 
presented in Fig. 111, Caleb Cushing. 
Red Cloud and Black Hawk have a 
narrow and pinched top head; the 
reasoning intellect, shown in the 
upper part of the forehead is narrow 


in the study of things and mere ex- 
ternal phenomena and the confining 
of their minds mainly to the objective, 
the practical, have brought out the 
Perceptive development in the Indian 
race in a remarkable degree. As that 
is almost their sole dependence in 
respect to knowledge and the means 
of meeting and mastering difficulties, 
they are exceedingly keen in their 
observations and wonderful in their 
memory of things. 

Another contrast between Fig. 111 
and the Indian’s head, is the enor- 


TEMPERAMENTS Not BALANCED. 


mous difference in the development 
of the middle lobes of the brain above 
and about the ears, in which region 
are located the organs of animal pro- 
pensity and force. The Indian is 
Combative,and especially Destructive, 


111 


from that of Figs. 109 and 111 as the 
forms of the heads vary, and these 
furnish a broad and intensely inter- 
esting study by way of contrast both 
of temperament and mental organ- 
ization. 


——S 


SSS 


FIG. 


secretive and cautious. With those 
who live under law and have the pro- 
tection of person and property by 
laws established by the common- 
wealth, the need of personal protec- 
tion and defence is so mitigated that 
the organs involved in these functions 
need not be so strong as in the wild 
man, whose might is in his right arm, 
and whose security is largely pro- 
moted by his cunning and prudence. 

The temperament as indicated in 
Figs. 27, 28 and rio is as different 


III.—CALEB CUSHING, 


STATESMAN AND JURIST. 

Fig. 111. This portrait exhibits a 
predominance of the Mental tem- 
perament witha full degree of the 
Vital temperament, and an average 
degree of the Motive. He was a 
lawyer and orator, a member of Con- 
gress, a Senator and a Judge; was 
one of the finest intellects of his time. 
As a jurist he was subtle, clearheaded, 
highly educated, and well informed. 
What a contrast this head and face 
gives us with Red Cloud, Mark Lemon 
or George Law! 


CHAPTER XII. 
SENSITIVE TEMPERAMENT S. 


Fig. 112, H. B. Claflin.—This gen- 
tleman, who died suddenly from 
apoplexy, about 1887, was known as 
an eminent merchant, and the firm of 
H. B. Claflin & Co., which he founded, 
is perhaps the largest wholesale dry 
goods house in America. Mr. Claflin 
stood about five feet seven inches 
high, weighed perhaps 140 pounds, 
though later he may have gone up to 
150; but he had a peculiarly delicate 
constitution; his voice was smooth 
and not heavy; his skin was exceed- 
ingly fine; his temperament was 
mainly Mental; his skull was thin; his 
scalp thin, and his features delicate, 
and his whole make-up indicated 
gentleness and sensitiveness. In his 
manners he was polite and gracious; 
common people liked him, for he 
walked modestly among men; there 
was no display, no haughtiness of 
manner, and few would suspect his 
power or position. He was rapid in 
his thought and in his movements, 
had great elasticity of body and mind, 
which worked easily. Not one man 
in fifty thousand has so fine a skin or 
so sensitive a brain as his, and he im- 
pressed every observer with the fact 
of his extreme cleanliness and deli- 
cacy, was not feeble or sickly, but he 
had the quality which indicated re- 
finement and susceptibility. 

He had a harmonious balance of 
developments. He should have had 
more Self-esteem, but his intellect 
was Clear, his memory retentive, and 
all the details of business were quickly 
grasped and firmly held. He had in- 
tuitive judgments of people and of 


the best way to get along with those 
who were difficult to deal with. He 
was industrious; his methods of doing 
business were of the highest moral 
type, and everybody believed in him 
and he had their good will. 

The perceptive organs across the 
brow were sharply developed; the 
temples widened out, showing Order, 
Calculation, ingenuity, taste and re- 
finement. The upper part of his fore- 
head was massive, showing good 
reasoning intellect, and the top head 
shows large Benevolence and a full 
degree of Spirituality. His moderate 
Self-esteem was the weakest part of 
his constitution. Perhaps no man in 
this country ever accumulated the 
wealth that he possessed and acquired 
and retained such sympathetic regard 
for the common people who came in 
contact with him and those who were 
in his employment and service. They 
were willing that he should be rich; 
few men who are rich ever carried 
themselves with such gentleness and 
kindly consideration for other people. 

His success in life was doubtless the 
result of clearness of thought, ready 
and rapid intuitive judgment, sound 
common sense, great industry, con- 
nected with sound, moral culture, and 
a thorough, practical business train- 
ing. He justly merited the rank and 
reputation and also the wealth which 
he acquired. As an indication of the 
moral tone and courage of the young 
man, it may be stated that when he 
and a partner bought out thestore of 
Claflin’s father, who had kept spirit- 
uous liquors as a part of the stock of 


SENSITIVE TEMPERAMENTS, 


a country store, Horace B. had the 
casks rolled to the sidewalk, the 
faucets opened and the liquor per- 
mitted to run into the gutter. He 
was born in Worcester County, Massa- 
chusetts in 1812. He came to New 


44, 
a 
4 
vs 
Pd 
Ge 
yy 
hy 
4/ 


CAAA 
\ 


SORA ON. 
A 


SS SSS 


SSSQ 


York in 1843, and soon achieved a front 
rank and a high reputation in his line 
of trade. 

Fig, 113.—The peculiarities of this 
head are height and length. The 
large perceptives across the brow 
gave him command of details in the 


_ 


113 


way of study and knowledge; the 
fullness of the center of the forehead 
gave him a readiness and retentive- 
ness of memory; his large Compari- 
son made him a critic and able to sift 
the error from the truth and learn 


WM) 
Yj 


Tif 


WO 
SSQ@ 
\ 
SEG 


HORACE B. CLAFLIN, 


the facts of the cases which came 
under his scrutiny as a _ lawyer 
and as a Chief Judge of the Court 
of Appeals of the State of New 
York, of which he was an ornament. 
The height of his head shows 
a strong moral development ; Con- 


114 


scientiousness was large, which made 
him hold the scales of justice even, 
and to regard life and conduct from 
an honest point of observation. That 
is an honest face; sincerity, integrity, 
definiteness and precision may be read 
in every feature of the 
intelligent face. Then the 
high top head shows the 
strong Conscientiousness, 
Firmness, Veneration and 
Benevolence, with Faith 
and Hope enough to be- 
lieve in truth and follow 
after righteousness. The 
poise of his head shows not 
only Firmness but Self- 
esteem. 

The side head was large 
enough to give him energy 
and thoroughness, but his 
propensities and_ selfish 
feelings were kept in sub- 
jection to his sound moral 
and intellectual judgments 
and the desire to do right, 
and the power to recognize 
right wherever there was a 
conflict of opinion, even 
though he might have a 
feeling favorable to one of 
the sides; he would listen 
to reasonand reach honest 
and sound results. In his 
manners on the bench and 
at the bar he was courte- 
ous, dignified and kindly. His temper 
was always under proper restraint, but 
his opinions and purposes were defin- 
ite and direct. He was regarded by 
the best people who knew him well as 
being pure in life and purpose and 
correct in all his plans, desires and 
practices, and an ornament to the 
elevated position he worthily filled.* 

Fig. 114.—Mr. Conkling was born 
in Albany, N. Y., in 1828, and edu- 
cated for the legal profession, and 
died in the City of New York in 1888, 
a victim of the great blizzard. He 
was robust, tall, broad, manly, had a 
fresh countenance, and full vigor of 
health, and he walked during that 
storm from lower Broadway four or 


FIG. 


How To Srupy STRANGERS. 


five miles uptown; he was strong and 
felt that he could do it, and some 
avaricious coachman demanded ten 
dollars to drive him up to his home, 
and his indignation at such extortion 
led him to tramp on; but the unac- 


WARD HUNT. 


HON, 


Vi; 


customed struggle against such a wind 
in the severe cold weather excited 
undue action of the heart, and he 
took a cold in the base of the brain 
and became unconscious. He died in 
three or four days. There might 
have been slight apoplexy of the 
brain. 

His dignified, strong and magnifi- 
cent body, his handsome face and 
noble head would command instant 
respect anywhere, and his health was. 
believed to be perfect. The quality 
of the organization was fine, amount- 
ing even to delicacy, showing uncom- 
mon sensitiveness and susceptibility 
and keenness of feeling which belonged’ 
to such an organization. In fact,the 


SENSITIVE TEMPERAMENTS, 115 


face has almost a feminine look, and 
he inherited largely from his mother, 
acquiring instinct and intuitive genius 
as well as an ardent emotional nature. 
His phrenological developments also, 
in addition to the intuitive and im- 


\ 
AY 


FIG. IT4. 
aginative faculties, show breadth of 
thought and comprehensiveness of 
mind, the logical and philosophical 
ability. Large Ideality and Spiritu- 
ality shown in the upper temporal 
region evince imagination and scope 
of feeling and elevation of mind, 
from which his magnificent oratory 
received its lofty and brilliant touches. 
He was orderly in a high degree, and 
had eminent talent for mathematics; 
so, while his mind was ardent, im- 
petuous and eloquent, it was endowed 
with exactness and absoluteness which 
sometimes seemed dogmatic. 

He had strong Constructiveness, 
was a natural inventor, and had he 
been trained to architecture and en- 
gineering, he would have ranked 


among his compeers as he did in 
statesmanship among statesmen, He 
dealt with original ideas, with solid 
premises and important consequences. 
His type of mind was more Webste- 
rian than any other statesman of his 


HON. ROSCOE CONKLING. 


party. And, like Webster, he did not 
need to make the first or an early 
speech on some great subject; each 
could wait till others had ploughed 
and cross-ploughed the field, and then 
the plough of Webster or Conkling 
would leave in sight only the furrows 
which the great master minds had 
turned. They would plough all the 
other furrows under. Their argu- 
ments would stand forth regnant and 
masterful. 

He had wonderful knowledge of 
men, and was said to be one of the 
best cross-examiners of witnesses in 
any of the Courts. He was exceed- 
ingly fond of approbation, very sensi- 
tive about the approval of the world, 
but he sought his success and his 


116 How To Stupy STRANGERS 


honor by elevated and _ honorable 
means. His large Conscientiousness 
lifted him above peculation and 
above trick. He scorned to win a 
victory by what some men call tact, 
but preferred to bare his manly breast 
and with a logical hammer smite his 
way to victory, or fall in the en- 


counter. 

He was cautious and secretive, con- 
fiding in few men, and maintaining 
among the people at large a dignified 
reserve. He had large Combative- 
ness, and would promptly resent and 
resist insult and aggression. ‘These 
gave force, courage and_ severity 
when excited, and the power to de- 
fend royally, or to assail vigorously. 

He believed in calling things by 
their right names, and giving em- 
phasis where the strong points are, 
though they may enrage his antago- 
nist, or even render his own cause less 
acceptable. 

His large Reverence gavehim a dig- 
nified politeness among men and a 
reverent regard for sacred things. 
His Friendship was strong. Noman 
was more loyal to his friends. His 
Language gave him uncommon com- 
mand of words, and his fine imagina- 
tion gave breadth of enthusiasm to 
his efforts; and when he finished a 
popular oration in the heat of a polit- 
ical campaign, everybody within the 
reach of his voice and in the sight of 
his manly vigor, whether he should 
vote with or against him, would feel 
that he was every inch a man, and 
that he had treated the subject in a 
manly and honorable way. And few 
men were willing to speak after he 
had spoken. 

In 1858 he became Mayor of Utica, 
his place of residence. He served 
eight years as representative in Con- 
gress and fourteen years in the United 
States Senate, and in every position 
his talent and character made him a 
prominent figure. 

He was a hard worker. When 
given a law case for argument, he 
‘made himself thoroughly acquainted 
with its details, and often surprised 


court and client with the extent of 
his knowledge of technical details. 
He was particular about the sources 
of information and the authenticity 
of statistics, and in preparing for a 
speech or an argument these were his 
chief concern; the language he should 
use was generally left to the occasion. 
In private life he was a careful, 
temperate man, his habits being se- 
verely regular. He indulged a strong 
fondness for fruits while he eschewed 
spirituous liquor in general. 

Fig. 115.—Miss Ingelow is an ex- 
cellent specimen of a well-developed 
English girl, and has won her way as 
a writer of prose and verse to the ad- 
miration of the reading world. Her 
temperament is a combination of the 
Vital and Mental ;—the expression of 
plumpness and smoothness indicating 
the Vital, and the fineness and deli- 
cacy, indicating the Mental, which 
give a good basis for mellowness of 
character and harmonious mental 
tendencies. The soft and smooth 
configuration of the face must interest 
the observer, while at the same time 
there is strength in the features ;— 
there is a firm chin and a well-set, 
prominent nose, which exhibit any- 
thing but weakness. The finely- 
arched brows show practical talent, 
the fullness of the eye is expressive 


of language, while the development 


of the lower half of the forehead, and 
especially of the middle section, show 
memory and decided ability for liter- 
ary work. 

The region of the crown of the 
head is well developed and elevated, 
showing integrity, perseverance, self- 
reliance and a desire for the good 
opinion of friends. Whatever she 
thinks it is her duty to do is under- 
taken with earnestnessand conducted 
with courage, talent and self-reliance, 
but her manners are gentle and her 
character is strong, steady and sub- 
stantial. The fullness of the side 
head indicates a sense of the beauti- 
ful, an appreciation of the grand and 
a tendency to be prudent, mechanical, 
ingenious and guarded in her state- 


SENSITIVE TEMPERAMENTS, 


ments and conduct. Her tempera- 
ment and organization combine to 
make her an artist, to give her 
ability, esthetic feeling and excellent 
taste, Her head is formed like 


117 


readers in America as well as in her 
native country, England, and her 
writings have obtained wide circu- 
lation. Her first volume contained 
the inimitable ‘‘Songs of Seven,” 


FIG. I15. 


that of a teacher, she can acquire 
knowledge, appreciate it and com- 
municate it. 

A fine temperament contributes 
its most valuable aid toward the 
balance of her organization. She 
is endowed with excellent vital stam- 
ina, and is not easily wearied by 
unexpected or protracted effort. She 
appreciates responsibility, and keen- 
ly feels the lack of integrity and 
the moral delinquencies of others. 
Her spirit is aroused quickly by in- 
difference to the claims of duty and 
honor on the part of another, es- 
pecially if the weak or poor are made 
to sufter. 

A quarter of a century ago her 
name as a writer was familiar to 


MISS JEAN INGELOW, POET. 


other of her works entitled ‘‘ Moni- 
tion of the Unseen,” another, ‘‘ Poems 
of Love and Childhood.” She has 
also been a prolific writer of prose 
for the magazines, which have been 
collected and published in books, 
‘Stories Told to a Child,” ‘‘ Sister’s 
Bye Hours,” ‘‘Studies for Stories,” 
and others, which are excellent for 
the entertainment and instruction of 
children. 

Her conversation, her writings and 
her general manners are calculated to 
impress others favorably in regard to 
her affection, her talent and charac- 
ter, besides they show a robust, 
healthy earnestness and _ sincerity 
which create an impression that is 
lasting as well as beneficent. 


CHAPTER XIII. 
QUALITY OR PERFECTION OF TEMPERAMENT. 


N the study of temperament the stu- 
dent needs to keep in mind the 
highest order or best quality of tem- 
perament to serve as a measuring rule 
by which to test the variations and 
shortcomings of different persons in 
respect to organic constitution. One 
chase of temperament will be strong, 
while other phases are weak, and the 
result shows eccentricity, by strong 
and weak points in juxtaposition in the 
constitution. In regard to strong and 
weak points in the character there is 
no question by anybody, and we know 
that temperament varies quite as 
much as do the dispositions. 

Balance of temperament is very de- 
sirable, yet this term carries toa Phren- 
ologist two types of meaning; a tem- 
perament may be balanced, and still all 
its factors be weak, and therefore bal- 
ance of temperament does not make 
aman with small head and low type 
of development amount to much, even 
if his temperament is balanced. A 
marble that boys play with may be 
perfectly round and nicely balanced, 
but an iron-clad ship would laugh at 
its efforts of penetration. A head 
may be medium and balanced in tem- 
perament, and each temperament low 
in the scale, and though all the facul- 
ties are balanced and harmonious, the 
man will be mediocre in his scope and 
power of achievement. The head 
may be large or very large, the health 
good and all the temperaments har- 
moniously balanced, and then it is 
that a normal king of men is before 
us. There are some men with large 
heads, as there are horses and men 
and chickens with large bodies; but 


there is not much snap and spirit and 
powerin them. Buta healthy con- 
stitution that is largely endowed in 
each of the departments of tempera- 
ment will produce health and power, 
skill and success. Andin proportion 
as these favorable conditions are 
present in a given individual, so will 
his talent and power of achievement 
be manifest. There are some men 
with splendid mental development; 
they are brilliant and far-reaching 
in the scope and elevation of 
their minds, but they lack in the vital 
and motive power, and, therefore, the 
mind is not backed up by vitality so 
that it can work strongly and long. A 
man with a twenty-four inch head 
and a predominance of the Mental 
Temperament, with a light frame and 
not very strong nutritive system, might 
be a splendid architect or account- 
ant, or artist, and do magnificent 
work, but it would take him longer 
to accomplish a given amount on the 
same principle that ittakes longer for 
asingle gas-burner to boil a kettle 
than if there werea sufficient amount 
of flame to enwrap the kettle. 


QUALITY. 


Students of Phrenology are some- 
times much puzzled in regard to the 
meaning which should be attached 
to the word ‘‘ Quality” in connection 
with temperament or constitution. If 
we apply this thought of quality to 
material substances generally, it will 
cover more ground than mere fineness, 
and it means more than mere deli- 
cacy, softness and pliability. Quality 
is a generic rather than a specific 


QUALITY OR PERFECTION OF TEMPERAMENT, 


119 


term. Softness is a specific term; 
hardness, toughness, endurance and 
strength are specific terms, and qual- 
ity is the generic term and constitutes 
the embodiment of the whole of 
these. ‘Timber may be fine-grained, 
but soft and weak. An article may 
have the quality of softness yet lack 
strength and power. When we com- 
bine all the conditions which go to 
make up the composition and sub- 
stance of structures, and when we 
can put into anything all the elements 
which express desirable specific con- 
ditions, the sum-total is quality. 
There is material as fine as that of 
which fiddle-strings are made, but it 
lacks strength, compactness, hardness 
and resonance. We can have bulk 
with coarseness, softness and flabbi- 
ness, and quality as applied to that 
would need the adjective low, coarse 
or soft to define it. Density in ref- 
erence to material is one element of 
quality which embraces a large amount 
of matter in a given space; hence 
the timber called lignum vite will 
sink in water like a stone, while the 
least dense among the different kinds 
of timber will float like cork; and 
yet if cork were compressed to its 
smallest possible dimensions it might 
be as solid and heavy as lignum vite. 
Power is associated with the idea of 
density or compactness. ‘Timber 
which grows compactly is strong, but 
timber which grows spongy and loose- 
grained is not strong. When, there- 
fore, we can combine fineness with 
density and solidity we have a higher 
type of quality than when the mate- 
rial is soft and loose. If students of 
Temperament would apply some other 
term than quality by which to express 
the specific peculiarities, if they 
would say susceptibility, sensitiveness 
or excitability to define their meaning 
of certain conditions it would be 
more appropriate than the term 
quality; because as I use quality it 
means the total make-up, high or low, 
fine or coarse, strong or weak. We 
can have strength without coarseness 
and fineness without lightness, for 


the hardest woods when _ polished 
make the most brilliant surfaces and 
are most delicate to the touch, and 
the same is true with metals; so I 
conclude that the word Quality as 
applied to the comprehensive defini- 
tion of the human constitution must 
embrace sensitiveness, nervous sus- 
ceptibility, stalwart enduring power, 
sturdy strength, and alsothe elements 
of vitality and nutrition, by means of 
which all the conditions and qualities 
of temperament are nourished, sus- 
tained, builded and kept in healthy 
action. Sometimes the muscular 
power is ample in fiber but it lacks in 
the elements of nerve force to give it 
power, and at other times the nerve 
force is very much greater than the 
muscular power, and therefore the 
nerve stimulus is not supplemented 
and put into action and execution by 
adequate motive power; in such a 
case ‘‘the spirit is willing but the flesh 
is weak,’ and in the other case the 
flesh is strong but the spirit does not 
inspire it to effort. 


HIGHEST POSSIBLE QUALITY. 


If the reader can imagine a human 
being as tall and as large as a healthy, 
normal human being might profitably 
and properly be, with a strong devel- 
opment of every temperament, includ- 
ing enough of the Vital to generate 
all the steam which could be used to 
advantage, enough of the Motive tem- 
perament to give that vitality impetus 
in the sphere of achievement, and 
enough of brain to compass the whole 
realm of knowledge in as high a degree 
and wide an extent as ever has been 
done by special individuals, he would 
verily be in the presence of a son of 
God, a man or a woman in all the plen- 
titude of skill and power and wisdom 
and health; and such a person would 
represent the possibilities of human 
organism, a grand human constitution, 
complete and ample in all its parts and 
factors, wise in the acquisition of 
knowledge, skillful and efficient in its 
treatment and use, 

If such a person could be presented 


120 


How To StrupDyY STRANGERS. 


having the logic of Bacon; the imag- 
ination of Shakespeare and Milton or 
Byron; the ambition of Cesar; the in- 
tensity and prowess of Alexander; the 
inventive skill of Watt, of Ericsson 
or Edison; the eloquence of Cicero, 
of Burke or Beecher; the memory of 
Cervantes; the bravery of the leader 
at Balaklava, with the love of Pythias, 
with the art of Michael Angelo, with 
the sympathy of Howard, and the 
pious fervor and gentleness of Fene- 
lon,—combine all these higher excel- 
lencies which have been developed in 
human experience, and add the vocal 
power of Jenny Lind or Patti, of Sims 
Reeves or Campanini, and we would 
have a personage which common peo- 
ple would worship, if they could, by 
any possibility, for one moment appre- 
ciate the amount of the elevation, ex- 
cellence and power of the personage 
beforethem. Thus we get a dreamy 
appreciation of the possibilities of 
human organism. If all these high at- 
tributes could be concentrated in one 
person, we would then have the per- 
fection of development, combining the 
highest strength, health and wisdom 
of manhood, the subject of our study 
and culture. And when one thinks 
of such a being, with such an origin 
and with such a destiny, he can be 
compared with nothing now on earth. 
When the devout Psalmist was 
studying the objective realm of knowl- 
edge, and looked up into the glowing 
heavens, he was led to exclaim: 
‘‘When I consider the heavens, the 
work of Thy fingers, the moon and the 
stars which Thou hast ordained, what 
is man that Thou art mindful of Azm, 
and the son of man that Thou v¢szfest 
him.” Then, turning his thought 
within, and taking a subjective view 
of life, and time, and worlds, and 
man, and lifting himself up in this 
higher study, his spiritual senses all 
aflame, he utters the reverential ex- 
clamation, ‘‘Thou hast made him a 
little lower than the angels, and hast 
crowned him with glory and honor!” 
As such human perfection is not yet 
to be expected except as the result of 


ages of hereditary influences and cul- 
ture, we present several portraits of 
persons of varying quality and tem- 
perament as subjects of study, and for 
that purpose we refer the reader to 
Chapter VII, where the study of 
‘*Temperament”’ is introduced, and 
also thenceforward to all portraits 
and discussions until we shall have 
completed what we may incorporate 
in ‘‘ How to Study Strangers.”’ 


Fig.116.—In this large, beautiful and 
massive head and face of Fitz-Greene 
Halleck is shown a modest son of 
genius, who had excellent gifts. Ina 
line of business he spent many years 
of his life as an accountant in Jacob 
Barker’s banking house in New York, 
and afterward as confidential assistant 
of John Jacob Astor in his enormous 
business, remaining with the latter 
until his death, which occurred March 
29th, 1848. 

He will be known to fame and to 
the future for his poetical works. In 
respect to Mr. Halleck, it was said by 
a witty critic that his greatest defect 
as a writer consisted in the fact that 
he wrote so little. He was born July 
8, 1700; at ‘(Guillord, Ct. andedmen 
Mr. Astor’s death resided at his native 
place and died there Nov. 17, 1867. 

In addition to his business vocation 
he found time to do considerable liter- 
ary work. 

-He wrote an elegy on the death of 
his gifted friend, J. Rodman Drake, 
which was published in 1820. It was 
simple, eloquent, pathetic and full of 
natural genius and tenderness, con- 
taining the oft quoted lines: 


‘* None knew thee but to love thee, 
None named thee but to praise.” 


Mr. Halleck is most widely known 
and admired for his poem, ‘‘ Marco 
Bozarris.”” This has been made the 
subject of recitation in schools for 
the last sixty years; and, though, 
when well recited there is nothing 
that can surpass it, when it is read or 
recited by a stalwart young man with- 
out culture or training in elocution, 
and whose rough and earnest voice 1s 


QUALITY OR PERFECTION OF TEMPERAMENT, 


not yet settled in its manly tone, it 
loses all its beauty in the boisterous, 
torrent of force, for instance, in the 
noted lines: 


He woke to hear his sentries shriek: 
Toarms! they come! they come! 
The Greek ! the Greek ! 


And the other famous lines: 


‘* Strike—till the last armed foe ex- 
pires,” etc. 


have often been read in such a 
shocking way that if the author 
could have heard such perpetrations 
he would have stopped his ears or fled 
before such blows. 

This poem was popular, it stirred 
wonderfully the public pulse, and fiery 
youth rejoiced in the enthusiasm it 
awaked, and, although it is a war 
poem, nothing in that field has ever 
been written in the English language 
that is better, taken as a whole. 

His Apostrophe to Death in this 
poem is a wonderful piece of work. 
What could be more pathetic and 
more vivid than this: 


Come to the bridal chamber, Death ! 
Come to the mother when she feels, 
For the first time, her first-born’s breath: 

Come when the blessed seals 
That close the pestilence are broke, 
And crowded cities wail its stroke: 
Come in consumption’s ghastly form, 
The earthquake shock, the ocean’s storm: 
Come when the heart beats high and warm, 
With banquet-song and dance, and wine, 
And thou art terrible! the tear, 
The groan, the knell, the pall, the bier, 
And all we know, or dream, or fear, 

Of agony, are thine. 


But, to the hero, when his sword 
Has won the battle for the free, 
Thy voice sounds like a prophet’s word, 
And, in its hollow tones, are heard 
The thanks of millions yet to be. 
Bozarris! with the storied brave, 
Greece nurtured, in her glory’s time, 
Rest thee, there is no prouder grave, 
Even in her own proud clime. 
We tell thy doom without a sigh: 


121 


For thou art Freedom’s now, and Fame’s, 
One of the few, the immortal names, 
That were not born to die. 


In this fine head and face are seen 
the indications of a highly wrought 
mental temperament; and yet, there is 
a basis of the Motive. The strong fea- 
tures, the high head and the ample al- 
titude of the person evince power, but 
the element or quality called fineness 
or sensitiveness would in him take the 
lead. 

What a wonderful intellectual de- 
velopment this is:—how ample the 
expansion of the forehead, how broad 
the temples, especially the upper sec- 
tion where Ideality and Mirthfulness 
are located. He has been criticised 
for his wit and for the playfulness of 
his spirit, but ‘‘ Marco Bozarris”’ has 
sobriety and sincerity enough. His 
large Benevolence gives width to the 
top of his head in front, and the poise 
of his head indicates large Self-es- 
teem; but his was the Self-esteem that 
retired from noise and clamor, and 
led him to stand aloof from the com- 
mon phases of rude life, and to havea 
few choice friends which he cultivated 
for their delicacy and refinement of 
manner and thought. 

If he had had more than a common 
school education; if he had been early 
cultured in the best schools so that he 
could have been ushered into the lit- 
erary world at an early age and thus 
been given by culture the direction of 
scholarly activity, instead of being for 
forty years confined to the use of led- 
gers and the study of pounds, shillings 
and pence, he would then, doubtless, 
have distinguished himself by a larger 
amount of intellectual and literary 
work. 

W. Weidemeyer says: ‘‘He was a 
handsome man, with benign features, 
illumined by a pair of sparkling eyes, 
and with the beauty of intelligence 
stamped on his countenance; courtly 
manners, quiet observation, and hab- 
itual reticence were his outward char- 
acteristics, 

‘‘Treating our author’s poems col- 


122 How To STUDY STRANGERS. 


lectively, we find their wording nat- 
ural, precise, and copious; the phrase- 
ology exact, clear, and compact— 
smooth or forcible as the subject may 


Yi } | 
WY YG GAY G YL AYN 


YY 
Yn 


Y y 
} Uf, 


Hi 
/ 
/ 
/ 
if 


EE 
NZ 
VIZ 


Hy 


ij 
/ 
/ 


Se 
——— 


SSS: 


SX 


SSS 


ring to it. Seldom do we encounter 
expletives, stilted expression, or bad 
metaphor, and similes he used spar- 


ingly.” 


=Ss 


SS S—, 


WY, 
YY 


FIG. 116. FITZ-GREENE HALLECK. 


require; the sentiment noble and as- 
piring, never misanthropic, mawkish, 
didactic, or metaphysical; the rhythm 
melodious with a clear and manly 


Halleck’s temperament with high 
quality in the direction of the mental 
side of development gave hima marked 
position in the direction of mental 


QUALITY OR PERFECTION OF TEMPERAMENT. 123 


effort, while the quality of endurance, 
hardihood and concentrated earnest- 
ness and energy would be generally 
recognized in M. Eiffel, Fig. 117. 
Fig. 117.—M. Eiffel, the celebrated 
French engineer, has a face and head 
which indicate’ power. The head is 
broad and massive, the features are 
heavy and firmly set, and the thought 


eye view of the beautiful city. That 
thought was copied but vastly im- 
proved upon in the great Ferris Wheel 
at the Columbian Exposition in Chi- 
cago in 1893, which, by its revolution, 
carrying car loads of people at a time, 
gave them an opportunity of rising in 
the open air to an elevation of two 
hundred and fifty feet, and then of 


of courage, force, fortitude and enter- 
prise seem related with what he is 
naturally inclined to do. He has be- 
come widely known among the engi- 
neers of France, and is President of 
the National Society of Engineers. 
His great work which has especial- 
ly attracted the attention of the world 
is the Eiffel Tower, a marked feature 
in the great Paris Exposition of 1889. 
It was a thousand feet high and was 
erected in the heart of Paris, was as- 
cended by means of elevators and 
gave the inhabitants and visitors an 
excellent opportunity of taking a bird's 


M. EIFFEL. 


gradually coming to the earth on the 
other.side of the wheel. One revolu- 
tion occupied about half an hour and 
gave visitors an opportunity for sur- 
veying leisurely the Fair grounds and 
Chicago, and it can ever be a _per- 
petual pleasure to the public as it can 
be enjoyed with perfect safety. 

It will be noticed that his head is 
broad through the region of the tem- 
ples where Constructiveness is loca- 
ted:—it is simply developed in a way 
which gives a mathematical type of 
thought. It is largely developed 
across the brows, in which region the 


organs of perception and judgment of 
proportion are situated. The organs 
which give memory are located across 
the middle of the forehead, and they 
are full and amply developed, and en- 
able him to carry in his thought viv- 
idly and continuously all the facts 
which culture and experience have 
given him. 

His intellect resembles that of his 
mother—it is intuitive and rapid in 


How To Strupy STRANGERS, 


idly which comes from that develop- 
ment, and then he has the masculine 
courage, force and fortitude which 
belong to the middle section of the 
head and the face. 

He looks as though he would make 
a good military leader, and especially 
a courageous and masterful engineer. 

Fig. 118.—In this portrait we see 
refinement and harmony of constitu- 
tion with a temperament favorable to 


We think that the middle 
of his face and the middle of his head 


its action. 


resemble his father. The nose is too 
large for the forehead and the cheek- 
bones are too broad and ample for 
the upper and lower sections of the 
face, hence we suppose that the mid- 
dle section of the head running over 
in a belt from one ear to that of the 
other, and the middle section of the 
face, from the eye to the mouth, be- 
long to the father. Hence he has 
the intuitive quickness of thought 
pertaining to the mother and the 
power of gathering knowledge rap- 


thought, practical ability, and espe- 
cially is he strongly marked in Con- 
structiveness and Ideality. So he 
was a natural inventor. The face 
has great delicacy combined with a 
good degree of strength; an expres- 
sion of sincerity, energy, earnestness, 
sympathy, prudence and power are all 
evinced in that head.and face. He 
had capacity to gather facts, and the 
reasoning power and the inventive 
talent combined to arrange them to 
the best advantage, so as to get the 
highest and best use of facts. He 
had large Order, good Calculation, 


QUALITY OR PERFECTION OF TEMPERAMENT. 125 


and also the musical sense. He had 
the signs of excellent memory, full- 
ness through the middle section of 
the forehead is manifested, while the 
lower part, which gathers knowledge, 
and the upper part, which knows the 
why and the wherefore respecting 
knowledge, gave him brilliancy of in- 
tellect, accuracy of thinking and act- 
ing, and the power of combining all 
his knowledge in an effective way to 
secure decided success. 

He was chief engineer on the ‘‘ Lake 
Shore Railroad,” and was well fitted 
for such a position. He had signs of 
a strong will, steadfastness, determi- 


nation and firmness of purpose. He 
was not arrogant and not given 
to sudden impulses of passion. He 


carried his intelligence with modesty, 
but expressed his thoughts with defi- 
niteness and clearness. Had he been 
devoted to literature he would have 
made his mark in that direction. His 
Language was more -accurate than 
copious, more specific in its expression 
and thought than ornate or fluent. 
He would have excelled as a manu- 
facturer, as a merchant or in the realm 
of science. He was a natural organ- 
izer and had the ability to do good 
work in any field where hisexperience 
gave him opportunity. He was edu- 
cated as an engineer at the Rensse- 
laer Polytechnic Institute, in the State 
of New York. He was employed in 
engineering on the Boston and Albany 
Railroad; the Cleveland, Cincinnati 
and Columbus Railway, and in the 
construction of the Painsville, Cleve- 
land and Nashville road. 

This portrait is introduced to show 
harmony of temperamentand of mental 
development and shows a great deal of 
refinement and susceptibility joined 
with vigor, earnestness and power. 
There is an indication of a high 
quality of constitution. 

He was born in 1821 and died in 
1876 from overwork and anxiety. 

Fig. 119.—This gentleman repre- 
sents in the main a well-balanced tem- 
perament, with the Vital a little in 
predominance. There is a good de- 


gree of the Motive temperament indi- 
cated by the strength of the features 
and the height of the head at the crown, 
and the Mental temperament is well 
represented, but it is not in excess. 
The Vital shows fullness of face, 
plumpness of figure and fullness of 
form. This organization would be 
ardent in its efforts and purposes, 
and at the same time steadfast and 
strong. In the development of the 


forehead we find a predominance of the 
observing faculties and an excellent 
development of the organs of memory, 


FIG, 119. GEN. WADE HAMPTON, 


Eventuality, Locality and Time; while 
he gathers knowledge rapidly, he re- 
tains it easily, and the reasoning intel- 
lect, chiefly developed in the faculty 
of Comparison, enables him to use his 
knowledge to a good advantage and 
apply it to affairs of life practically with 
decision and readiness. He isnot so 
much inclined toward the calm, cool, 
thoughtful, philosophical mode of work 
mentally as towards the intuitive, the 
practical and earnest. He is not very 
large in the faculties which give policy, 
prudence, economy and_ invention. 
He needs a little broader head to 
make him wise in secular matters and 
smooth and guarded in his statements 
and manifestations. 


126 


Fig. 120.—We present in this por- 
trait the President of the Royal Soci- 
ety of Art in England, an organiza- 
tion representing whatever is delicate, 
refined, chaste and cultured in the 
realm of art and literature. He may 
be said to have a. high quality of or- 
ganization and an even 
development of the or- 
gans of the mind and 
body. 

He has fineness and 
sensitiveness of quality, 
and a considerable degree 
of intensity. All his fea- 
tures show marks of re- 
fined culture; the nose is — 
classical, the lips are full, 
but not indicative of the 
voluptuous type. He 
has a full eye, showing 
amplitude of Language 
and ability to express 
himself easily. His Or- 
der being large, he is 
systematical ; Compari- 
son being strong, he in- 
clines to criticise and 
discriminate and finish 
nicely whatever he does. 
He has a high order 
of the Mental temper- 
ament, and enough of 
the Vital temperament to 
give it smoothness. Har- 
mony seems to pervade 
his whole being, as well 
the Physical as the Mental, and con- 
sistency of character would naturally 
be the outcome. His face, contrasted 
with that of Eiffel, is most marked. 
There is a lack of the ruggedness 
which the Motive and Vital tempera- 
ment impart. Yet, Sir Frederick is 
not lacking in strength and force, but 
it is not of the heroic type; it is not 
force that seeks an outlet and must 
have ‘it.. He has -a- tall: /top~ head, 
which gives him a moral and ambi- 
tious type of feeling; it gives him 
elevation and dignity without arro- 
gance. Hence, he has a high sense 
of character; he is mindful of every 
form of courtesy and propriety which 


FIG, 


I20, 


How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


belong to culture and good society, 
and a feeling of sensitiveness and 
refinement leads him to keep aloof 
from whatever is rugged, har 
and coarse. Such an organization 
belongs in the world of art and 
literature. 


SIR FREDERICK LEIGHTON, R.A. 


He would be a gardener rather than 
a farmer, a cabinet-maker rather than 
a carpenter, and an artist rather than 
a mechanic, and would be inclined to 
poetry and music rather than to di- 
dactic prose. 

Fitz-Greene Halleck has a_ fairly 
balanced temperament with an excess 
of the Mental; Eiffel shows the Motive 
in about equal prominence; Collins 
shows the Vital and Mental in the 
lead; in Hampton the Vital and Mo- 
tive seem stronger than the Mental; 
in Leighton there is a high order of 
the Mental with the Vital and Motive 
following as a background of sustain- 
ing power. . 


CHAPTER XIV. 


DIVERSITIES OF TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER. 


Fig. 121, Mrs. Celia Burleigh.—This 
gifted woman was widely known 
as a writer and speaker, and all who 
have heard her as a lecturer or asa 


profitable, as manifested through her 
writings, or through her magnetic 
presence. 

That open, earnest, honest face 


FIG, 121. 


preacher, or have read any of her 
spirited utterances, in either of these 
capacities, will remember it as a rich 
treat, and will recognize the fact that 
her spirit was companionable and 


MRS. CELIA BURLEIGH. 


indicates sincerity and earnestness, 
patience and faith. She was a friend 
of humanity, and labored to promote 
its happiness. Her intellectual vein 
was keen, her moral power was defi- 


128 


nite, influential and strong. She 
grasped truths and merged them into 
a logical form by a kind of intuition, 
that made it doubtful whether it was 
through logic or intuition that she 
reached the conclusions. She appreci- 
ated truth in any form, trusted, 
loved and aimed in every way to 
promote it. She had a loving, 
companionable spirit, was willing to 
defer her own pleasure for the comfort 
and happiness of others, and. not 
unfrequently divided what she had 
with those who needed it more than 
she did; and sought out occasion 
among the poor for opportunities to 
do good. 


She was sensitive in her moral: 


qualities, keenly appreciative to repu- 
tation, and was awake to everything 
that belonged to tenderness and 
sympathy. Her fine quality of organ- 
ization rendered her keenly alive to 
all that was joyous or otherwise, which 
made her liable to suffer more than 
she enjoyed, because she had such a 
living sympathy for suffering that she 
was attracted by it, and thus she 
bore a burden which was constantly 
wearing upon the nervous integrity. 

The following sketch is from the 
able pen of Mrs. Lyman, and is a 
just tribute to a gentle and brave 
woman: 

Mrs. Celia Burleigh was born in 
the year 1827. The circumstances 
of her early life were not such as 
seemed favorable to the cultiva- 
tion and development of the noble 
and beautiful talent with which 
she was endowed, and though she 
promised some of her intimate 
friends an account of her early life, 
yet so trying were its experiences 
that she could not lift the curtain on 
the scenes she had passed through, 
even that her friends might know 
what she had endured and done. 
But from all her trials she came 
forth a noble, pure, philanthropic 
woman, able tosympathize with the 
sorely tempted, to encourage the 
struggling and to speak words of 
cheer and consolation and stimulus to 


How To STuDY STRANGERS, 


her sisters who were wrestling with - 
problems in practical life which she 
had wrestled with and conquered. ~ 
Mrs. Burleigh was thrice married. 
Her last marriage with Mr. Willtam 
H. Burleigh was very felicitous. In 
him she found an appreciative no less 
than a kind and affectionate husband. 
Between the intervals of her first and 
second marriages she wrote for the 
press under the name of ‘‘ Celia,” 
and a volume of her poems was 
published, which was very favorably 
noticed by the critics. Both before 
and after her marriage with Mr. Bur- 
leigh she made the acqaintance of 
many women of culture and talent, 
among whom she at once took a 
prominent place, and found, at last, 
congenial association and that inspira- 
tion which, if she had enjoyed it in 
early life, would have enabled her to 
make a brilliant mark in the world of 
letters. Both before and after her 
marriage she was identified with the 
women’s movement, was known as a 
suffragist, a reformer and a writer of 
no little ability. -She took an active 
part in organizing the Women’s Club 
in Brooklyn, N. Y., a purely literary 
association, composed of some of the 
best cultured women of the day, of 
which she was chosen the first presi- 
dent. She was also a prominent 
member of Sorosis, and the success 
which attended her first efforts at 
speaking there led her to feel that she 
could work effectually for good in 
that way. ‘Though her lectures were 
received with great favor, it was not 
till after the death of her husband 
that she seriously thought of a pro- 
fessionalcareer. The more she wrote 
and spoke the more evident it became 
that she was elected to the ministry 
by the quality and working of her 
mind, and that she had a call to preach 
was Clear from the call that so mary 
had to hear her. In 1871, after 
much hesitation, she accepted a Call 
toa parish in Brooklyn, Conn., and 
was ordained as apastor. At last she 
felt that she had found her place, and 
worked with brave and beautiful 


DIVERSITIES OF TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER. 


fidelity to her trust fora little over 
two years. Soon after her installation 
the disease of which she died began 
to develop itseli, but she enjoyed her 
work so much that she kept at her 
post until forced to retire. ‘‘I had 
just found my place,” she said, ‘‘I 
had been seeking so long that it seems 
very hard to go away from it so 
soon.”’ 

She placed herself under medical 
treatment at the Home, at Dansville, 
Livingston County, N. Y., but for 
her disease (cancer) there was no 
cure, and she was removed to the 
care and loving ministrations of 
friends in Syracuse, N. Y., where she 
died, July 25th, 1875. 

Mrs. Burleigh was tall, graceful 
and dignified in her look and manner. 
Her face was an index to her soul, 
and no one could look upon it, so full 
of human sympathy, of generous 
enthusiasm and of faith in men and 
women, and not be drawn towards her. 
The fascination she exerted upon per- 
sons of her own sex was wonderful. 
She was not an original or a deep 
thinker, but she had a remarkable 
ability for assimilating the best 
thoughts and sentiments of others, 
and of seeing and declaring the 
natural consequences of right and 
wrong-doing in individuals and States. 
As a speaker she was simple and 
modest, but impressive and thoroughly 
in earnest, appealing to those great 
reserves of moral energy in whose 
existence in every soul she had 
unbounded faith. Mrs. Burleigh 
was for several years a member of 
the Second Unitarian Church, of 
Brooklyn, N. Y., and the church of 
which she was the beloved pastor was 
of that denomination. She has left 
many warm and loving friends, and 
though she has ceased from her 
labors, the influence of her noble, 
womanly utterances, her brave ex- 
ample, and the heroism she showed 
in overcoming to the end, keeps her 
memory green in the hearts of all 
who knew her. 


129 

Fig. 122. Miss Thompson is a 
healthy, vigorous study, and from the 
Outline of her head and face we judge 
she resembles her father more than 
her mother. She appears to have, 
however, her mother’s instinctive in- 
tuition, but her father’s will-power, 
force, independence and other traits 
of character. Below the eyes the 
face is masculine, but above the eye- 
brows the forehead is feminine, deal- 
ing in facts and details, and giving to 
the mind a sharp and keen relish for 
the things which belong to her sur- 
roundings; also quick perception, 
prompt decision, ready criticism and 
definiteness of thought and purpose 
If the fashion of dressing the hair 
were such as existed when her mother 
was young, laid smoothly to the head 
and giving adequate expression to all 
the phrenological developments, it 
would be easier to indicate to the 
observer the strong characteristics, 
which are so readily seen in the face. 

She early reached a mark which 
signalized her career in the world of 
art, and her choice of subjects, being 
of a military and national character, 
has probably had a great deal to do 
with her popularity. Nevertheless, 
to win attention, they must be treated 
with taste and skill, which must come 
from strength of character joined 
with artistic capability. 

Her head is broad, her face strong 
and the crown of the head high, and 
the influence of these developments 
doubtless led her to select subjects 
such as ‘*‘ The Roll Call,” ‘‘ Charge 
of the Light Brigade,” subjects more 
likely to invite the pencil of the 
masculine rather than of the feminine 
artist. Hers is a courageous and 
critical nature, and when aroused by 
that which inspires her enthusiasm, 
she treats the subject with vigor, and 
through her artistic skill she manifests 
these strong points of character. 
Though work of hers had _ been 
exhibited in the Royal Academy 
Exhibition, much attention was ex- 
cited by the exhibition of her picture 
entitled ‘‘ Roll Call, After an Engage- 


130 


How To Stupy STRANGERS, 


ment in the Crimea.” This picture 
found a place on the walls of the 
Royal Academy in the Spring of 1874, 
and the vigor of the composition, 
especially the treatment in the draw- 


Her idargei, Perceptiyes.) tendsit0 
make her interested in her surround- ~ 
ings, and her strong courage, execu- 
tive force and self-reliance combine 
to give her ability to express power 


FIG, 122, MISS ELIZABETH THOMPSON, PAINTER. 


ing of the horses and the management 
of the color, were too expressive not 
to command notice. The Prince of 
Wales and the Duke of Cambridge 
were much pleased with the picture, 


and commented openly upon its 
merits, and their royal approval 
helped to make Miss Thompson 


famous. 

The temperament has enough of 
the Motive or the bilious in it to give 
strength and positiveness to her 
entire character. 


in her artistic work:—and when 
feminine sentiment and sympathy 
combine with masculine vigor and 
force, woman is able to evince ele- 
ments in literature, art, mechanism 
and in oratory which command atten- 
tion, as is shown in the work of Har- 
riet Hosmer and Rosa Bonheur in 
art, Maria Mitchell -in astronomy, 
Madame De Stael and Mrs. Stowe in 
literature, Charlotte Cushman and 
Fanny Kemble Butler in the drama, 
or Louise Kellogg and Patti in music, 


DIVERSITIES OF TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER. 131 


Fig. 123, Mrs. Clemence S. Lozier. 
—This remarkable woman was distin- 
guished for a constitution of high 
quality, combined with great endur- 
ance. She was amply endowed with 
the Vital and the Mental tempera- 
ments. The face was full, the head 
large and the forehead especially 


flinching from duty, or retreating from 
effort which was necessary to secure 
the success of her purposes, and to 
work out the good she desired to do 
in behalf of others. 

She had large Order, which gave 
her system and regularity of action. 
She had large Mirthfulness, which 


FIG, 123, CLEMENCE SOPHIA LOZIER, M.D. 


broad, high and massive, showing 
varied and vigorous talent. The top 
head indicated a great deal of moral 
power, integrity, steadfastness, rever- 
ence, hope and faith. She was 
remarkable for her agreeableness of 
manner and for the smoothness and 
pliability of her spirit, while at the 
same time there was a steady strength 
which enabled her to lead and govern 
those who came within the sphere 
of her influence. She made friends 
with everybody, and yet there was no 


brightened her countenance and 
cheered her way in her intercourse 
with the world. MHer logical power 
was such as to qualify her to plan her 
course wisely, and she had an excel- 
lent memory which enabled her to 
carry in her mind the knowledge she 
possessed, and she had great facility 
in imparting her knowledge in an 
agreeable and thorough way, and was 
thus a natural teacher. 

Those who had the pleasure of her 
acquaintance, and who enjoyed her 


132 How To STupY STRANGERS. 


confidence and affection, remember 
her for the traits which are domestic, 
social, loving and good. 

We derive our biographical facts 
from a memorial pamphlet prepared 
by “her: friends)” which |“ we rare 
permitted to use. 

Mrs. Clemence 8. Lozier, M.D., was 
born Dec. 11th, 1813, in Plainfield, 
N. J., and was the youngest of thir- 
teen children. 

She was an orphan at the age of 
eleven years. Her early education 
was acquired at the Plainfield 
Academy, and in 1829 she married 
Mr. Abraham W. Lozier, an architect 
and builder, of New York. Her 
husband becoming an invalid, she 
opened a school for young ladies in 
1832. This she conducted until 
1843. 

Soon after the death of her husband 
she associated with Mrs. Margaret 
Pryor as a visitor for the Moral 
Reform and Female Guardian Society, 
now known as the Home for the 
Friendless. She was also one of the 
editors of the Moral Reform Gazette. 
Her attention had early been directed 
to the study of medicine, by the fact 
that several of her relatives were 
physicians, and her tastes and _ incli- 
nations led her to desire a medical 
education for herself. 

In 1849 she attended lectures at the 
Eclectic College, in Rochester, N.Y., 
and was graduated with the highest 
honor of her class from the New York 
Central Medical College, in Syracuse, 
N.Y., in March, 1853, as no college 
of either of the dominant schools at 
that time permitted women to study 
medicine. 

In 1853 she began to practice in 
this city, and continued active in her 
profession until her death. 

Starting from a _ laborious work 
among the poor, she soon entered 
upon a most extensive professional 
practice, and such was her skill, in 
both medicine and surgery, that in 
1864, and several years following, 
her practice returned her over $25,- 
ooo yearly, For some years she had 


the field, where the services of a 
skilled female physician were required, 
almost to herself, as there were but 
few, and none so distinguished to 
share it with her. 

She not only became noted asa suc- 
cessful obstetrician, but attained dis- 
tinction in general surgery, especially 
inthe removal of tumors, often, where 
the ligature did not promise success, 
resorting to the surgeon's knife or the 
ecraseur; frequently performing 
grave, capital operations without the 
aid of counsel, preferring to rely en- 
tirely upon her own skill. Dr. Val- 
entine Mott declared that many asur- 
geon would have shrunk back ap- 
palled at the thought of performing 
some of the operations she undertook 
without dividing the responsibility 
with another. 

Few have had such marked success 
in the treatment of diseases of women, 
and few practitioners have derived 
such pecuniary benefits. Her intui- 
tive discernment, quick sympathy, 
gracious tactand gentle patience, add- 
ed to her inherited talent for the prac- 
tice of medicine, fully fitted her for 
her profession. 

On April 24th, 1888, Dr. Lozier, as 
Dean, delivered an address at the com- 
mencement of the Medical College, 
and on Wednesday, the 25th, attended 
the annual meeting of the Alumneze 
Association, of which she was an hon- 
orary member. 

On Thursday,the 26th of April,she 
was also engaged with friends and 
patients. In the evening she com- 
plained of fatigue and retired to bed 
early. About nine o’clock she sum- 
moned her maid, telling her that she 
feared an attack of angina, having 
suffered from angina pectoris for 
some years. She was very restless 
and uneasy, until ten minutes after 
ten, when she suddenly ceased to 
breathe. She passed out of this life 
without a pain or a struggle, leaving 
a thousand grateful and tender mem- 
ories among those who had been bene- 
fitted by her skill and guided by her 
wisdom, 


DIVERSITIES OF TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER, 133 


Fig. 124, General Count Von Cap- 
rivi, the German Chancellor, was born 
in Berlin, Feb. 24, 1831. He entered 


the army in 1849,and was made a cap- 
In 1883 he was made 


tain in 1861. 


ments. His features, being small, 
show but a medium degree of the Mo- 
tive temperament. The front head 
shows abundant intellectual sagacity, 
and power of analysis and criticism, 


FIG. 124. GEN. GEO. VON CAPRIVI, GERMAN CHANCELLOR. 


Secretary of the Navy and Vice-Ad- 
miral, and made many improvements 
in the service. 

William II. reorganized the Navy 
Department in a way that Caprivi did 
not like, and asa consequence he re- 
signed and was given command of the 
Tenth Army Corps. By an unexpect- 
ed stroke of fortune he received the 
Chancellorship on May 20, 1890, when 
Prince Bismarck retired. He was re- 
warded with the title of Count in De- 
cember, 1891. 

He is a man of large frame, good 
stature, ample vital power, and has a 
large and well balanced brain. Thus 
he has the Vital and Mental tempera- 


the ability to gather knowledge accur- 
ately and to keep it ready for use. 
Then he has large Comparison and 
Causality, which enables him to ana- 
lyze subjects, and to theorize soundly 
and wisely upon the facts that he ac- 
quires. He is exceedingly broad in 
theregion of the temples, which indi- 
cates inventive, creative ingenuity, 
ability to comprehend affairs en masse 
orin detail,to appreciate the relations 
of forces to results, of things to their 
uses, and to understand complica- 
tion without confusion, just as a skill- 
ful weaver will look at a piece of 
complicated textile fabric, and at 
once see how he canreproduceit in the 


134 How To STUDY STRANGERS, 


loom. He has also large Ideality, 
which is connected with Constructive- 
ness in its action, hence he has inven- 
tion, power to create resources from 
given conditions, and if he shall not 
prove to be a master in diplomacy, as 
he is doubtless a master in the evolu- 
tion and control of troops, we shall 
be disappointed. 

We infer from the development 
that General Von Caprivi has excellent 
financial capability, and would show 
skill in managing the revenues of a 
nation, making what is drawn from 
the people in the way of taxation sub- 
serve the public interest. As a busi- 
ness man he would conduct manufact- 
ures and workshops in such a way 
as to make good articles at as small 
expenditure of capital and labor as 
any other man in such lines of busi- 
ness. He is a man of wonderful 
order, systematizes everything and 
makes all act together like clockwork. 
He has refinement and good taste, a 
ready sympathy for those in trouble, 
and a strong tendency to spirituality 
and religious feeling. He ought to 
be an accurate talker so far as defin- 
iteness, clearness and vigor of style 
are required. The head is decidedly 
broad in the central region, and we 
credit him with force, courage and 
enterprise, and at the same time give 
hima good degree of secretiveness. In 
affairs of state he would be able to 
act with proper reticence and con- 
cealment when necessary. If wehad 
a side view of the head, showing the 
back part, we could judge better of 
his social and aspiring disposition. 
As it is, from the attitude and expres- 
sion, we are inclined to regard him as 
a man of ambitious and dignified tend- 
encies, aiming to keep himself clean, 
upright, and moral in his work and 
demeanor. He seems to be hopeful, 
firm, honest and thorough. There is 
less of the sternness of expression, 
and of that which may be called 
roughness and hardness of feature 
than have been attributed to his great 
predecessor, Prince Bismark. 


Fig. 125.—Mr. Girard, the richest 
man in America in his day, whose 
wealth was entirely self-made, as a 
crowning act of his life founded and 
endowed the Girard College in Phila- 
delphia. He was born in Bordeaux, 
France, May: 21, 1750; ":settled* in 
Philadelphia early in life, conducted 
an importing and banking business, 
bought real estateand improved some 
of it, and died in that city Dec. 26, 
1831, leaving an estate at the time 
estimated at thirty millions, since 
greatly enhanced in value. 

He had a compact, wiry organiza- 
tion, fine intellect; great Order, Cal- 
culation, and business talent; was 
independent in feeling; very firm, 
and master of all who came under 
his influence. He began life as a 
sailor, and became the richest man in 
America, and he was distinguished 
for his excellent sense and unflinch- 
ing integrity. 


ANECDOTES OF MR GIRARD. 


We have been told that Mr. Gir- 
ard would plan twenty brick houses, 
describe the style and dimensions of 
everything, make out their specifica- 
tions and estimates for material, and 
so carefully and accurately would he 
do this, that a cart at one load would 
carry off all that was valuable which 
might be left over from the whole 
work. A man applied to him for 
work; he called him to his rear win- 
dow and pointed out a pile of brick 
in the yard, and told him to move 
them to the opposite corner and pile 
them up nicely; the man asked for 
neither hod nor wheelbarrow, but 
laid them on his arm, finished 
his work, and reported. Mr. Girard 
went to the window and saw it was 
done, and told him to move them 
back; and thus he ordered him to do 
until night. When he came the next 
morning, Mr. Girard having found in 
him a man that would obey his orders 
without question, and do his work 
patiently and well, placed him where 
he could havetraining in his general 
business, and ina few months had 


DIVERSITIES OF TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER, 


135 


charge of all his outdoor work, the 
man who had been so employed hav- 
ing given notice that he would like 
to terminate his engagement. He 
having thus tried, perhaps a dozen 
times, with failure, found a man that 


FIG. 125. 


ne liked, who would obey and ask no 
questions. 

Mr. Girard indentured all his clerks 
in his warehouse and bank. One had 
been earnest and faithful, and had 
worn himself down in health; he 
came and informed Mr. Girard that 
he believed his indenture was com- 
pleted. The old gentleman hauled 
out the paper, studied it carefully, 
and wrote the words, “ Faithfully 
fulfilled’ across its face, and signed 
his name. The young man asked, 
‘* What had I better do now ?”’ *‘ You 
had better go and learn the cooper’s 
trade; and, at such a place, there isa 


shop, at which you had better apply.” 
He did so, made a contract for two 
years, and when he had fulfilled his 
indenture, he brought that back, and 
showed is as ‘‘satisfied.”” ‘* All 
right,” said Mr. Girard, ‘‘make two 


STEPHEN GIRARD, MERCHANT AND MILLIONAIRE, 


barrels for me and bring them here.” 
He went back to the shop and made 


two barrels, brought them on a 
wheelbarrow and rolled them in. 
Mr. Girard turned them over and 


over, studied them with a sharp eye, 
and was satisfied; asking the price, 
was informed that they were worth a 
dollar apiece; he said, ‘‘ Henry, step 
up to your old desk and make out the 
bill and receipt it,” which being pre- 
sented and carefully scanned, Mr. 
Girard drewhim a check for $20,000. 
The young man then said, ‘‘ What 
shall I do now?” ‘‘Go up to such a 
store and hire it and go into such a 


136 


How To Stupy STRANGERS, 


line of merchandise, lay out $10,000 
for goods, deposit the balance in my 
bank.” The young man had learned 
a good ¢rade and had gained robust 
health, and was then ready to go into 
business for himself. Those who 
did right by Mr. Girard, liked him; 
those who tried to be unfair, incurred 
his ill-will and perhaps hated him. 

Stephen Girard had seen so much 
of flattery that he prided himself in 
not being susceptible to flattery. A 
friend and admirer of his, talking 
with another man, said that there was 
one man in the world that could not 
be flattered. «The man offered a 
wager that he, being a fine conver- 
sationalist, could flatter even Girard. 
They paid him avisit; Girard’s friend 
introduced the stranger, who entered 
into an easy and appropriate conver- 
sation and gradually culminated it at 
a point which Girard saw was intended 
as a flattery to him, and he frowned 
upon it. The man begged pardon 
and started on another artful circuit; 
he talked like a Chesterfield, charm- 
ingly, and as he was about to 
culminate his discourse in  flat- 
tery Girard saw it and frowned 
again. ‘he  ‘manw tried iteqetiurd 
time with the same result, and 
then straightened up and said, ‘‘ Mr. 
Girard, I hope you will pardon me. 
This friend of mine, and your friend, 
in conversation insisted upon it in 
contradiction to my expressed opinion, 
that there was one man in the world 
who could not be flattered, and I laid 
a wager that I could flatter you, and 
I believe myself to be a good talker. 
I have exhausted my resources, and 
I give it up, for I find, Sir, that there 
really is one man in the world that 
cannot be flattered,” and Girard tilted 
his head back and to one side and 
smiled; he saw in the stranger's face 
a look of triumph and appreciated the 
fact that he was flattered by the 
thought that he could not be flattered, 
and they hurried out of his presence 
to avoid an outburst of wrath. 

Mr. Girard was eccentric and er- 
ratic, but always sensible and just. 


Philadelphia bristles with anecdotes 
respecting his peculiarities, one of 
which is too good to be lost. 

In his day the Methodist church 
was not very wealthy, and in a new 
district of the city a society desired 
to build a house of worship. They 
called on Mr. Girard; he considered 
their poverty and gave $1,500 A 
Presbyterian church desired to build, 
and Mr. Girard was called on for as- 
sistance, and he drewa check for $500 
and handed it to the man, who said: 
‘‘Why, Mr. Girard, you gave to the 
Methodists $1,500, and we supposed 
you would give us an equal amount.” 
*“‘Give.it.to me,” said’ Mr. Girard. 
The man handed him the check; he 
tore it up and silently pointed towards 
the door, and the man left. 

Still later a Quaker society desired 
to build a new house better than the 
little one they occupied, and one of 
the brethren called on Mr. Girard, 
stating what they were trying to do, 
and that they thought he would per- 
haps be willing to give them some- 
thing. Hedrew acheck for $500 and 
handed it to the brother, who took it 
and, without looking at it, folded it 
and put itinto his pocket. ‘‘What!” 
exclaimed Mr. Girard, ‘‘you do not 
look at my check?” ‘‘Friend Steph- 
en” answered the brother, ‘* what 
thee does is satifactory without my 
inspection.’»._‘‘Give;me zeercheckss 
said Mr. Girard. The Quaker handed 
him the check, and Mr. Girard then 
drew a check for a thousand dollars, 
handed it to the brother, who again 
folded it without looking at it,and put 
it into hispocket. ‘*You do not look 
at zee check?” reiterated Mr. Girard. 
“‘No, Stephen,” said the Quaker, ‘‘it 
is thy work, thee does it to suit thy- 
self and it suits us.” ‘‘Give me zee 
check,” said Mr. Girard. The Quaker 
took the check out of his pocket 
and handed it to Mr. Girard, who 
then drew one for $1,500, and gave 
it to the brother, who, thanking him, 
treated it in the same way as he had 
treated the others, and then Stephen 
let him go off with it. 


CHAPTER XV. 


PERSONS OF EMINENT SUCCESS A PUBLIC BENEFIT. 


N every age a few persons by force 
of genius, talent or powerful char- 
acter, rise above the level of the rest 
and make themselves conspicuous 
marks of historic interest, and master- 
ful benefactors of their race. Before 
the modern craze for high houses 
which piled up structures in cities 
twenty stories high, the church spires 
were the first objects seen of a dis- 
tant city,—and the men of eminent 
capabilities in those cities, like the 
spires of the churches, were alike ele- 
vated in public esteem. 

Greatness is not all comprehended 
in the word talent, which refers to 
the intellectual and to the esthetical 
elements; nor is it due to mere physi- 
cal strength, although some become 
notorious through it, like the athletic 
giant or the master bullock in a drove 
of buffaloes. Greatness is sometimes 
attributable to superior moral eleva- 
tion, and sometimes, too, greatness 
means capability in a practical way. 
In other cases the governing spirit, the 
masterful energies involving courage, 
pride, determination and thorough- 
ness, make aman conspicuous. Some- 
times, too, the social affections wed a 
man to the world’s admiration, and 
make hisname immortal. Greatness, 
therefore, may have diverse sources 
of manifestation. 

No field of contemplation is more 
interesting and pleasant than that of 
biography, as it relates to the men 
and women of the world who have 


made themselves known for useful © 


and dominant qualifications in the 
business world, It is interesting for 
the great masses to recognize and to 


render a kind of submissive homage 
to the power in some men that can 
push civilization into the wilderness, 
that can span rivers, traverse oceans 
and control mills and machinery, and 
so widen human prosperity and 
enlarge human achievements. 

Fig. 126, Cornelius Vanderbilt, was 
called the ‘‘ Railroad King,” but pre- 
viously, while he was devoting himself 
to ships and water navigation, he 
acquired the name of ‘‘ Commodore,” 
not by the regular line of promotion, 
for he promoted himself, and he was 
commodore before he was 18 years 
old. He rode the bay and harbor in 
darkness and in storm when others 
dared not venture forth, and later as 
a steamboat man his talent and pluck 
made him seem a commodore. It is 
doubtful whether this country has 
ever raised a man who had as much 
comprehensive business’ capability 
combined with such practical tact 
and executive courage as Commodore 
Vanderbilt. He had not the culture 
of the schools, nor the polish of the 
salons of fashion, but he was among 
men the master. If he lacked learn- 
ing, he knew somebody who pos- 
sessed it, and paid him well for 
the use of it. He understood human 
character as well as any man of his 
day, and how to impress his own 
personality, his thoughts and his 
purposes upon men of capability. He 
knew how to select men for positions, 
and how to be the controlling spirit of 
their efforts. He was six feet high, 
weighed 180 pounds, and hadas good 
a temperament and constitution as 
could be found in ten millions of 


138 


people, and originally and naturally, 
he was a many-sided man, and able 
to cope with men of eminent ability. 
He was not a scholar in mathematics, 
in chemistry, in literature or science, 
but he had wonderful common sense, 
and the power to adapt what mankind 
knew to the practical duties relating 
to success in life. That tall head 
indicated wonderful Firmness and 
strong Conscientiousness, He had 
ambition and _ self-reliance, Self- 
esteem ruling over Approbativeness. 
He had Benevolence enough to make 
him generous; he had a strong intel- 
lectual endowment. Across the brow 
the head was prominent; he took in 
all the details. His memory was 
capital, and his ability to classify, to 
use his comparison in choosing the 
best and adjusting that which was 
not desirable, was instinctive, and 
nearly faultless. His Human Nature 
was eminently developed; he knew 
how to study men, how to select 
them, and how to relate himself to 
them so as to get them allied to his 
interests in the best way. He had 
large Language, and though he made 
no speeches, he talked to the point, 
and people knew what he was talking 
about. His head was broad enough to 
give him courage and force, and his 
temperament was such as to enable 
him to manufacture healthy blood 
and vivify the whole system to do the 
hard work of life, and the thinking 
that belongs to the guidance of hard 
work and complicated business. He 
was aman of wonderful activity, as 
well as courage, and his intellect was 
undimmed at 83 years of age, when 
he died from a local difficulty. Ifthe 
true history of Mr. Vanderbilt could 
be set forth, it would scarcely be 
credited outside of the realm of his 
own enterprise and acquaintance. No 
doubt there is much in blood, in origi- 
nal capability and tendency as ap- 
plied to human achievements. He- 
redity does not all begin and end with 
horse flesh and game _ chickens. 
Talent, skill, and hard work were the 
basis of Vanderbilt’s success, and 


How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


that wonderful vitality which enabled 
him to maintain his clearness of 
thought and his power to old age. 
His hair was dark, as were also his 
eyes. He had a fresh complexion, 
and looked as healthy as a youth of 
18 when he had passed his 75th year. 
He wasa long headed thinker,a quick 
and accurate observer, and remarka- 
bly intuitive in forming business judg- 
ments, and he had the courage of his 
convictions. 

He was born on Staten Island, May 
27th, 1794. His father wasa farm- 
er, and carried the products of his 
farm to the little town of New York 
by water. He finally established a 
ferry, and Cornelius spent most of 
his time on the water. He carried 
pleasure parties to picnic places, 
boarded ships, for there were no 
steam tugs in those days, and in 
heavy Winter storms anxious ship 
owners sought out the youthful Van- 
derbilt to enable them to communi- 
cate with their incoming ships. At 
eighteen years of age he found him- 
self part-owner and captain of one of 
the largest periaugers in the harbor. 
During the war of 1812 he rendered 
material service in furnishing sup- 
plies by night to the forts about New 
York. At one time during the war, 
in September, 1813, the British fleet 
had endeavored to penetrate the port 
during a severe southeasterly storm, 
just before day, but were repulsed 
from Sandy Hook. After the can- 
nonading was over it was important 
that some of the officers should pro- 
ceed to headquarters to report the 
occurrence and obtain the necessary 
reinforcements. The storm was fear- 
ful, and all felt that there was but 
one person capable of undertaking 
the trip; accordingly young Vander- 
bilt was sought out, and upon being 
asked if he could take the party up, 
he replied promptly, ‘‘ Yes, but I 
shall have to carry them under water 
part of the way.’’ They went with 
him, and when they landed there was 
not a dry thread on the party. The 
next day the garrison was reinforced. 


PuBLIC BENEFACTORS. 139 


The same year he married Sophia 
Johnson and movedto New York. As 
a boatman, atthe age of twenty- 
three, he was making $5,000 year, but 
perceiving that steam would soon be- 
come the great agent of navigation, he 
‘studied its application to motive 
power, and for that purpose he 


to $5,000 or more if money was 
his object. But Vanderbilt had 
thought well before he decided 
on the step he was about to take, and 
at once refused the offer. Finally 
Gibbons told him that he could not 
run the line without him, and he said: 
‘*There, Vanderbilt, take all the 


FIG, 


entered the service of “homas Gib- 
bons, then proprietor of a line of 
steamboats running between New 
York and Philadelphia,and took com- 
mand of a smallsteamer. Vander- 
bilt remained in his employment about 
twelve years. He now felt at liberty 
to look after his own interests more 
closely, and he desired to commence 
business on his own account. There- 
fore, in 1829, he informed Mr. Gib- 
bons of his plan to leave him. ‘You 
must not,” he replied, ‘‘I cannot 
carry on this line aday without you.” 
He then offered to increase his salary 


126—COMMODORE VANDERBILT. 


property and pay me asyou can make 
the money.” This tempting offer 
was also declined, as he was unwilling 
to put himself under any obligation to 
any one. Now Captain Vanderbilt 
was his own master, and the next 
twenty years of his life we must pass 
over rapidly. During this period he 
built a very large number of steam- 
boats and established steamboat lines 
on the Hudson, Long Island Sound, 
and elsewhere, in opposition to cor- 
porations and companies having a 
monopoly of the trade. He built bet- 
ter and faster boats than his com- 


140 


petitors, and run them at the lowest 
paying rates, thus furnishing passen- 
gers the best and cheapest accommo- 
dations. 

About 1850 the Nicaragua Transit 
Company was organized, and Mr. 
Vanderbilt was chosen president. The 
object of the company was to find 
a shorter route to California than by 
way of Cape Horn, and Vander- 
bilt planned a route so that steam- 
ships were sent to the Pacific to run 
in the line from the harbor of San 
Juan del Sur to San Francisco, and 
soon the entire line was in eff- 
cient operation. In 1853, Vander- 
bilt having become a man of great 
wealth, built his celebrated steam- 
ship, the ‘‘North Star,” in which 
he took a tour to Europe with 
his family, and everywhere the vessel, 
with her splendid appointments, elic- 
ited profound attention. The ‘‘ North 
Star’’ was the first steamer with a 
beam-engine to cross the Atlantic, 
and the English people treated him as 
a commodore. In 1862, when the 
Government needed a large addition 
to its Navy to aid in carrying out its 
operations, Commodore Vanderbilt 
illustrated the nature of his whole- 
souled patriotism by making a free 
gift of thissplendid ship to the United 
States. He built and owned exclu- 
sively himself, upward of a hundred 
steamboats and steamships, and never 
had the misfortune to lose one of 
them by accident. In 1865, seeing 
that the railroad interest was to be 
the major factor of the world’s trans- 
portation, he sold all that were left of 
his vessels and transferred the greater 
portion of his wealth to railroads. 
He bought the Harlem Railroad, 
which was run down and never had 
been more than half built, as was the 
case with most other railroads of that 
day. He reorganized it, put his mas- 
ter spirit into it and made it a paying 
concern, and thus it was arival of the 
Hudson River Railroad. 

The owners of this road desired Mr. 
Vanderbilt to take charge of it, in 
order to secure its success, and we 


How To Stupy STRANGERS, 


have heard the story that he said to 
them: ‘‘Gentlemen, I do not have 
any partners, if you want me to man- 
age your property, sell me fifty-one 
per cent. of it.” And they were very 
glad to do it; so they made Vander- 
bilt president of the road, and he in 
return made the road one of the best 
on the Continent. The stockholders 
of the Hudson River Railroad were 
entirely willing that he should manage 
everything exactly as he pleased, they 
knew that he was better able todo so 
than the rest of them, and they knew, 
moreover, that he was honest and 
that they could trust him. 

Mr. Vandefbilt desired to come into 
the heart of New York city with the 
northern trains, and there must needs 
be a great railway station. To get it 
on equitable terms, and doa great pub- 
lic benefaction at the same time, he 
planned a method of achieving it. 
The story is told in this way. Some- 
where up in the mountain gorges near 
the Erie Railroad, a man living away 
from the Delaware river had a farm, 
which was never worth more than 
five thousand dollars. One corner of 
his farm ran over the mountain side, 
and was so steep that a goat could 
not climb it either way, and at the 
foot of this there was about one-third 
of an acre of ground which the Erie 
Railroad wanted fora watering station ; 
and this man would not sell this third 
of an acre for less than five thousand 
dollars, and the whole farm, of which 
that was a part, was never worth a 
cent more than that sum. A bill was 
then drawn up for enactment in the 
Legislature, and read thus: ‘‘ Whereas 
railway traffic needs more than mere 
right of way for their track, they need 
also room for stations, watering 
tanks, turn outs, and the like, There- 
fore be it enacted that, if a railway 
desires such facilities and cannot 
come to terms with the owners thereof, 
a petition to the Supreme Court for a 
commission of dis-interested parties 
to assess the value of such lands 
shall be appointed, and their decision, 
when confirmed by the Supreme Court, 


PuBLIC BENEFACTORS. 


shall be final.’”’ ‘That secured the 
patch of land for the Erie Railroad. 
The ink was hardly dry when Mr. 
Vanderbilt went up to Forty-second 
street, New York, and had planned 
to have the owner of a row of tene- 
ment houses come there to see if 
they could arrange abouta sale of the 
property. Mr. Vanderbilt asked the 
owner: ‘‘How much do you ask for 
this property ?”’ ‘‘It is not for sale,”’ 
said the man. ‘‘ Well, what will you 
take for it?” ‘*I do not want to 
sell it,’ said the man. Mr. Vander- 
bilt then offered him acertain amount, 
but the man declined the offer, and 
Mr. Vanderbilt went away. The next 
day there were half a dozen men on 
the ground with crow-bars taking up 
the sidewalk. Of course, the owner 
of the property was sent for, and he 
came frothing with anger, and wanted 
to know what they were doing. Mr. 
Vanderbilt looked him quietly in the 
face and said: ‘‘I am going to build 
a depot here, these houses are in the 
way, and so they will have to be 
removed.” ‘‘ But I have not said 
that I would sell them,” said the 
man. Mr. Vanderbilt then said: 
‘* Do not let us have any words on the 
street, go to your lawyer, tell him 
what is happening and he will tell you 
your rights, but there is going to bea 
depot here, you may understand 
that.’”’ The next day the owner of 
the property came to Mr. Vanderbilt 
and told him he would sell the prop- 
erty, but Mr. Vanderbilt then said: 
‘*No, Imade you aliberal offerand you 
declined it, now we will let the law 
take its course.” He then stopped 
his work there, for that had only been 
commenced to bring the matter up. 
The Court appointed a commission, 
who assessed the property for more 
than it was worth, but for consider- 
ably less than Mr. Vanderbilt had 
offered in the beginning, The Grand 
Central Station is now the pride of 
New York. 

As an evidence of the Buble confi- 
dence in Mr. Vanderbilt, and as a 
testimonial of the power of his 


141 


character, as well as of its integrity, 
when the railroad from Harlem to 
Forty-second street was to be sunken 
below the surface, the city of New 
York had her engineers and Vander- 
bilt had his. They ascertained as 
well as they could the cost of the 
enterprise, and the city of New York 
requested Mr. Vanderbilt to go for- 
ward with the work and sink the road. 
The city of New York was to bear one- 
third and Mr. Vanderbilt two-thirds 
of the expense, and the authorities of 
the city went to Mr. Vanderbilt and 
asked him to build it and do all the 
work as it should be done, to keep 
an account of expenses, and then to 
render the bill to the city for one-third 
of the amount, and they would pay it. 
As we understand it, the bill for the 
city to pay was a million dollars, and 
they had the confidence in him to 
believe that every cent of the cost 
would be wisely expended and faith- 
fully reported, and this one fact is a 
memorable tribute to his capacity 
and to his integrity, and’ of the 
wise confidence which the public 
reposed in him. It was the same 
character that as a boy of eighteen, 
enabled him to bring the passengers 
from Staten Island in a wild storm in 
an open boat, to report the arrival of 
the British fleet. He was trusted in 
both cases. In the first case they 
said, ‘‘No one but Cornel. Vander- 
bilt can do it.” And in the latter 
case the same spirit seems to have 
been manifest. They trusted his 
word for a million dollars, and his 
skill to doa great work through the 
heart of the city. 

Let the reader look again at his 
head, note its elevation, its length 
from the ear forward, and see the 
physical and the mental harmony of 
the temperament and the constitu- 
tion. ‘Think of the life of toil, care 
and responsibility during the early 
years of his life, and the opening 
remarks of this chapter will be 
verified ;—that blood tells, and a man 
well organized is capable of manifest- 
ing power and of securing success, 


1.42 How To StTupDy STRANGERS, 


Fig. 127—Mr. Corbin—is a large 
man, he has ample proportions, a 
large head and especially a large face. 
His perceptive organs are very large; 
he possesses great practical talent, 
gathers knowledge rapidly, and as 
Vanderbilt had, he has an intuitive 
sense of the present and a far-reach- 
ing talent to understand what ought 
to be done in the future. He has 
also a great deal of the aggressive, 
a force of character and self-esteem 
that enable him to put into execution 
new plans. He has strong vitality, 
that long, strong nose, the broad 
cheek bones, the long upper lip and 
the height of the head from the 
opening of the ear to the top, show 
firmness, determination and _ self- 
reliance. He is one of the healthy 
men of the world, and so is always 
able to push his cause without assist- 
ance. Consequently he is a leader, 
a pioneer in departments that require 
peculiar boldness and force to con- 
quer and overcome obstacles. He is 
methodical and decided. He does 
not temporize, and he is not inclined 
to make concessions. He is not soft 
and is not considered amiable nor 
plausible, and is not slippery nor oily 
in his speech. When he decides what 
he wants to do he talks to the point 
about it and then stops. With his 
powerful body, his large head and his 
wonderful vitality, he is forcible, 
positive and imperious;—those who 
admire courage, follow him. It is 
said that although he is imperious 
and brusque in his manner, he is 
capable of winning, not only the 
loyalty, but also the esteem of those 
who come in close contact with him. 
Few men have his iron will, few have 
his arbitrary spirit in their transac- 
tions with the world, yet the open 
candor of his conduct wins respect 
for itself and secures success on the 
practical side. 

Austin Corbin was born in New- 
port, Rhode Island, July 11th, 1827. 
He chose’ law for a_ profession 
and was admitted to the Bar, having 
attended a course at the Harvard 


Law School. He practiced for a while 


in Davenport, Iowa, and then entered 
a banking house, the only one that 
did not suspend in the panic.of ’57. 
He organized the first bank that com- 
menced business under the National 
Currency Act in 1863. This proved 
a quick and ready fortune, and ina 


few years Mr. Corbin came to New. 


York and commenced his career in 
the Metropolis. He founded the 
Corbin Banking Co., and acquired 
success because of his quick and 
shrewd appreciation of particulars. 
He afterwards took such an interest 
in railroad affairs that he may fairly 
be called one of the ‘‘Railroad Kings” 
of the country. He has paid special 
attention to the railroads on Long 
Island, and has thereby enhanced 
real estate there, and made it a desir- 
able place for summer residences. 
He organized a plan whereby Long 
Island was made into a territory of 
homes, hotels and club houses. He 
has planned new ferries, bridges, and 
proposed tunnels under the rivers 
whereby Long Island can be made 
the garden of this region, and readily 
and rapidly accessible to the world. 

It has come to be the fashion of 
late years that men like Mr. Corbin, 
and other men of brains and capability 
who undertake to develop resources 
for the public, have to meet stupid 
tirades of opposition, the public in- 
clines to work against the monopo- 
lists, as they are called. It may be 
true that a railroad, by setting its 
price for the transportation of the 
products of the farms, may get the 
lion’s share, but the history of the 
Erie Railroad from New York through 
a wild, mountainous section of the 
country to the Lake, shows that ithas 
been acostly job for the promoters. 
It has been sold out three times under 
bankrupt proceedings, and yet the 
Strip of land sixty miles wide, be- 
tween New York and Dunkirk, through 
which the railroad winds its way has 
been enhanced in value by means of 
that railroad, sufficiently to have paid 
all the cost of making and maintaining 


' 
EO ——— a ne 


PUBLIC BENEFACTORS, 143 


the Erie Railroad system. It has made 
many miles of that which was at the 
start a howling wilderness, a garden, 
with bright homes which tell of suc- 
cess and prosperity and happiness. 
Yet the very men whose fortunes have 
been made by the Erie Railroad, by 
enhancing the value of their property, 


FIG. 


rural districts and converted farm land 
into city lots, a day’s horse journey 
from the centres of business. 

In the month of January, 1894, a boy 
was stealing a ride on the rear of a 
wagon in Brooklyn, and the driver 
‘‘cut behind,” and the boy jumped off 
under a trolley car approaching from 


I27.—-AUSTIN  COREIN, 


Financier and Railroad Man, 


cherish a feeling of selfishness towards 
the road which would lead them to do 
everything but that which is abso- 
lutely dishonest to increase their own 
prosperity, and cripple the road. The 
public is willing men of brains and 
courage shall use their earnings to 
develop the wild and remote re- 
gions, and while all are benefited by 
the improvement, there is a disposi- 
tion to regard the corporation as an 
enemy tobeplucked. Railroads have 
spread all our great cities into the 


the other way and was killed, and 
would have been by a milk wagon 
or butcher’s cart, as the boy behind 
the wagon did not see the car approach- 
ing nor the motorman see the boy till 


he dropped from the wagon under his 


car. The accident was purely the 
boy’s fault, while he was committing 
an unlawful act. The jury, however, 
brought in a verdict against the rail- 
road for $5,000. The usual reason 
among such juries is ‘‘the corporation 
is rich and the family is poor.” A 


144 How To StTupy STRANGERS, 


shyster lawyer often takes such a case 
for half the verdict, the public is taxed 
to maintain the court and unjust ver- 
dicts are often secured and the plunder 
divided. 

Fig. 128—Prof. Morse—came from 
good, solid stock. He was the oldest 


128.,: 


FIG. 


Motive temperament is shown in the 
amount of bony development in his 
figure and face. He was amply 
developed across the brows, and was 
inclined to be a scholarand an artist. 
He was a graduate of Yale College, 
and he studied artin Europe, to which 


SAMUEL F. B. MORSE, 


The Inventor of the Telegraph. 


son of the Rev. Jedediah Morse, 
D.D., the author of Morse’s Geog: 
raphy, a_ school-book universally 
known. He wasborn at Charlestown, 
Mass., on the 27th of April, 1791. 
His mother was a descendant of the 
Rev. Samuel Finley, D.D., a former 
President of Princeton College. 

Prof. Morse had the Mental, Motive 
temperament. The Mental tempera- 
ment was indicated by the sharpness 
and activity of his make-up, and the 


profession he desired to devote his 
life. His organ of Constructiveness 
is shown by the fullness at the region 
of the temples, partially covered by 
the hair. Then he had large, percept- 
ive organs. He had uncommonly 
large Comparison, which gave him a 
relish for science for mechanism and 
for art. During his college course, 
under Prof. Silliman, he learned all 
that was then known on the subject 
of electricity and the formation of 


PuBLIC BENEFACTORS. 145 


electric batteries, and he took oppor- 
tunity to listen to lectures by the best 
informed men on electricity and chem- 
istry after he had left the college. 
The little that was then known on the 
subject of electro-magnetism sug- 
gested to him the possibility of using 
it to make permanent marks at great 
distances, so varied as to communi- 
cate ideas. He invented an alphabet 
of straight lines and dashes for tele- 
graphic purposes, and his letters and 
figures were made up of various 
combinations of these elements. 

In 1835 Mr. Morse was appointed a 
professor in the University of New 
York. Having a room in the Uni- 
versity, he constructed, of rude mate- 
rials, a miniature telegraph, embrac- 
ing all the elements of an electro- 


magnetic telegraph, composed of a. 


single circuit, which he afterward 
patented. 

In 1838 he petitioned Congress for 
means to construct an experimental 
line from Washington to Baltimore. 
Though men saw the apparatus work, 
and messages were sent through its 
short wires, many were skeptical as to 
its power to work at any considerable 
distance, and the majority, as it 
usually treats its greatest benefactors 
in every age, ridiculed the whole 
project as the fanciful dream of an 
unsound mind. He turned to foreign 
countries and could obtain, even in 
England and France, no substantial 
guarantees, and he came home to 
battle for four weary, poverty- 
stricken years. The session of Con- 
gress of 1842-3, however, was 
memorable in Morse’s history. He 
had worked, watched, and waited till 
late into the last night of the session, 
and, believing his prospects to be 
crushed in the scramble of a closing 
Congress, he retired, like a repulsed 
hero, to his bed, but was awakened 
on the morning of the 4th of March, 
1843, by the announcement that the 
bill had passed at midnight appropri- 
ating $30,000 to be placed at his dis- 
posal to make his experimental line to 
Baltimore. In1844the line was com- 


pleted; the experiment was a success, 
and the world was thus made a com- 
pact brotherhood by the practical 
annihilation of space and time—at 
least for thought—civilization was 
set ahead a century in a day, and the 
name of Morse and telegraphy were 
wedded for all future time. 

Prof. Morse realized a handsome 
fortune from his telegraphic patents, 
and lived at a beautiful place of his 
own near Poughkeepsie, N. Y., on the 
Hudson. 

Foreign nations loaded him with 
medals and decorations, and vied 
with each other in doing him honor, 
while his proud and grateful country- 
men have erected statues and monu- 
ments to his memory, and enshrined 
him in their reverence and love. 

Happily he lived to see and to know 
that he was thus appreciated, and 
blessed with ample wealth, with honor 
and with world-wide esteem, he died, 
April 2, 1872, aged eighty-one years. 

Fig.129—Elias Howe.—We givean 
excellent engraving of the great in- 
ventor. Nearly every great invention 
has been born of necessity in the vale 
of poverty, if not of suffering. Fulton, 
Goodyear, Morse and Howe passed 
through a similar ‘‘Red Sea” and 
‘‘wilderness” to the land of hope and 
promise. He who has the fortune orthe 
misfortune to think much in advance 
of his fellow-men, rarely finds those 
who can or will appreciate and help 
him. Inventors not only have to eat 
the ‘‘bread of carefulness” but often 
their care is taxed to the uttermost to 
get bread, and our subject was no ex- 
ception tothe general rule. He was 
born at Spencer, Mass., in 1819. 

The fulness in the upper and back 
region of the temples in the portrait 
before us, shows immense Construct- 
iveness and Ideality. He had large 
perceptive organs indicated by the 
prominent fulness across the brows, 
which qualified him for observation 
and critical thinking; and the mas- 
sive upper forehead shows inventive 
and reasoning power in ahigh degree. 
As a child he was made familiar with 


146 How To STuDY STRANGERS. 


machinery as his father owned a saw- 
mill, a grist-mill anda shingle ma- 
chine on the place wherehelived. In 
1835, at the age of sixteen, he went 
into a cotton factory at Lowell, Mass., 
where he learned to use machinery. 
The crash of 1837 closed the mills at 
Lowell and sent him adrift to seek 
work, and he found employment in a 
shop in Boston. Some menappeared 
at the shop once with some parts ofa 
machine which they were trying to 
construct for the purpose of knitting, 
and Davis, the proprietor of the shop 
said to them, ‘‘Why don’t you make a 
sewing machine?” ‘‘Oh,” replied the 
' mechanics, or would be inventors, 
‘‘We would like to, but it is impossi- 
ble.”” ‘‘No,it is not,” said Davis, ‘I 
could make one myself.” ‘‘Well,”’ 
replied the other, ‘‘if you do, it will 
insure you an independent fortune.” 
There the conversation dropped, and 
it was never resumed. Among the 
workmen who stood by and listened 
to this conversation was Elias Howe, 
then twenty years old. The idea 
thus picked up by Howe was not for- 
gotten, but it induced him to reflect 
upon the art of sewing, watching the 
processes as performed by hand, and 
wondering whether it was within the 
compass of mechanic art to doit by 
machinery. 

At twenty-one years of age, beinga 
journeyman machinist and earning 
nine dollars aweek, he married. The 
little mouths that came to be fed and 
the nine dollars a week not increasing 
as fast as the hungry mouths did, he 
was kept poor, but he still studied at 
his sewing machine. He had heard 
that it would be an independent for- 
tune to the inventor, and this gave 
him the inventor’s mania, which gives 
its victims no rest and no peace until 
they have accomplished the work to 
which they have abandoned them- 
selves. 

‘ His only thought was to invent a 
machine which should do what he saw 
‘his wife doing by hand when she 
sewed. He took it for granted that 
sewing must be that, and his first 


device was a needle pointed at both | 
ends, with the eye in the middle, that 
should work up and down through 
the cloth, and carry the thread 
through it at each thrust. One day 
in 1844, the thought flashed upon 
him, is it necessary that a machine 
should imitate the performance of the 


hand? May there not be another 
stitch ? This was the crisis of the 
invention. The idea of using two 


threads, and forming a stitch by the 
aid of a shuttle and a curved needle, 
with the eye near the point, soon 
occurred to him, and he felt that he 
had invented the sewing-machine. 
Mr. Howe, by years of study, labor, 
night-work and poverty had made his 
sewing machine, and then the trouble 
was to get anybody to look at it, 
except asamere curiosity. Nobody 
wanted it, the old fashioned way was 
good enough for them. He went to 
a clothing house in Boston and chal- 
lenged five of the best seamstresses 
there to run arace with the machine. 
Ten seams of equal length were pre- 
pared for sewing, five of which were 
laid by the machine, and the five were 
given to the girls. The gentleman 
who held the watch, and who was to 
decide the wager, testified upon oath 
that the five girls were the fastest 
sewers that could be found, and that 
they ‘‘sewed as fast as they could— 
much faster than they were in the 
habit of sewing,’—faster than they 
could have kept on for an hour. 
Nevertheless, Mr. Howe finished his 
five seams a little sooner than the girls 
finished their five; and the umpire, 
who was himself a tailor, had sworn 
that ‘‘the work done on the machine 
was the neatest and strongest.” But 
not one machine was ordered. No 
tailor encouraged him by word or 
deed. ‘‘We are doing well now, we 
are afraid to make a change.” 

Now we have great sewing machine 
companies, and this wonderful aid in 
the construction of clothing is found 
in the houses of the poor, from ocean 
to ocean, all around the world. 

Attempts have been made to esti- 


PUBLIC 


mate the value in money of the sew- 
ing machine to the people of the 
United States. Professor Renwick, 
who has made the machine a par- 
ticular study, expressed the opin- 
ion thirty years ago, on oath, that the 
saving in labor then amounted to 
nineteen millions of dollars per annum, 
and ten times as much is now saved. 


BENEFACTORS, 147 


traffic, if the invention of Morse has 
sent intelligence all around the world, 
under the ocean as far as human 
thought could delve, Elias Howe in- 
vented a machine by which nearly 
one-half of woman’s weary, unremun- 
erative labor was annihilated, and he 
was a public benefactor. We erect 
costly mausoleums to the victor of 


FIG. 129.—ELIAS HOWE, 


The Inventor of the Sewing Machine. 


By means of the various improve- 
ments and attachments the sewing 
machine now performs nearly all the 
needle ever did. It seams, hems, 
tucks, binds, stitches, quilts, gathers, 
fells, braids and embroiders, and 
makes button holes. It isused in the 
manufacture of every garment worn 
by man, woman or child. 

If Vanderbilt gave wonderful im- 
pulse to railroad construction and 


human battles; we ought also to 
remember that there are victories over 
ignorance and poverty that engender 
no animosities and shed no blood; 
victories that brought wealth and com- 
fort, and evoked neither tears, sighs, 
nor orphanage. 

Mr. Howe died in Brooklyn, N.Y., 
October 3d, 1867, aged forty-eight 
years, and his remains were taken to 
Cambridge, Mass., for burial. 


CHAPTER XVI. 


BENEFACTORS OF MANKIND. 


RS. LYDIA FOLGER FOW- 
LER, the wife of Prof. L. N. 
Fowler, of London, England, one of the 
founders of the house of Fowler & 
Wells, New York, was born on the is- 
land of Nantucket, Mass., in 1823. 
They were married April 2, 1844. Her 
Phrenology and Physiognomy furnish 
an interesting theme of study and 
contemplation. In figure she was 
above the medium height, and as she 
advanced in years she reached a 
weight of 160 pounds, which gave 
adequate support to her rather large 
development of brain. She hada full 
share of the Vital temperament, 
which is indicated by the fullness and 
the plumpness of the face, the breath- 
ing power being represented by the 
upper part of the cheek outward 
from the nose, and the vigor and 
strength of the digestive function by 
the middle section of the face, out- 
ward from the mouth. She hada full 
development of the chin and a steady, 
uniform circulation of the blood. Her 
head was broad and long on the top, 
also well rounded, showing a good 
degree of the Mental temperament. 
She was much inclined to study, and 
especially inclined to think and medi- 
tate and reach onward and upward 
for’ larger fields of thought and 
knowledge. It will be seen by the 
portrait that the head across the 
brows is well-developed. There was 
length of the head from the ears for- 
ward, though the head is not very 
broad in that region. The upper 
part of the forehead is larger, giving 


her the power to criticise, to see dif- 
ferences and resemblances and to 
study the philosophy of things. 
Causality was large, which gave her 
the inclination to study principles and 
the philosophy of topics which inter- 


FIG. 130. MRS. LYDIA F, FOWLER, M.D. 


ested her. The top head was ample, 
the moral region was decidedly large 
and strongly developed and had a dis- 
tinct influence in the way of control- 
ing and modifying the action of the 


BENEFACTORS OF MANKIND. 


other faculties. She had a strong 
sense of justice, a keen regard for 
truth, duty and moral obligation, and 
these had a prevailing influence in 
her mind. Her Hope lighted up the 
future and gave her courage and 
anticipation to go forward in the field 
of duty with a full hope of success. 
She had considerable imagination and 
was inclined to poetry and fiction. 
She was exceedingly sensitive in re- 
gard to character and to the opinion 
of those whom she respected. She 
was ambitious ina high degree and 
anxious to rise in the scale of life and 
broaden her field of knowledge and 
of usefulness. She was very affable; 
inclined to be polite and agreeable, 
easy in her manners, and strongly 
disposed to entertain friends and 
others. 

She had a fair degree of dignity 
and of self respect, which aided her 
in impressing others with the impor- 
tance of what she knew. She was 
anxious to teach. She had a great 
deal of perserverance and would man- 
age somehow to accomplish whatever 
she deemed it necessary to undertake. 
She had a great command ‘over her 
temper; and though she had Com- 
bativeness and Desructiveness fairly 
developed, they were mainly employed 
in imparting earnestness to her pur- 
poses, and thoroughness to her en- 
deavors in the way of execution. She 
was able to employ her intellectual 
resources to good advantage. Her 
Language was large enough to give 
her latitude of statement and expres- 
sion, so that as a writer and as a 
speaker she was fluent. Her Benevo- 
lence, Agreeableness and Approbative- 
ness were so strong that, combined 
with her affections and her social 
feelings,she had a persuasive and con- 
ciliatory manner. People seemed 
anxious to relate themselves to her in 
such a way as to become agreeable 
and co-operative in any plans or pur- 
poses which she was anxious to adopt 
and carry out. Hence she had the 
elements of popularity. She had the 
desire to do good, and to make her 


149 


efforts available and useful to others. 
The pathway of success seemed 
open before her, and the welcome 
from the public sentiment was the 
tribute paid to her talents, her moral- 
ity and her sympathy. Some people 
are very acute, logical and incisive in 
what they do and say, but there is 
more of lemon juice than of sugar in 
their composition, and the public do 
not feel as much interested in helping 
sharp, positive people to secure suc- 
cess smoothly and pleasantly as they 
do one who is gentle, mellow, and 
pliable. Wherever Mrs. Fowler 
moved, socially and publicly, there 
seemed to be a sentiment favorable 
to her progress and success, and most 
people seemed inclined to throw light 
on her pathway. 

Mrs. Fowler was the daughter of 
Gideon Folger, and directly related, 
on her father’s side, to the mother of 
Benjamin Franklin, and he possessed 
many of the mental characteristics 
which appeared in that distinguished 
man, as inherited by him through his 
mother. Mrs. Fowler was a very 
ardent student, and having obtained 
a course of intellectual training 
somewhat in advance of that which 
was customary for young ladies in 
her day, she decided to pursue the 
study of medicine, and for that pur- 
pose attended a medical college, then 
existing in Rochester, New York, 
where she graduated. Mrs. Lozier, 
Mrs. Gleason and Mrs. Dolly, of 
Pennsylvania, each ranking high in 
the sphere of medicine, were students 
in Rochester at that time. Mrs. 
Fowler was appointed Professor of 
Obstetrics in the same school when 
she had completed her course of study, 
and subsequently she practiced her 
profession in New York and lectured 
for several years. Besides her pro- 
fessional duties she assisted her hus- 
band in his labors as a phrenological 
lecturer and author. She also pre- 
pared a small treatise on astronomy 
for the use of children. Mrs. Fowler’s 
sympathies, as she grew older, in- 
fluenced her pursuits, and gave her 


150 


How To STUDY STRANGERS. 


mind more and more a direction to 
the concrete rather than to the ab- 
stract. In company with her hus- 
band and others related to the phreno- 
logical business, then established in 
New York, she travelled extensively 
in the United States and Canada, avail- 
ing herself of opportunities to lecture 
on physiology and temperance, being 
always of the latter a most earnest 
supporter. At one time she travelled 
through the State of Indiana witha 
lady friend, lecturing every night on 
temperance. 

About this time she published her 
first tale; it was entitled, ‘‘Nora, the 
Lost and Redeemed.” This story 
was subsequently published in Eng- 
land. In 1860 Mrs. Fowler accom- 
panied her husband and Mr. S. R. 
Wells on their professional visit to 
England, and soon after their arrival 
took atrip to Italy. On her way back 
she spent the Winter in Paris, attend- 
ing lectures. Subsequently she spent 
some time as a hospital attendant in 
London, having for three months 
charge of the obstetrical department; 
then she travelled through England, 
Ireland and Scotland, lecturing on 
the laws of life, physical culture, 
moral duty and social reform. <A 
number of her lectures were published 
ina volume under the title of ‘‘ The 
Pet of the Household,” and were de- 
signed as a guide for the use of 
parents in the physical and mental 
training of children. Another book 
which she published about the same 
time is, ‘‘Woman and her Destiny,” 
a work addressed especially to woman. 

Prof. Fowler, having decided to 
settle in London, took an office in 


Fleet street for some years, and after-- 


wards in the Imperial Building, Lud- 
gate Circus, where he has conducted 
his professional work, assisted as 
usual by his wife, until within a few 
weeks of her death. The routine of 
professional work was from time to 
time broken by trips to the Continent, 
and by a journey to the East, when 
Greece, Turkey, Egypt and Palestine 
were visited. Mrs. Fowler threw 


herself with ardor into the labors to 
which she had devoted herself. She 
had always an abundance of literary 
and other work of her own on hand. 
Among her relations to what may be 
called popularlife was her connection 
with the ‘‘Woman’s British Temper- 
ance Society,” as its honorary secre- 
tary. The variety of her engage- 
ments and the earnestness with which 
she pursued them, had much to do 
with her death; it may be said that 
she wore herself out, and she died on 
the 26th of January, 1879. 

She was widely known and highly 
esteemed in England as well .as in 
America for her professional abilities 
and moral worth. 

Fig. 131. The recent death of Prof. 
Billroth, the eminent benefactor of 
mankind, in the ripened vigor of life 
and in the front rank of professional 
fame, has sent a wave of sadness and 
shadow over every civilized country 
in the world. The newness of his 
field and the boldness and success of 
his work had awakened a hope for his 
future in the interest of suffering 
humanity. He has suddenly left his 
work and a brilliant fame to those 
who have the skill and courage to 
follow his footsteps. 

This is an interesting portrait, in 
which we see a combination of force 
of character developed through the 
middle section of the head, the strong 
perceptive power in the large and 
massive brow, the strong constructive 
talent in the temples, combined with 
Self-esteem and Firmness, which give 
a high crown of head, and a plenty of 
Destructiveness and Combativeness, 
or fullness above and about the ears, 
which tend to give that brave look or 
even hard and positive sternness of 
expression and attitude that would 
lead a stranger to his name and attain- 
ments to think him fit fora soldier, a 
surgeon, a leader of men, who could 
make tracks for the world’s astonish- 
ment, and give a lead for the brave 
who dare to follow. 

To this brave surgeon must the 
credit be awarded for first demon- 


BENEFACTORS OF MANKIND. 


eS 


strating that living human stomachs 
may be operated upon successfully for 
the removal of cancer. He took out 
the section of a stomach of a patient 
five and one-half inches long, measur- 
ing eight inches in circumference; he 
closed the parts with sutures, and on 
the twenty-first day the patient, with 
a good appetite discussed a veal cut- 
let and the next day a beefsteak. The 
section of the stomach which was re- 
moved was affected by the cancer. 


y 


151 


1867 he was called to a professorship 
at the University of Vienna, where 
this great surgical feat was performed. 
While he was great in surgery, he was 
an active writer and teacher in micro- 
scopic anatomy and general pathology, 
and has done much to improve the 
hospital system. He unfortunately 
died early in the year 1894 at Vienna, 
of heart failure, having been found 
dead in his bed. The world will miss 
his talent, his courage and his expert- 


ME 


FIG. 131. 


This great surgical feat occurred in 
1881 at Vienna. 

Prof. Billroth was born April 26, 
1829, at Bergen, in the Island of Ru- 
gen. After having passed through a 
course of collegiate training, he 
studied medicine and surgery at dif- 
ferent universities, and was appointed 
assistant to the celebrated Langen- 
back at Berlin, establishing himself as 
demonstrator of surgery in 1856. 
Three years later he was professor of 
surgery and director of the surgical 
clinic at Zurich in Switzerland. In 


PROF, THEODOR BILLROTH, THE BOLD SURGEON, 


ness in his bold field of work. Of 
course, he has left behind him others 
who may imitate his skill and courage 
in the future. 

We have the opportunity of present- 
ing an engraving (Fig. 132) of the 
stomach, showing its original size and 
shape, including the section which 
was removed, and also an engraving 
(Fig. 133) showing the job when it 
was completed. He made an incision, 
opening the abdomen of the person 
suffering from the morbid tumor, un- 
covered the stomach, removed the 


152 


How To Srupy STRANGERS. 


diseased parts of the organ, which 
measured about five and a half inches 
in length and about eight inches in 
circumference. Fig. 132 represents 
the diseased stomach, the affected 
portion lying between P and S. The 


FIG. 132. 


A, main incision; P, separation of duodenum; P S, the diseased 
part with tne Pylorus; M, the stomach; C, the cesophagal entrance; 


LL, the first thread inserted. 


end of the duodenum (Fig. 133, 
marked 1) was then attached by a 
suture to the opening of the stomach, 
which had been reduced in size by an 
incision, and the removal of a wedge- 
shaped piece as shown in Fig. 133, 
and closed by a suture of carbolized 
silk threads. The result was a new 
and well formed stomach. Before the 
operation the stomach had been thor- 
oughly cleansed by the stomach pump, 
some fifteen quarts of water having 
been thrown into it and pumped 
out. On the first day following 
the operation nothing but bits of ice 
were given to the patient to reduce 
feverishness. On the second day she 
received sour milk, later sweet milk, 
still later cocoa, tea, wine, eggs, bis- 
cuit, and meat. In eight days the 
abdominal wound was quite healed 
over, and on the twenty-first day the 
patient discussed with good appetite 
a veal cutlet, and the next day beef 
steak, and on the twenty-third day 
she left the hospital. In the course 
of the following weeks the general 
state of her health was greatly 


DISEASED STOMACH. 


improved, and she moved about as 
formerly. 

In the old style of surgery, before 
anesthetics were discovered and 
brought into use to remove the sensi- 
bility, and before antiseptic surgery 
had seen the light, a suc- 
cessful performance of this 
sort would have been im- 
possible. Now, openings 
into the abdomen are made 
every day for different 
diseases, and, being treated 
antiseptically, there is no 
inflammation and suppura- 
tion, and the edges of the 
parts heal at once. There 
are cases on record where 
a portion of the intestines 
has been successfully re- 
moved six feet in length, 
and the healthy parts 
brought together by suture, 
and the patient, soon re- 
covering, went on his way 
rejoicing for a score of 
years. In no science has there 
been greater or more important 
progress in the last half century than 
in surgery in its varied branches; and 
yet there are persons who speak 


= EZ Y 
== SZ 
SS EAL: 
AA 


S 


Ss 


=> 


SS 


FIG. 133. 


A B, the seam mide between the duodenum, D, 
and the stomach M; B E, seam on the stomach; D, 
duodenum; P, new opening into the stomach. 


STOMACH REPAIRED. 


favoringly of the profession of phy- 
sicians, but shrug their shoulders and 
shiver when they think of surgery. 
And there are people who blame alk 


BENEFACTORS OF MANKIND. 


SS sessessssssssisnsnsinesnsnsneseseeesssteeen 
—_————}2 $$ 


surgeons, butit is a beneficent branch 
of knowledge, and is the means of 
savingthe lives of many thousands,and 
giving comfort to those who are suffer- 
ing from afflictions that are grievous 
to be borne, and the marvels of mod- 
ern surgery, could they be condensed 
into half a dozen pages, would be rich 
reading, and a basis for congratula- 
tion and thankfulness, that the skill 
and courage of surgeons have been 
cultivated and invoked for the benefit 
of suffering humanity. 

Fig. 134. This portrait is a speci- 
men of self-reliance and independ- 
ence. The head is broad at the ears, 
giving courage. Itis thrown upward 
and backward, indicating large Self- 
esteem, Approbativeness and Firm- 
ness. The crown region of the head 
is high. The dignified attitude and 
the complacency of his face show a 
contented self-respect, and his career 
was a continuous task on self-reliance 
and skill. He has the organs of 
perception across the forehead im- 
mensely developed and large Con- 
structiveness, and in these practical 
elements of ingenuity and skill lay 
the source of his success, of his 
prominence in surgery, especially in 
his line—the surgery that appertains 
to the nose and throat. 

He hada fine quality of tempera- 
ment. Was sharp, sensitive, clear- 
headed, discriminative, wakeful to all 
the truths that related to his life. In 
this country and elsewhere his fame 
has been impressed upon the public 
attention by the position he occupied 
in being invited from England to 
Germany to treat the throat disease 
of the Emperor Frederick, whose 
lamented death cast such a shadow 
over the civilized world. He hada 
cancerous affection of the throat, 
which disturbed his power of breath- 
ing, and was relieved by Sir Morell, 
and his life much prolonged. 

Such an independent, critical, and 
susceptible type of development could 
hardly fail to rise to distinction in 
any pursuit. The temperament being 
strongly Mental, which gives clear- 


ness and sharpness of intellect, with 
enough of the Motive to render him 
prompt, energetic, thorough and per- 
sistent, he was a ready student, a 
hard worker, ambitious, eager for 
success; was fond of approval, yet 
manifested the spirit of independ- 
ence. 

He was born in England in 1837, 
studied medicine in London and also 
in several Continental cities, taking 
up diseases of the throat as a spe- 
cialty. He became familiar with the 
application of the laryngoscope. He 
was a member of the Royal College 
of Physiciansin London. He prac- 
ticed in London, where, in 1864, he 
was elected a member of the Royal 
College of Physicians. Previous to 
that he organized a_ hospital—the 
first in England of its kind—for the 
treatment of diseases of the throat 
and chest; was appointed lecturer on 
diseases of that sort in the London 
Medical College. 

In 1870 he presented to the profes- 
sion a work on “Growths in the 
Throat;” still later a work ‘‘On the 
Hygiene of the Vocal Organs;” an- 
other, after twelve years of study, 
‘On Diseases of Throat and Nose.” 
His reputation was largely enhanced 
by his connection with the remarkable 
illness of the German Crown Prince 
Frederick, whose life he prolonged 
until he became Emperor, which gave 
him special eminence the world over. 
And his wonderful success in that case 
conquered the prejudice of the German 
physicians, many of whom were for- 
merly opposed to him and his methods. 
The sending to England fora spe- 
cialist was an offence to the eminent 
German physicians; but he had spe- 
cial fitness for that peculiar line of 
diseases, and probably was the best 
in the world on that subject. At all 
events the Emperor's life was pro- 
longed for months, greatly to the 
advantage of the German people and 
much to the advantage of his family, 
especially his wife, the Empress, who 
was the eldest daughter of Queen Vic- 
toria, who very properly knighted Mac- 


154 


kenzie, and later an important order 
of the German Royal House was pre- 
sented to him by the German Emperor 
who owed so much to his brave, skill- 
ful and loyal surgeon. 

So large a brain as his, related to 
so fine and intense a quality of tem- 
perament and organization, developed 
as his head was so amply in theregion 
of perception and ingenuity, and also 


How To Strupy STRANGERS. 


everywhere and especially of those 
who are prominent in talent and in 
the sciences which relate to his pecul- 
iar profession. : 

Being called to attend so distin- 
guished a patient in the very home of 
medicine and surgery exalted and in- 
tensified his renown and _ rendered 
his own death at the early age of fifty- 
five years at once an astonishment 


FIG. 134. 
in the realm of criticism and sympa- 
thy, and then sustained by his admi- 
rable development of the organs of self 
reliance and stability in the crown of 
the head and in those in the base 
which give force of character, made 
him a brave, skillful, rapid and accu- 
rate operator, and won for him the 
Tespect and confidence of people 


SIR MORELL MACKENZIE, M. D. 


and a grief to the whole civilized 
world. He died Feb. 3d, 1892, of tu- 
berculosis of the lungs. 

With such a sensitive organization 
as his, the difficulties attending, and 
the great national interests involved 
in the case of his imperial patient over- 
taxed his constitution, aggravated his 
own ailment and hastened the end. 


BENEFACTORS OF MANKIND. 155 


FIG, 135. 


JOHN JAMES AUDUBON, 


Had a physical organization re- 
markable for its compactness, vitality, 
power and activity, as seen in his 
broad chest, athletic frame, prominent 
features and strongly marked outline 
of countenance. In conjunction with 
this temperament, he had great Firm- 
ness, self reliance, independence, en- 
ergy, and force of character—hence, 
perseverance in whatever he under- 
took, independence of opinion, and 
executive ability were leading traits 
of his character. Cautiousness and 
Secretiveness do not appear to have 
been large, and hence frankness of 
expression and boldness of action 
should mark his whole life. But what 
most interests the phrenologist in his 
mental organization, is the immense 
development of all the perceptive or- 
gans, giving a sharpness and severity 
of expression—a restless energy to his 
countenance, which must have been 
almost painful to those on whom his 
searching eyes might fall. Although 
the eyes are prominent, showing large 
Language, yet the perceptives over- 
hang them to a remarkable degree, 
See that bold projection at the root 
of the nose, between the eyebrows— 
the location of Individuality, then the 
general fullness across the brow to its 
exterior angle, and we get the great 
secret of his remarkable genius as a 
Naturalist; the close observation, the 
ready perception, the critical knowl- 
edge.of forms, colors, and arrange- 
ment of all the minute and varied phe- 
nomena of Nature’s works, as devel- 
oped in his researches in ornithological 
science, and that great monument to 
his fame, ‘‘The Birds of America.” Lo- 
cality, Eventuality, Individuality, and 
Comparison are equally remarkable, 
hence the power to classify, analyze, 
distinguish differences and resem- 
blances and power to retain facts, a 
knowledge of places and desire to 
travel the trackless forest. Construct- 
iveness was also large—he would have 
made anexcellent mechanic or engi- 
neer. Causality does not appear large, 


and, unlike Humboldt, he was much 
more of an observer than a philoso- 
pher, he had less power and inclina- 
tion to deal with principles than-with 
facts and things. The moral organs 
were large, particularly Benevolence 
and Veneration, and the spirit of ado- 
ration and of kindness were among his 
strongest emotions. His Hope pre- 
dominated over Cautiousness, while 
his practical talent, energy and perse- 
verance made him one of the most in- 
dustrious and successful of men in 
whatever he engaged. Sucha frontal 
development marks himasa genius, 
which his life, as set forth in the fol- 
lowing biography, will fully elucidate. 

John James Audubon, the cele- 
brated American naturalist, was born 
in Louisiana May 4, 1780; died in 
New York Jan. 27, 1851. His admi- 
rable work, ‘‘ The Birds of America,” 
now in the Astor Library, was pub- 
lished by subscription at $1,000 a 
copy; was pronounced by Cuvier to be 
the most magnificent monument that 
art ever raised to ornithology. But 
one hundred and _ seventy-five copies 
of this great work were published; 
eighty of these were secured by his 
countrymen, and the price paid the 
expense of their publication. He 
sought and killed the birds in their 
wilderness homes, and, with match- 
less skill, with his own hands, drew 
them the size of life, from the hum- 
ming bird to the imperial eagle and 
wild turkey, and colored them himself 
with marvelous accuracy and beauty. 

In the work of gathering his 
material for the prosecution of his 
great errand in life, ornithology, he was 
obliged to make solitary wanderings 
in the dense forests. Then the Ohio 
River, and, in fact, nearly all those 
great Western streams, were as soli- 
tary as if they had just come from the 
hand of Nature. Down these streams 
he floated with his little family and 
two servants, till they at last had 
reached their habitation in the wilder- 
ness of Kentucky. Think of the task 
of hunting in the primeval forests for 
specimens for his future work, and 


156 How To StTupy STRANGERS. 


then his skill in studying their habits 
where the sound of the axe and the 
crack of the rifle had hardly been 
heard, and the patient effort neces- 
sary to procure so large a number of 
fine specimens! For years he sailed 
the silent lakes and rivers, traversed 
the trackless forests with horse and 


culture of the old. He was a gentle- 
man by instinct and culture, and full 
of poetic and artistic tastes. Hehad 
a fine and strong nature, at once of a 
hero, iavipoet. and an rartisteeeeiie 
description of birds in their various 
moods are not the dry, dull details of 
a naturalist, but the warm picture 


135. 


JOHN JAMES AUDUBON, 


The Great Ornithologist. 


dog where rarely even the hunter ever 
disturbed the silence. He had taken 
lessons in France at sixteen years of 
age and qualified himself under the 
best masters to do the work, which 
he succeeded in accomplishing, thus 
bringing to the wilderness of America, 
his native country, the finest artistic 


paintings of a poet. To open any 
page of his volumes is to step at 
once into a region of agreeable facts 
and enrapturing sounds; he seems to 
sing when they sing, and to rise as on 
wings when they fly. But while his 
life was one of joy within, it was one 
of toil without; and when he had wan- 


BENEFACTORS OF MANKIND. 157 


dered and toiled for years and gotten 
accurate representations of American 
birds, he found that two Norway rats 
had, in a_ night, destroyed two hun- 
dred of his original drawings con- 
taining the forms of more than a 
thousand inhabitants of the air; all 
were gone except a few bits of gnawed 
paper, upon which the marauding 
rascals had reared a family of their 
young. ‘*The burning heat,’’ says 
the noble sufferer, ‘‘ which instantly 
ran through my brain, was too hard 
to be endured without affecting the 
whole of my nervous system; I slept 
not for several nights and days, 
passed like days of oblivion, until 
the animal powers, being recalled into 
action, with the strength of my con- 
stitution, Ipicked up my gun, my note- 
book and my pencils, and went forward 
to the woods as gayly as if nothing had 
happened.” He went forth, and in 
less than three years his portfolio 
again was filled. 


FIG. 136. HON. WILLIAM E. GLADSTONE, 
Late Prime Minister of England. 


This gentleman has a most re- 
markable physical and mental or- 
ganization, and one remarkable ele- 

ent about it is that he is hale and 
hearty at an age beyond eighty-four 
years. His mind is vivacious and 
executive, energetic and thorough, 
even at his great age. His tempera- 
ment is strong and well balanced, 
and his head measures about 24 
inches. He weighs more than 180 
pounds, and stands about six feet 
high. The organization is not eccen- 
tric, but smooth and _ harmonious. 
His long life of active usefulness has 
kept his great body and brain active, 
healthy and wholesome, ‘The brain 
being very large, strong and well 
sustained, we have in him an instance 
of power, endurance and susceptibility 
in excellent combination. Endowed, 
as he is by nature, with abilities to 
be the peer of the ablest statesmen, 
his culture and associations have been 
such as to ripen him for his work, 
and the times have opened for him a 


pathway to renown such as rarely 
falls to the lot of any man in any 
country. 

The world knows what eminent 
positions he has occupied for sixty 
years, and the commanding influence 
which he has exerted in the states- 
manship of England, and the question 
naturally arises, ‘‘ Wherein consists 
his powers of long life, endurance, 
intelligence, memory, dominant 
authority and the ability to win and 
hold friends?” His large body is 
harmoniously developed. The dif- 
ferent elements of vitality are amply 
represented. His large chest corre- 
sponds to the fullness and breadth of 
his face in the center, the breadth of 
the cheek bone, prominence of it for- 
ward, and the length from the open- 
ing of the ear. His front head and 
front face show constitutional vigor. 
He has a large chin, which is the sign 
of a strong heart action; the heart 
works steadily, vigorously and thor- 
oughly nourishes the system by a 
free circulation. He has adequate 
digestive power, and physiologically, 
he is to-day the equal of most men of 
half his age in the various functions 
of vitality. 

Readers who are phrenological will 
understand what we mean by saying 
thatihe shasea ‘lone. lifectney>: the 
opening of the ear is low down below 
the cornér Of athereyé, -1f Aline be 
drawn from the eyebrow to the 
occipital spine or bony point in the 
back of the head, it will pass above 
the opening of the ear about an inch 
and a half; and the distance between 
where that line passes above the ear 
opening, in a right angle to the open- 
ings ot the ear) isyealled. the ©‘ life 
line.”” Readers of the PHRENO- 
LOGICAL JOURNAL may refer to the 
March number of the JOURNAL for 
1893, page 123, where the ‘‘ life line”’ 
is illustrated and explained. Another 
method of studying that, which is 
approximate, is to lay a card over the 
portrait, beginning at the corner of 
the eye and running it level back, 
and the ear, though it is large asa 


158 How To Strupy STRANGERS. 


a 


oY 


whole, is entirely below that line and succumbing to its detriments and 
the opening of theearverymuchbelow. diseases. 


Persons with that development have The forehead of this gentleman is 


FIG 120. HON. WILLIAM E. GLADSTONE, LATE PRIME MINISTER. 


a strong hold on life. Children born very large; it is not only broad and 
with the opening of the ear low down _ high, but it is long from the opening 
are likely to live and go through with of the ear to the center of the lower 
all the exigencies of life without part of the forehead above the root 


BENEFACTORS OF MANKIND. 


of the nose. Some heads are short 
rom the ear forward, and the intel- 
ect is cramped and deficient. This 
s unusually extended. The organs 
across the brows are admirably de- 
veloped, showing very large percep- 
tive organs, the power of gathering 
knowledge by observation, and 
appreciating the differences between 
objects and the qualities and condi- 
tions of things. He gathers knowl- 
edge in detail and can recall it at 
pleasure. He has an excellent 
memory of events; he must be a 
charming talker in the way of remin- 
iscence. He will tell stories seventy- 
five years old, but new to the lis- 
tener, with a vividnessand accuracy 


that would be entertaining. The 
organs of the reasoning powers 


located in the upper part of the fore- 
head, are massive; in the center of 
the upper part of the forehead is 
located Comparison, and this gives 
him the power of analysis, discrimi- 
nation, criticism. The regions out- 
ward of the center of the forehead 
revealing that massive squareness, 
show the organs of Causality, which 
enable him to take a logical survey 
of a subject, and give the causes, 
the entities and equities of it. In the 
region of the temple, above a line 
drawn from the centers of the eye- 
brows backward, there is great full- 
ness at the region of Constructive- 
ness and Ideality, enabling him to 
understand the complications of 
affairs, andto employ his imagina- 
tion in giving glowing descriptions 
of a subject or an object which has 
interested him. ‘The eye is large, 
dark and full, indicating a magnetic 
expression of face. It was said of 
Webster that when he turned his 
great, earnest gaze upon an opponent 
in debate, his look was withering, 
masterful and majestic. Mr. Glad- 
stone has the power of doing the 
same thing in the midst of his ora- 
tions. 

_ Another peculiarity of Mr. Glad- 
stone is his large Cautiousness. Ifa 
vertical line be drawn from the back 


159 


point of the ear, it will cross the 
organ of Cautiousness as it rises 
toward the top of the side head. It 
gives the head great breadth in the 
region above the ears, and it will be 
remembered that he has been non- 
committal, he has manifested wis- 
dom and tact in talking with appar- 
ent plainness ona subject, and yet 
not quite revealing his full purposes. 

He has large Secretiveness; and 
that gives width of the headon a 
line drawn vertically from the open- 
ing of the ear, about half way 
from the opening of the ear to the 
top head, or on a horizontal line cor- 
responding to the tops of the eye- 
brows running back. This organ 
being large, enables him to reserve 
his purpose without explanation; he 
can talk around a topic that he does 
not wish to make entirely and fully 
understood, and make a speech in 
connection with matters of a public 
sort and reveal asmuchas he wishes, 
and retain the rest until the time has 
ripened for their expression; yet he 
has a wonderfully clear intellect and 
can express himself with warmth and 
vigor, dignity, breadth and _ incisive- 
ness, and yet with a reserve that 
evades the points that may not con- 
veniently be openly set forth. 

His large Ideality gives elegance 
of diction; his strong Combativeness 
and lDestructiveness, which give 
width and fullness to the side head, 
give him force. His large Construct- 
iveness enables him to understand 
the entanglements and complications 
of a subject, and treat them with 
masterly success, and yet without 
committing himself ina careless or 
undesirable way. 

He has large Firmness and Self- 
esteem, which give determination 
and strength of will, combined with 
masterful dignity, which enable him 
to hold people under his control, and 
command the respect of strong men 
in times that are turbulent and unset- 
tled. 

He has large Veneration, which 
gives him religious impulse and devo- 


160 


tion; he has a good share of Benevo- 
lence, which renders him generous 
and sympathetical. He has large 
Mirthfulness, which gives him the 
power of wit, but he has so much of 
prudence and Secretiveness, and such 
an earnestness of purpose that he is 
not so playful as many a man of 
lighter type of mind. 

The back head is also large and 
the social feelings amply developed, 
hence he has the power of personal 
magnetism in friendship that wins 
people to him, partly through his 
majestic power and presence, and 
partly through the magnetism of 
sociability ; and also he has the tower- 
ing intellectual capability which makes 
ordinary men feel small in his pres- 
ence, and therefore they accept him 
as a teacher, a guide and ruler, from 
the massiveness of his intellectual 
power, and he thus cements by social- 
ity the minds of men to each other 
and to him. 

His face is astudy. The massive- 
ness of the head gives dignity to the 
face, but the face of itself, studied 
alone, is very strong. That nose, 
when he was younger, would have 
been called very handsome. ‘The 
lihes> Ofiithe” tacesaresexpressivermic 
has a good-sized mouth, a long, strong 
upper lip, a massive chin and length 
of jaw from the corner below the ear 
to where it makesan angle going for- 
ward to the chin, about where the 
whisker is and the collar passes it. 
That indicates strength of will and 
purpose. The nose indicates intelli- 
gence and stability and thoroughness. 
His long and strong upper lip shows 
firmness and stability, and also indi- 
cates the spirit of friendliness and 
loyalty to companions and associates. 

He has the sign of human vature, 
capacity to study mind and character 
and motive, and the ability also to 
impress people who come into his 
presence with his power, his intelli- 
gence, his prudence, his policy, his 
courage, and his ability for construct- 
ive management, in holding men to- 
gether and leading them, That isa 


How To Strupy STRANGERS, 


strong phase, and it is a good one. 
Few men of his age carrysuch digni- 
fied expressions of features; there are 
few men who stand as erect and speak 
with that clearness and force which 
belong to him. Most able men who 
are fifteen years younger than he, are 
as old in their manner, methods and 
appearance as he is. He has the 
faculty of recognizing the counte- 
nances and the names of people, and 
will hold men in his friendship by the 
fact that he remembers all the detail 
of their acquaintance, and many of 
the characteristics and experiences of 
the persons in question. 

His Self-esteem is indicated by the 
fact that he has declined an earldom 
which was offered by her Majesty. He 
is greater than any title; he is a nat- 
ural master among men, and does not 
need, the @letterse MAAS ore Lin. 
attached to his name, nor the term 
Lord, Earl or Duke in front of it. 
He will be known as ‘‘Gladstone” 
down the coursing ages. If he had 
been born to the title he would have 
made a King or an Emperor in reali- 
ty, for he is every inch a man, and no 
title couldadd anything to his renown. 
It is generally known that he has 
taken a great deal of exercise; it is 
even a matter of mirth that heisa 
wood-chopper; he likes to fell the 
sturdy tree and show that he has the 
power over the ax and the king of 
the forest; and he has been particu- 
lar in reference to his diet, especially 
in regard to mastication, in respect to 
which most people are either ignorant 
or utterly careless. Hence he has kept 
his health of stomach and brain and 
circulation and muscle. His general 
health is believed to have been splen- 
did, and we do not remember that the 
gout, dyspepsia or rheumatism have 
ever been attributed to him. 

The Right Honorable William 
Ewart Gladstone was born Dec. 29, 
1809, at Liverpool, England. He 
was the fourth son of Sir John Glad- 
stone, Bart., of Scotland. His father, 
originally of Leith, had won eminence 
and wealth as a West India merchant 


BENEFACTORS OF MANKIND. 161 


in Liverpool. Gladstone was sent to 
Eton, and afterwards to Christ Church, 
Oxford, where he closed a brilliant 
college career by taking a double first- 
class degreein'1831. Heentered the 
House of Commons in 1832 for the 
borough of Newark. He held the 
post of Lord of the Treasury, and 
afterwards that of Under-Secretary of 
State for the colonies in the Peel gov- 
ernment, for a few months in 1835. 
He has often held ministerial office 
under eminent Prime Ministers and 
has several times been Prime Minister. 
His resignation March 3, 1894 as 
Prime Minister, on account of age, 
_ doubtless closes his public career ex- 
cept perhaps as member of the House 
of Commons, 


FIG. 137. LORD ROSEBERY, 


The new Prime Minister of England. 


The retirement of Mr. Glad- 
stone as Prime Minister of Eng- 
land on the sd day of March, 
1894, completed and turned over one 
of the brightest and largest pages of 
English history, and the opening 
page, representing his successor, 
with a head and face full of promise 
and power, invites our present atten- 
tion. 


Massiveness, coolness and self- 
possession are embodied in this 
physical and mental endowment. 


The head is large as the basis of 
mental strength, the face is indica- 
tive of power, but reserved power. 
There is an expression of calmness, 
but a consciousness of capability— 
abundant courage with energy under 
the control of judgment; steady 
determination and resolution, but no 
haste in manifesting his ultimatum. 
Then he has a wise conservatism 
joined with a reformatory and pro- 
gressive spirit. He has a far-seeing, 
prophetic sense that looks for the 
good he desires, and that can par- 
tially wait and work till he wins. 

His features are an _ interesting 
study. His long, massive upper lip 
indicates steadfastness and integrity. 


He has a social, friendly mouth, and 
a fraternal face. The nose shows 
dignity, self-reliance, persistency, 
keen prescience, and a_ well-settled 
confidence in himself and his cause. 

This is also an honest face. He is 
willing to work by straight lines and 
accomplish results by the equities 
that are fair and honest. 

He has a calm, steady eye that will 
not flinch in the presence of great- 
ness. 

He does not lose his self-respect, 
nor confidence in his own power. 
His progress and success in life 
would naturally come to him through 
steady pressure rather than through 
blows. He is not a man to make 
eager onsets. If he were a lawyer he 
would treat his opponents in a case 
with respectful and kindly consider- 
ation. He would cross-examine an 
opposing witness in a manner that 
would indicate forbearance and kind- 
liness, and if his statements contra- 
dicted each other he would quietly 
ask him to explain it, and thus per- 
haps tangle him up. He can keep 
his temper when other men will boil 
over; he can speak calmly, respect- 
fully and considerately when other 
men forget themselves and say that 
which they will in an hour regret, 
but cannot then take back. 

His perceptive faculties are strong 
and he judges promptly and accu- 
rately in respect to science as applied 
to things physical He judges well 
of form, magnitude and weight; he 
should balance well as a horseman 
and walk with an easy poise. 

That intellect is intuitive, clear, 
distinct. He is able to hold a large 
number of facts and interests in his 
mind. He has an excellent memory; 
he has an analytical intellect, and 
yet there is a reserve of logic that 
comes to his aid when the facts are 
all analyzed and ready for the sum- 
ming up. 

He has an excellent judgment of 
strangers; he reads their character 
well, and is rarely at fault in his 
estimate of them. A man who 


162 How TO STuDY STRANGERS. 


“= 


talked kindly and pretended to be 
friendly he would hold polite rela- 
tions with for months or years, until 
the secret opponent was ready to 


in his purposes, and that there was a 
masked battery ready for him. 

He is a man of remarkable cool- 
ness and presence of mind. He has 


FIG. 137. LORD ROSEBERY, NEW ENGLISH PREMIER. 


show his aggressive purposes, and 
who would be astonished to learn all 
at once that he had been anticipated 


the power of comprehending compli- 
cations. He isa good financier, and 
if he has a fault which may be incon- 


7 


BENEFACTORS OF MANKIND, 163 


venient for him in regard to his 
present undertaking, it will be in the 
direction of forbearance and _ leni- 
ency. He has faith in manhood; 
he has faith in goodness; he loves 
the truth because it is true, and he 
is not hard, tricky, nor selfish. He 
will try to win on lines of integrity. 
If he were a business man, carrying 
great responsibilities, and some pub- 
lic financial pressure should confront 
him, so that it were necessary for 
him to ask for an extension or liquida- 


tion, it would be found that his 
affairs had been honorably con- 
ducted. Such amanas he would get 


an extension and liberal treatment. 

We judge that his social feelings 
are strong, that he inherits as much 
of his mother’s nature as of his 
father’s and easily makes and retains 
friends. His power to resist aggres- 
sion we think he gets from his father, 
and also his power of intellectual 
comprehension, but his tact, sym- 
pathy, faith and affection he gets 
from his mother’s side, and therefore 
he never will be regarded as a hard, 
overbearing, unjust man; even his 
enemies will give him credit for sin- 
cerity and fairness. 

His temperament is_ evidently 
Vital, Mental. He has a full devel- 
opment of the physique, and it 1s in 
the direction of nutrition, healthful- 
ness and ardor. 

The Mental temperament gives 
him a large head, and the Vital gives 
him harmony of body and brain. If 
he had a little more of the Motive 
temperament it might give him more 
emphasis and positiveness, but it 
might not benefit his character. 

The top head is well elevated and 
is long and broad, and he will respect 
virtue and duty and temper justice 
with mercy. He is endowed with 
a body, mind and character to deserve 
success, 

Like Mr. Gladstone, Archibald 
Philip Primrose, Lord Rosebery, is 
descended from a Scottish family. 
His ancestors have been distinguished 
for centuries, and allied themselves 


by marriage with the greatest names 
in Scotland. The present Premier is 
forty-seven years old, having been 
born in 1827, and from the beginning 
of his life he was destined for politics. 
He was educated at Eton and at Christ 
Church, Oxford. As he was certain 
to inherit an Earldom if he outlived 
his grandfather, this taste for public 
life was sure to be gratified sooner or 
later in the House of Lords, but the 
young man preferred to win his first 
honors in the House of Commons. 
His father died when he was only four 
years old, and he was only twenty- 
one and had just been elected to the 
Commons when his grandfather died, 
and he took his seat in the House of 
Lords as the Earl of Rosebery. 


HON. NEAL DOW. 


Fig. 138. This man, with a world- 
wide reputation, celebrated his goth 
birthday on the 2oth of March, 1894. 
The portrait presented was made 
some years ago when he was in his 
ripened vigor, and he now ‘has a 
bright and brave look, even at ninety. 

His father died in 1861, at 95 years 
Ofpiage;vand his) smotheryxiedt: ten 
years earlier at 75. So he has in 
him the elements of endurance, 
power of thought, and harmony of 
physical and mental development, 
which permits, and with right living 
reaches old age. Every line of his 
face indicates power and positiveness, 
and though he has been called a great 
fighter, the term is hardly appropriate 
to him, because it would be better to 
call it a struggle, a moral effort 
against immorality and the bane of 
human life. 

His head from the opening of the 
ears forward is high, showing large 
Firmness, Self-esteem, Approbative- 
ness, Conscientiousness, Hope and 
Veneration, and if ever a man was 
called to a long campaign of strife 
and persistent effort against the pop- 
ular sentiment, and against fearful 
combinations and opposition, Neal 
Dow is just that man. He has an 


164 


How To STuDY STRANGERS. 


intelligent expression of countenance, 
and it is harmonious; there is no 
extravagance or exaggeration about 
his face. His chin supports his lower 
lip and that sustains the upper lip, 
and the nose is built on it as if it 
were a part of masonry, and hada good 
foundation to rest on. ‘Then look at 
that broad, strong cheek bone, show- 
ing good breathing power, and the 
possession of that kind of heroic 
courage and thoroughness’ which 
requires power, resolution and vitality. 
What a calm, steady eye he has! 
It is bright without being bitter or 
acrimonious. It looks as if he was 
hunting for evil to be removed rather 
than himself to do evil works and 
wickedness. 

His large perceptive development 
shows wonderful power of observa- 
tion and ability to gather up facts 
and attend to detail. He has a rare 
and. retentive:memory “of? stacts; 
places, and methods. He has a good 
memory of countenances. He judges 
color well, measures form, size and 
weight, could have been a mechanic 
or an artist, and would have been use- 
ful in these departments, and is 
adapted to gather and use informa- 
tion to excellent advantage. 

He has large Comparison; the 
center of the upper part of the fore- 
head is very full, consequently he is 
full of appropriate illustrations and 
figures of speech. There is such a 
right onwardness to his diction, and 
such thorough earnestness to his 
purposes that they are focalized, as 
the rays of light and heat are focal- 
ized through a lens and converged to 
a point, to make it hot where they 
touch. 

His Human Nature, just where the 
hair unites with the center of the top 
part of the forehead, shows criticism 
in reference to persons and dispo- 
sitions, and gives facility to manipu- 
late people, saying the right thing at 
the right time and in the right way, 
and acquiring great influence with 
people. His large Benevolence gives 
elevation to the front part of the top 


of the head, but that of course is 
somewhat obscured by the amount of 
hair, but it shows that it is amply 
elevated. Veneration lies behind 
Benevolence continuing the elevation 
of the top head, as the line extends 
backward. ‘Then the region of the 
crown is well marked; Firmness is 
large, showing steadfastness, dignity, 
ambition and integrity, and he hasa 
fair share of prudence, but he is not 
always consulting safety. He studies 
what should be done, and how it 
should be done, as an engineer lays a 
railway through a broken country ;— 
not going around all the hills, plow- 
ing through them, or tunneling them 
and using the débris to fill up the 
valleys between. So he has tried to 
do what ought to be done in a 
straightforward, earnest, and honest 
way, without equivocating. He has 
been as persistent in his line of effort 
as William Lloyd Garrison was in 
his, who said, ‘‘I will not extenuate, 
I will not equivocate nor yield a 
single inch, and I will be heard.”’ 
His head is fairly well developed 
in width. He has the elements of 
courage and executiveness. 
a fair share of the feeling of economy, 
and desire for acquiring, and in ordi- 
nary lines of business, if legitimate, 
he would push them to successful 
results. The form of his body does 
not look bony and broad, but plump, 
smooth, and harmonious. He hada 
wonderfully young face for his age, 
when this picture was taken, and 
even to-day there is, for instance, 
enthusiasm, balance, and harmony 
in every expression of his features 
and in the organization of his brain; 
no part seems to predominate beyond 
the influence and activity of the 
other parts. If he has courage, he 
has also prudence to guide it. If he 
has practical talent, he has also 
reasoning talent to absorb, balance, 
and rightly direct the facts. Then 
the moral sentiments work with 
courage, dignity, and practical talent, 
and these have given him his influence 
and his power. But he hasa gentle 


He has - 


BENEFACTORS OF MANKIND, 


165 


nature; there is much in him of his 
mother, which leads him to seek out 
and cultivate the gentler side in the 
common walks and affairs of life. 
He is a very companionable and 
cheery man, not rough or lordly. 

In his earlier life he was slim, and 
comparatively thin and wiry; in his 
later life he has rounded out more 
fully, indicating that his nutritive 


FIG, 138. 


system was amply developed, as 
derived from his mother, and_ his 
health, as a consequence, was_har- 
monious, and the whole mental and 
physical make-up substantial and 
available. 

Hon. Neal Dow was born on the 
2zoth of March, 1804, in Portland, 
Maine. He came from English 


Swit n 
An 
WS 


SQ 


A 
RSS 


stock that settled in New Hampshire 
in 1637. His father settled in Port- 
land, Maine, where Neal was _ born, 
and lived to the age of ninety-five 
years. Neal Dow’slongevity is hered- 
itary, two of his ancestors having 
lived over a hundred years, and 
several overeighty. He was married 
in 1830, and has four chi'dren now 
living. He attended public and 


4G 


ON 


; bij 


/ Lif 
Me bgp 
Wh ect, 


Wy 


Rs 


AS 


\ 


HON. NEAL DOW, THE APOSTLE OF TEMPERANCE. 


private schools in Portland and the 
Friends’ Academy in New Bedford, 
Mass., his family on both sides being 
Friends, though he left the society 
before he was of age. In the village 
debating societies and in towm meet- 
ing, he acquired facility in extem- 
poraneous speaking. Active in the 
politics of his day, he was an efficient 


on 


166 How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


and acceptable speaker. His judg- 
ment and integrity placed him in the 
directories of banks, manufacturing, 
railroad and other corporations. 
Later, when nearly sixty, at an age 
when most men are unequal to the 
hardships of army life, he volun- 
teered in the war for the Union, 
serving as Colonel of a Maine 
regiment and afterwards as Brigadier- 
General of Volunteers, was twice 
wounded in battle, and for many 
months a prisoner of war. 

Mr. Dow's world-wide, enduring 
fame has come through his long and 
self-sacrificing service for temperance. 
The present generation has little 
conception of the task which he 
undertook more than sixty years ago. 
A man with less than iron nerve and 
without an unconquerable will, would 
have faltered before it. The liquor 
traffic constituted a large part of the 
business of Portland. Authorized by 
law, it wasa legitimate trade, sup- 
plying an almost universal demand. 
It was sustained by an overwhelming 
public sentiment there as elsewhere. 
In the midst of such conditions, to 
declare the liquor traffic hurtful in 
effect, a wrong. in itself, was 
regarded aS an insult — tothe 
intelligence and an impeachment of 
the integrity of most respectable 
citizens. Of: course, “he, met, with 
hostility, but, convinced that no prog- 
ress could be made while the liquor 
trade was legally considered necessary 
and respectable, Mr. Dow aimed to 
strip it of its legal endorsement, and 
to this end, to convince the people 
that the trade was aprolinc parent of 
poverty, misery and crime. Thus 
he became an object of studied and 
persistent hostility in various forms. 
Incendiaries fired his building, mis- 
creants assailed his house with 
missiles, attacked him in the street 
by day and by night, though always 
to their own discomfort ; his skill in 
sparring enabled him to clear the 
track through many a riotous crowd. 
Again and again he appeared before 
a legislative committee with enor- 


mous petitions urging the adoption of 
prohibition, only to be repulsed. He 
then appealed to the people to out- 
law the liquor traffie through the 
Legislature. 

In 1851, Mr. Dow was elected 
Mayor of Portland by a larger vote 
than; before’, had {:béen}ie1vensta 
Mayoralty candidate. Clothed now 
with the influence of official position, 
he appeared before a legislative com- 
mission with a draft of a prohibitory 
law, pledging himself that if this 
was enacted, that within nine months 
the open traffic in liquor in Portland 
should be annihilated. This pledge 
he subsequently amply redeemed. 
The bill was passed and was ap- 
provedmuy, the. Governongs|ineusa 
1851, and has ever since been known 
as the Maine Law. 

In the Spring of 1855, Mr. Dow 


was again elected Mayor, and again 


successfully enforced the law. He 
was elected unanimously to the Legis- 
lature, a tacit and courteous acknow- 
ledgment on the part of the political 
opponents that he had been unjustly 
assailed. He visited England, spent 
four years advocating prohibition, 
and served to establish the princi- 
ple which is at present agitating the 
British Parliament on that sub- 
16Ct; 

Mr. Dow is still leading the move- 
ment which enlisted the strength of 
his youth. ‘[Wwo generations ago he 
put his hand to the plough and hasn’t 
looked back. Whoever else has 
faltered, he has not wearied in well- 
doing. Appreciating the magnitude 
of the task before him, no success 
has elated and no reverse has dis- 
couraged him. For this reform, at 
ninety years of age, he is laboring 
with a hope and enthusiasm worthy 
of youth, the determination of mature 
life and the earnest conviction and 
calm faith of aripe old age. He 
hopes to die in the harness and be 
able to say with the Apostle Paul, 
‘‘T have fought a good fight, I have 


finished my course, I have kept the 
faith,”’ 


CHAPTER XVII. 


LITERARY AND BUSINESS SUCCESS. 


CYRUS H. K. CURTIS. 
Founder of the Ladies’ Home Journal. 


The following analysis of Mr. 
Curtis was made from a personal 
examination of his head, he having 
been introduced by a friend of his 
without giving his name or occupa- 
tion, ‘and it was literally the ‘‘ study 
of a stranger.” We give it verbatim 
as reported: 

Your head, measuring 224 inches 
in circumference, and from ear to 
ear over the top of the head 15 inches, 
is large enough for a man who turns 
the scales at 160 pounds instead of 
132. 

You are a compactly built man; 
are positive, executive, intense, quick, 
and enduring, and you are not as 
likely to break down by over-work as 
the majority of men, because there 
is a kind of tenacious, wiry endurance 
connected with the fiber. 

Your dark hair, dark eyes and firm 
fiber indicate the Motive tempera- 
ment. The second temperament 
with you is the Mental, including the 
brain and the nerves, and with 
your nervous susceptibility and ex- 
citability you are likely to impel 
your locomotive system, or mechani- 
cal system to do a great deal 
more work than is common with per- 
sons of your weight. Any work that 
comes within the scope of your 
strength, you can turn off effectively 
and rapidly. If you were put into 
heavy work, like the lumber business, 
for instance, you would over-work and 
get broken down. If you were build- 
ing something that was within the 


scope of your strength, you would be 
rapid and accurate in the work, and 
there would be few men who could 
do as much as you would. 

The third temperament is the Vital, 
and that in you shows good lung pow- 
er, pretty fair digestion, and good cir- 
culation, and if you will avoid coffee, 
tobacco, spices, and other articles 
which are apt to disturb the nerves 
that operate the heart, you will be 
likely to live toa good old age; where- 
as if the action of these nerves were 
disturbed, it would tend to produce 
heart failure, even if there were no 
disease of the heart. 

With your largebrain and sensitive 
temperament, which inspires you to 
thought and effort, you are sharp, 
earnest and emphatic. Wherever you 
act, something is achieved. When 
you strike, the bell sounds; wherever 
you use force the diamond point cuts 
the glass. Your head is broad from 
side to side, and you are energetic 
and positive. 

You have the financial elements, 
which, if devoted to business and to 
finance, would make you wise, efficient 
and successful. You always see the 
profit and loss, the financial or com- 
mercial side of all subjects which in- 
volve the expenditure and accumula- 
tion of means, and if you were trained 
to a business of manufacturing you 
would beable to financier definitely so 


‘that there should be no leaking of cost 


unnecessarily. You would organize 
in a business departmental methods 
or responsibility and criticism; for in- 
stance, ina bookstore you would have 
accounts kept with each book. Ifa 


168 How To StTupy STRANGERS, 


book did not pay you would drop it 
out and would put extra push into 
that which did pay, because it had 
merit of its own. So inthose lines of 
economic procedure you would ana- 
lyze, criticise, and organize, and make 
things successful, or else drop them. 

You have the faculty of judging 
character which helps you to work 
through other people. You would 
be able if you had business wants 
to be served, to find men who were 
adapted for the work in temperament, 
culture and habit. One likes accounts, 
another likes to collect, and another 
likes to handle the material, to work 
with his hands and his thought. One 
man will sit at his desk and rulea 
thousand agents, peppered all over 
the land; he will pull these wires, or 
act through them and so produce de- 
sired results; and yet he might not 
be worth much to take one of those 
departments himself. 

Intensity is one of your special qual- 
ities. This gives you the tendency to 
feel in a hurry and you may over-do 
in that way. I would put people un- 
der your influence who would have a 
quieting, sedative effect upon you— 
people who would receive your re- 
bukes, your instructions and your 
hurrying, and seem gratified and 
thankful that you had favored them 
with information, and who would 
go about what you would tell them to 
do without objection. But if people 
were like sand-paper to matches, 
when friction came, they would 
hardly know whether the fire came 
from the match or from the sand- 
paper. People around you ought 
to be quick to think, but they 
should not be very emphatic in their 
actions. They should move with an 
easy SWeep of effort—they should shut 
doors easily—they should not walk 
with heavy shoes, they should not 
talk very loudly, and they should not 
answer back until you wanted them 
to. You have the faculty of holding 
people in hand, as a skillful driver 
can hold four pair of reins. You are 
capable of organizing because you 


have large mechanical faculties, that 
is to say, you have the power to plan 
what needs to be done, how it should 
be done, and thus organize the efforts 
of others so that they would work 
profitably and harmoniously. For 
instance, if you understood printing, 
you would make a good foreman ina 
printing-office. You would divide an 
article into as many ‘‘takes’”’ as the 
time would demand, and you would 
put force into all your efforts and all 
yourthoughts. The base of the brain 
gives urgency, and you act, walk and 
talk as if you had no time to waste. 
People would learn to work faster by 
working for yon. If a person were 
to come to you for instructions, you 
would lean forward in your chair, 
open your eyes wide, look him squarely 
in the face and give your instructions 
as fast as you could; you would not 
lean back, put your thumbs in your 
vest, revolve in your chair, and say, 
‘* Well, we must consider that.” 

You would have made a first-rate 
surgeon; because you would have 
worked rapidly, and you would have 
worked boldly. 

You would have a sharp memory of 
ideas. Impressions that you derive 
from seeing, hearing, experience and 
from thinking—these experiences are 
fadeless—you remember the thought 
and the idea you get from them, you 
may forget the facts from which an im- 
pression is derived, but the impression 
lasts—it is indellible. In dealing 
with human nature, and in working 
through it you would select the right 
factors for doing certain things; and 
you might select men who could do 
the work better than you could do it 
yourself, but you would do the direct- 
ing. You would assign different 
duties to different men according to 
their peculiarities. If you.were a 
captain of police, you would know all 
your men and what men would be 
requisite for a particular job, and you 
wouldassign the men to duties accord- 
ing to their peculiarities. You might 
not be able to go into the field your- 
self and do the work, but you would 


LITERARY AND BUSINESS SUCCESS. 


169 


on ee ee A BS a ee es | ee eee 


understand it so well that you would 
assign the right man to the right 
place. The same would be true in 
carrying on general business. If you 
wanted aman visited on some delicate 
or intricate business, you would consid- 
er his temper, and his circumstances, 


gives you an aggressive spirit, the 
tendency to push whatever you are 
interested in. You would get more 
miles out of a given team on a Cer- 
tain road than most men who drive 
teams, because your voice would be 
an inspiration to effort. You would 


FIG. 139. 


and then you would choose a man 
to go whose temper would not rasp the 
other man,—you would send a man 
who would be mild, mellow and con- 
ciliating, but who had _ Firmness 
enough to stand quietly, but still 
persistently. Then if you wanted a 
man visited who needed a dominant 
spirit to manage him, you would 
select a man of the requisite type. 
Combativeness is rather large, which 


CYRUS. pike’ GURTIS:. 


not need a whip, you would only draw 
the reins and speak in such a way as 
to inspire the horses to effort, and 
then they would go. In going up- 
hill you would let them go slowly, 
and when they got on a level stretch 
again, where you could push them, 
and where they had nothing to do 
but keep out of the way of the 
wagon, then you would manage to 
get distance out of them; so it would 


~N 


170 


be easy for the horses, because you 
would plan for them,—you would 
make them go according to your idea 
of what was easiest and best, and so 
you would bring your horses home 
all right; as a livery-stable man 
would say, you would bring them in 
‘‘dry in good wind,” and you would 
drive quickly too. You would drive 
business in a similar way. 

You are fond of argument,—you 
like to take the opposite side; where 
you seem to be opposed you are apt 
to respond in kind, but if people 
present a subject, and do not seem 
to oppose you, then you will say, 
‘* Well, yes, that subject is worthy of 
consideration.” The moment you 
find you are not being opposed you 
are open to conviction; and if a man 
has any suggestions that are better 
than your own, they would be 
accepted by you with more courage 
and promptness than by most men. 
You want the best, and if somebody 
knows better than you do on some 
point you want to find it out as quickly 
as you can, and then yousay, ‘‘ Why, 
yes, John, that is a good idea; incor- 
porate that into your plan, it will 
work~well.’’ You would take up the 
new plan heartily, you would not act 
as if you had been defeated or sur- 
passed in your judgment. In fact, 
your mind works so rapidly that very 
few men get ahead of you. 

If you had the chance to be the 
director and controller of affairs, you 
would work up prosperity right along, 
but perhaps there would be more 
friction in you than in the business. 
Whatever is interesting to you gets 
attention, and you are on hand in 
season and out of season, and you 
plan and accomplish desired results. 
You do not let grass grow under your 
feet, as the saying is. You do not 
let things go by default. 

Destructiveness gives you effi- 
ciency, and Combativeness gives you 
aggressiveness, industry, push and 
activity, and the desire to exert 
influence. Destructiveness gives you 


How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


solidity and executiveness and makes 
you good in a pinch. 

Your Secretiveness qualifies you to 
conceal that which you do not wish to 
communicate. It is very little trou- 
ble for you to hide thought and 
knowledge on topics that do not con- 
cern other people. You do not con- 
fess your weakness, at any rate, not 
until the crisisis past. I have known 
men after they had become rich to 
tell how near they came to failing, 
seven years before, but they do not 
tell that until after they stand on a 
good, firm foundation, Then there 
are some people who show their con- 
dition in their faces. You have 
Secretiveness that leads you to con- 
ceal your thoughts and to use your 
knowledge to good advantage, and 
not to use it where it is not best. 

You have large Friendship, there- 
fore you are influential in that field. 
The friendship of other people influ- 
ences you and you want to cement 
alliances between yourself and them. 
The social tie is strong between you 
and those you can affiliate with. 

The love of home, the love of chil- 
dren, and the love of woman is 


strong; and woman exerts, and 
always did, a beneficent influence 
with you. 


Your father might scold at you, he 
might beat you, but your mother’s 
word was an inspiration, and her wish 
would influence you better and per- 
haps more deeply and more continu- 
ously than the father’s stronger 
method. 

You have the domestic spirit. If 
you were a physician you would be 
popular in the families. Woman likes 
you, childhood likes you. You can 
win the interest and the sympathy of 
childhood and of womanhood, and, 
therefore, you would have made a 
good teacher of a female seminary. 
The girls would have looked upon 
you as an elder brother, and they 
would not have conspired against you 
so as to get the best of the teacher. 
If you were a preacher there would 
be a larger number of women who 


LITERARY AND BUSINESS SUCCESS. I7I 
ot ean Sos aS OF a ee ee Be ee ee 


would like your discourses and your 
pastoral influence than would be com- 
mon in other congregations with 
other men. 

The truth is, you inherit a great 
deal from your mother—your tem- 
* perament, your spirit, your refine- 
ment, your affections, your faith, and 
your intuition come from her. 

The fineness of your quality indi- 
cates your intensity and susceptibil- 
ity, and does a great deal to explain 
your tastes and tendencies. 

You like the fine, the nice, the 
perfect and the clean, using the word 
clean in its largest and best sense. 

You are executive, brave, plucky, 
enterprising, strongly affectionate and 
loving. 

You have tact, ambition, thorough- 
ness and moral judgment. You will 
contend more earnestly for that 
which you think is right than for that 
which you think is merely profitable; 
and when things are wrong, no matter 
whether there is any morality inthem 
or not, you want them corrected. 

You would make a good proof- 
reader for that reason. You would 
see all the errors and you would want 
to revise the proof to see that all 
your marks had been noticed and 
made. 

You enjoy music, appreciate art 
and beauty. You have enthusiasm, 
and that enthusiasm is backed up by 
courage and ambition, therefore we 
judge that you area factor of influ- 
ential force wherever you move, and 
you are an inspiration to other 
people’s capabilities. In  photog- 
raphy there are chemicals applied 
which serve to make the body of the 
picture, andthen there are certain 
sensitive influences that are brought 
to bear which bring the picture out 
quickly with a flash light. It used to 
take two and a half minutes to make 
a picture, but they have been work- 
ing towards shortness of time, and 
now they have the instantaneous pict- 
ure. You serve among men, in 
business and in affairs like that 
special sensitive chemical influence in 


photography which brings a picture 
out quickly and clearly. 

The criticism that we would make 
for your benefit is that you are liable 
to take on too much duty,—to be too 
hearty and tooearnest in the fulfil- 
ment of duty, and thus wear your- 
self out and break yourself down 
before your time. 

You are fortunate in two things; 
in the first place you work easily, 
considering your speed, and secondly, 
you have tenacity and activity, which 
make effort earnest and rapid. 


BIOGRAPHICAL, 


Cyrus H. K. Curtis, who founded 
the Ladies’ Home Journal, is its 
present owner and publisher. Mr. 
Curtis is a typical, energetic ‘‘ Down- 
Easter,’ having been born in Portland, 
Maine, on the 18th of June, 1850. He 
was twelve years of age when he 
turned his attention to the world of 
periodical literature. He was a 
schoolboy, but outside of those hours 
when not laboring with problems of 
geography and arithmetic, he sold 
newspapers. Hesoon built up for 
himself a lucrative ‘‘newsroute,” and 
success in this led himto try his hand 
at publishing a paper of his own. 
The result was a unique production; 
its title was the Zhe Young America, 
and it styled itself ‘‘the best and 
cheapest monthly in America.” Its 
price was two cents per month, and 
the name of Cyrus H. K. Curtis was 
blazoned forth as ‘‘editor and pub- 
lisher.”” Heset all the type him- 
self, printed his own paper ona boy’s 
press. Moderate success crowned 
his efforts, and, with youthful enthusi- 
asm, he gloried in his journalistic 
achievement. 

At this time, Phrenology, as repre- 
sented by Prof. O. S. Fowler, was the 
rage in Portland. Along with hun 
dreds of others, Mr. Curtis tried the 
skill of the phrenologist. The result 
of Prof. Fowler’s examination of 
young Curtis’s head was that he was 
destined for large success in a_ busi- 
ness inwhich he would deal with 


172 Iiow To STuDY STRANGERS, 


women—a prophecy which has cer- 
tainly been verified. 

In 1868 he removed to Bostonand 
entered the advertising business, and 
subsequently became engaged in the 
publication of several periodicals. 

A desire to bring himself closer 
into contact with New York business 
men and houses led him to remove 
to Philadelphia in 1876. He chose 
this city with the shrewd observation 
that a man can throw a_ stronger 
light on a great metropolis from a 
short distance than by actual _esi- 
dence within its borders. 

His first Philadelphia venture was 
the establishment of a weekly peri- 
odical called Zhe Tribune and Farmer, 
which he brought to a bona fide cir- 
culation of 46,000 copies. This 
periodical he conducted until the idea 
of Zhe Ladies’ Home Journal occurred 
to: him; vand;::on)Dec.1155 1832) the 
first number was issued of the peri- 
odical which in seven years was des- 
tined to astonish the literary world. 

Mr. Curtis is a firm believer in 
generous advertising, and no maga- 
zine of to-day is advertised on such a 
large and extensive basis. He makes 
the advertisements attractive, gives 
them plenty of space, and he may be 
said to be one of the best advertise- 
ment writers of the present time. 
‘* Does it pay to advertise so largely ? 
Yes, in .every: respect, A» mancan 
never advertise too much, so long as 
he is judicious, has something which 
the public wants, and exercises care- 
ful judgment in the selection of his 
mediums,”’ 

His business principles commend 
themselves to every believer of hon- 
esty in commercial transactions. For 
any form of deception he has the 
most sincere hatred, and _ believes 
that not only is honesty the best 
policy in business, but that it is the 
only one which a man can follow with 
any hope of permanent success. 

Personally, Mr. Curtis is popular in 
the best sense of that word. His open 
principles attract all who come in con- 
tact with him, and there is with them 


ever present a feeling of security in 
all their transactions with him. He 
is a man of fertile brain, to whom 
fresh ideas come quickly and natur- 
ally, and no proposition which has 
merit in it is too large for him to 
grasp and undertake. 


EDWARD W. BOK. 
Editor of the Ladies’ Home Journal. 


(The description of character was dictated 
to a stenographer when the examiner had | 


no idea of the name or pursuit of Mr. Bok.) 


You have a pretty good frame, and 
a fairly developed muscular system; 
but your head measuring 227% inches 
in circumference,and 154 inches from 
the opening of one ear to that of the 
other over the top shows too large a 
head for your present weight, 146 
pounds. You ought to weigh 170 
pounds. If you were large enough 
to turn the scales at 170 pounds at 
your ordinary working condition, you 
would be able to do more work with 
your brain and not feel depressed. 
You would not need vacation as much 
as you do now. A word or two as to 
how to carry your large brain may be 
useful to you. In the first place you 
ought to sleep an hour more than is 
ordinarily supposed to be necessary. 
Eight hours of sleep issupposed tobe 
the average need of the human race 
at your age. If you could make it 
nine hours every night it would give 
you 20 per cent. more of power to 
work and to think. 

You can improve your diet with a 
view to vigor and to length of life,by 
dropping out a good deal of the car- 
bonaceous portion of it, to wit,sugar, 
fatty matter and starch. If youcould 
eat the entire wheat instead of the 
mere starch, which is only the heating 
part of the wheat, and the entire milk 
instead of the butter which produces 
only heat, and if you would leave 
sugar pretty much out of the question 
it would be better for you. Your 
complexion, and the tendency to pim- 
ples show that you eat too much sugar, 
or other carbonaceous material. If 


LITERARY AND BUSINESS SUCCESS. 173 


you will, take lean beef, mutton, fish 
and eggs,fruit without sugar, oatmeal, 
wheat without sifting, vegetables and 
the entire milk, you may eat to your 
temperate satisfaction, and then there 
will be no feverishness, no excitabili- 
ty and no tendency to nervousness, 
no liver, kidney or dyspepsia trouble, 


you achieve the what, and are instant- 
ly hungry to know the why, so you 
are all the time holding communica- 
tion between facts and philosophy; 
things and their uses; phenomena 
and logic. 

You have large Language; you talk 
as easily as water flows towards the 


FIGS «Ta Os 


EDWARD WILLIAM BOK, 


Editor of the Ladies’ Home Journal. 


as would be likely to occur with the 
common mode of living. 

You ought to avoid coffee, alcohol 
and tobacco, as well as spices. 

In regard to the brain, your head 
is amply developed in front, indicat- 
ing clear-cut earnestness and breadth 
of thought. You gather the facts, 


ocean, when you understand a sub- 
ject as well as those are supposed to 
understand it who are listening to you, 
or who read what you write, you have 
the faculty of liquefying your logic. 
There are those who know enough, 
but their knowledge is like cold bees- 
wax in a jug, it is rich, but solid as a 


174 How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


rock, and needs a great deal of warm- 
ing beforeit will pour; what you know 
is like kerosene ina pitcher; when you 
want it to flow itisready. Youhave 
large Eventuality, which enables you 
to hold historical knowledge in solu- 
tion. ‘That is, youcan consider it in 
its severalities, in its identities and in 
its peculiarities; then your Language 
is large enough to convey it. You 
would make a good extemporaneous 
speaker. For example, if you were 
a physician, you could stand before a 
class of students who knew something 
about muscles and bones, and you 
would seem by your descriptions to 
put new life into these and thus you 
would make an _ extemporaneous 
speaker. 

Being a natural teacher, if you 
understood the art and the science of 
public speaking you would preach 
well, or would lecture well, and peo- 
ple would feel while you were dis- 
coursing that you were talking to 
them, and that you were not deliv- 
ering a stilted oration; although once 
ina while you would run up to an 
oratorical height in making a rounded 
culmination of statement. 

You have large Benevolence which 
renders you sympathetical. You 
are sorry for people, and you can 
talk on the tender side of a sub- 
ject, and if you were a clergyman 
you could go to a funeral and so talk 
to the people, that they would be glad 
to go and hear you elsewhere. The 
listeners would think you were ‘‘good 
at a funeral” because you can be 
intelligent, tender and logical. You 
can talk about difficult topics in a way 
to make them tolerable. You can 
say hard things smoothly. You can 
give advice without seeming pre- 
sumptuous, and reproof without seem- 
ing cruel. When you are called to 
take people to task about something, 
they thank you when you get through. 

Your head is high, and the moral 
group is large, and you take hold of 
the theoretical side of subjects. You 
are just, merciful, reverent, and hope- 
ful. You could take a person’s hand 


if you were a minister, a physician or 
a friend, if that person were ill, and 
it were questionable whether recov- 
ery would result from treatment and 
time, and could talk in such a way as 
to benefit and please the patient, and 
perhaps lift him out of darkness 
into healthy recovery. You would 
say, ‘‘ You are worth a dozen dead 
men; hope in God and ina good con- 
stitution, sleep all you can, and do 
not worry.” That is the spirit in 
which you would treat trouble and 
difficulty, and you would thus help to 
buoy the patient. 

You read character well. You 
appreciate strangers, and know how 
to address yourself to different stran- 
gers of varied peculiarities so as to 
achieve desired results. You could 
ask for a subscription from a stingy 
person, or from a person who did not 
have the money to spare just then, 
and could do it in such a way as not 
to make the person feel ashamed or 


_ annoyed. You would say to a person, 


‘‘T am representing such a cause; 
if you wish to contribute to it I am 
authorized to receive your name and 
your donation;” and if the man said, 
‘‘T am very sorry, but I do not think 
I can afford it just at present,” then 
you would say, ‘‘Well, I am sure you 
would be glad to do it, if convenient; 
I will not press you, but sometime 
perhaps you may feel able to do it.” 
And you would get out without hav- 
ing the man feel that he was hunted 
or annoyed. And if a man did give 
something, you would talk in sucha 
way as to make him feel that you ap- 
preciated that he had been generous, 
even if it were only half as muchas 
you had expected. You would say, 
‘‘T am very much obliged.”’ But you 
would not add ‘‘for half as much as 
I expected. to get.) Yet there are 
some men who are just as good and 
as true as they need to be, but they 
lack smoothness, mellowness, socia- 
bility and pliability; they hurt every- 
body they touch; they cannot collect 
a gas bill without making a man feel 
crabbed. Yet, you have sterling de- 


LITERARY AND BUSINESS SUCCESS, 175 


termination, and if people are in the 
wrong, or if they undertake to wrong 
you or the truth, you have stead fast- 
ness and dignity that would enable 
you to make them feel sorry and 
ashamed—if it were necessary. If 
you were a teacher, and the young 
men were delinquent in decorum, or 
in attainment, you would be able to 
reprove without alienating; you can 
punish without awakening hatred. If 
you were obliged to give a persona 
demerit you would say, ‘‘John, it is 
harder work for me to do this than 
for you to take it, but I cannot help 
it, my duty requires it, I owe it to 
your parents and to the school, but I 
hope I shall not have to do it again, 
and if you will do your best I cer- 
tainly shall be spared doing it.” And 
the delinquents would dread delin- 
quency because it would hurt the 
teacher. Thereare teachers,so called, 
who seem to delight in finding fault, 
in detecting error and delinquency; 
they hunt for it, as a setter dog does 
for the track. If it existed you would 
find it, but you would not make peo- 
ple think you were hunting for it, you 
could show that by expressing regret 
and surprise: ‘‘Is it possible that you 
have been delinquent? I am very 
sorry.’ And that would savea fellow 
where hard words would not reclaim 
him. 

I think you had a good mother, and 
you have borrowed much of her life. 
She got hers probably from her father, 
and it has been filtrated through ma- 
ternal life, and you have taken it in 
that way, modified. You have your 
mother’s spirit, talent and sentiment. 

You have large Causality, which 
seeks to know the why. You have 
the instincts which enable you to find 
out facts and truth, so that you have 
a kind of free access to knowledge in 
detail and also in its philosophic form. 
You hardly know in which phase of 
acquiring or holding knowledge you 
are strongest. 

You have ingenuity and planning 
talent, ability to devise ways and 
means to accomplish things smooth- 


ly and easily. If you had been 
put into a manufacturing institu- 
tion, you could have drawn plans 
and patterns, and devised ways 
and means to accomplish desired 
results successfully. When yousee 
new inventions you are attracted, 
and are induced to study them until 
you understand them, and won- 
der why they had not been done 
before; but you are essentially liter- 
ary, moral, philosophical and ethical. 

You have a devout, a kindly and a 
just spirit. You are watchful rather 
than timid, you are cautious, guarded 
and prudent rather than worrying, 
anxious, despondent and fretty about 
the future. If you live rightly, you 
can have sunshine all the year round. 
All you need is to keep your body in 
such a condition that your nervous 
system will not be exacerbated. 

You area good friend; and natu- 
rally patriotic. You love home and 
you would enjoy the ownership of 
lands—‘ grounds,”’ as they are called. 
Toa young lady of Freehold, New 
Jersey, I once said this,and she looked 
up with pleasure and pride, and said, 
‘‘Our family live on a farm which 
was purchased of the Indians by our 
ancestors; it has never been out of 
our hands, and a piece of buckshin 
represents the deed.”” And weshook 
hands on it. 

You are ambitious to be respected, 
are also proud enough to desire to 
deserve respect, and therefore you 
stand erect even when people do not 
recognize your worth, your good inten- 
tions and your talent ;—you may feel 
despondent, but it does not crush 
you,—you simply say ‘‘ They do not 
know me.’”’ Wemean that what you 
are, and what you have attained you 
understand pretty well, and you stand 
in the plenitude of your attainments 
manfully and with dignity, and you 
believe in yourself. You may not be 
arrogant, but you are not cringing or 
weak, and are sorry for people who 
are so. 

I would give you more Combative- 
ness, would make youa little more se- 


176 


vere and would give you more policy 
and concealmentand ability to manip- 
ulate smoothly for the world’s good, 
but not deceitfully. I would give you 
more reticence, more power to hold 
what you know and feel, hope and 
fear without showing a sign of trepi- 
dation or of solicitude. All your life 
long, if you have been unfairly and 
unjustly reproached, ridiculed, mis- 
understood or maligned, it has hurt 
you worse than you were willing to 
have people know. Your Self-esteem 
and your Firmness have kept you up; 
you feel, ‘‘Though he slay me, yet 
will I not wince.”’ 

I would give you a little more base 
of brain, more of the selfish qualities, 
the capacity to be harder where hard- 
ness is useful. 

With your large brain you ought to 
be an intellectual man, in the minu- 
tie as well as in the philosophical. 
You are artistical in your taste, 
mechanical in your judgments, but 
not quite financial enough; you need 
to appreciate profit, property and 
gain more than you do. You can 
achieve that which ought to be paid 
for, better and easier than you can 
make people agree to pay you and 
get it. If you were in business you 
would want somebody to do the col- 
lecting and do all that kind of pushing 
drudgery that belongs to collection. 
You could plan that which would be 
profitable and desirable, but to follow 
it up and collect it, invest it and keep 
it, would be a more difficult task. 
You ought always to have a collector 
and one not extra sensitive; but you 
would try to teach him good manners. 


» You should marry a woman with a 


broader base of brain and more sel- 
fishness and force. It would be bet- 
ter for you and for the children. 

People can put you off and make 
you wait. If they need to delay you 
will be the man they will operate on. 
Those broad-headed men they would 
pay promptly all they owed, but would 
pay you half and ask you to wait 
until next Saturday for the balance, 
and then perhaps divide it again. 


How To Strupy STRANGERS. 


You have better power for making 
literature or other useful products 
than you have for getting pay for it. 

As a talker and as a writer you are 
at home, and if you would learn to 
dictate to a stenographer you would 
find it a very easy task to do literary 
work, because when rested you would 
have a chance to revise it, add to, or 
diminish it. Any field of literature 
you could cultivate in a reputable and 
successful manner and command an 
enviable position. 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


EDWARD WILLIAM Bok was born in 
the seaport town of Den Helder, near 
Amsterdam, in Holland, Oct. 9, 1863, 
and he is, therefore, in his thirty-first 
year. He was reared amid wealth 
and luxury. His father occupied 
diplomatic positions at the Royal 
Court of the Netherlands, and was 
considered one of the richest men in 
Holland. But reverses came, and 
Edward was brought to America at 
the age of six, unable to speak a word 
of the English language which he has 
learned to write so fluently. 

Young Bok was first heard of at the 
age of fifteen, making a wonderful 
collection of autograph letters and 
documents of famous personages 
which soon attracted the attention of 
the newspapers of America and 
Europe. The fameof the young col- 
lector quickly spread, and he became 
known as ‘‘ The Prince of Autograph 
Collectors.” This collection now 
numbers over 20,000 pieces, and is, 
without doubt, the finest and best 
selected autographic compilation 
owned by any private person in 
America. 

At nineteen, he started Zhe Brook- 
lyn Magazine with not enough money 
to pay the printer for one printed 
page. He struggled against all obsta- 
cles, however, and made the maga- 
zine a success in little more than a 
year, selling it at a good price to a 
Brooklyn millionaire. Mr. Bok’s edi- 
torial management of the Brooklyn 
Magazine was so fresh and original that 


LITERARY ANT BUSINESS SUCCESS. 177 


his work brought the magazine into 
public notice from the start. Even at 
this age, before he had attained his 
majority, he thus showed his tact as 
an editor. 

Henry Ward Beecher soon after this 
became attracted to the young man, 
and the great preacher put much of 
his literary work into his hands. The 
closest confidence existed between Mr. 
Beecher and his alert protégé. At Mr. 
Beecher’s death, Mr. Bok compiled and 
edited a ‘‘ Beecher Memorial” for the 
family, to which Mr. Gladstone, the 
Duke of Argyl, Dr. Oliver Wendell 
Holmes, John G. Whittier, ‘‘ Grace 
Greenwood,”’ Julia Ward Howe, Ed- 
win Booth, Dr. T. DeWitt Talmage, 
General Sherman, Bartholdi, Salvini, 
Ristori, and over one hundred and 
fifty other famous persons contrib- 
uted. Its publication attracted the 
widest attention and won consider- 
able literary standing for Mr. Bok. 

He was the founder of a literary 
syndicate, which is known as ‘‘ The 
Bok Syndicate Press,” and is one of 
the most powerful literary influences 
in New York, employing over eighty 
of the most famous authors of 
America and Europe. Morethan 135 
newspapers are its customers, and 
from this its enormous influence may 
be measured. 

He became connected with the firm 
of Charles Scribner’s Sons, and in 
four years he graduated through 
several positions until he was made 
chief of the advertising department 
of the house. In this capacity, his 
strong and picturesque advertise- 
ments of the house’s books became 
quickly noticeable and _ directed 
renewed attention to this active and 
rising young man. 

After receiving and _ declining 
several lucrative offers, he accepted 
the position of editor-in-chief of the 
Ladies Home’ Journal. He has 
proved one of the most enterprising 
and successful men now occupying an 
editorial chair, and his remarkable 
feat of quickly lifting the /ournal 
into the public eye and placing it 


among the first literary papers of the 
day, has perhaps not an equal in 
literary annals. 

The secret of Mr. Bok’s editorial 
success unquestionably lies in his 
singularly accurate knowledge of 
what the public wants and will read, 
and with one eye on his readers he 
keeps another on the press, the 
result being that Zhe Ladies’ Home 
Journal is one of the most widely 
quoted and best gratuitously-adver- 
tised periodicals of the day. He is 
also as good a business man as he is 
an editor. 

Perhaps no literary man has the 
friendship and confidence of so many 
celebrities and the most famous 
authors. He has the name of every 
author of note at the ends of his 
fingers, knows them all personally, 
and can secure their best work where 
others will fail. Zhe Ladies’ Home 
Journal has a subscription list of 
three-quarters of a million. 

It is interesting to a student of 
Phrenology and Physiology to study 
the organizations of these men, 
and then follow in their biographical 
sketches the work which they have 
performed, and then the fact that 
they have become settled and estab- 
lished, perhaps for life, with each other 
in carrying out a laudable and popular 
work, and have made perhaps the best 
exponent of woman’s life and oppor- 
tunity, which has ever been evolved, 
in the establishment and successful 
conduct of the Ladies’ Home Journal. 

Each in his way was a _ hustler. 
Each started a paper as owner and 
editor, and made it asuccess. Their 
capital consisted of their brains and 
their prophetic enthusiasm.. The 
whole world was before them where to 
choose their habitation and their pur- 
suit. Fertile in resources, patient and 
industrious, with will-power equal to 
any emergency, with tact and ingen- 
uity sharpened by necessity, their 
efforts and their success may be re- 
garded asphenomenal. Now they are 
happily unitedina great, popular and 
profitable literary enterprise. 


CHAPTER XVIII. 


SHAPES OF HEADS AND OF HATS. 


There is existing a very mistaken 
idea in the minds of thousands of in- 
telligent people in regard to the shape 
of the human head at the point where 
the hat touches it, and that has arisen 
solely from the distorted outline which 


the hatters’ Conformateur indicates 
at the top of the machine where the 
little outline is produced by a row of 
pin-holes indicating a shape, called 
by the hatters a Conform. 

Reporters of papers have inter- 


ACTVAL 


ae sae 
ed ame nde eee 


re sgt CONFORM . |! 
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of 


Daniel: 


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x 
y 


ae este! moment > ef Qe a eee ip me e Caowm ce oe Gm ow @ m~ ees @ 24menea ooo oflg 


eeretedqeecre ts et @eaee2e 8 ooee ae 


Fig. 141. Daniel Webster, represents a cross section of the head reduced one-half 
by the photographer. This was taken by means of the hat Conformateur and the 
external line shows the shape and proportionate length and width of the great diameters 
of the head. It was taken from the only life cast for which he ever sat, and this external 
outline represents the exact form of the cast referred to. The circumference of the cast 
is 251% inches; the lengthfrom frontto rear 83/ and the width 6% inches. The left hand 
end of the outline, as we look at it, marked thus +, is the forehead, and this rule will 
apply to all the figures which are to follow. The inner dotted line of the head is called 
the Conform, which is the result of the action of the hatter’s machine called the Con- 
formateur. A casual glance at that figure will show that it is much too narrow for its 


SHAPES OF HEADS AND HATs, 179 


length to compare with the outline of the real head. Outside of this interior dotted line 
is a reduced form of the larger outline, showing how much wider proportionately the head 
really was than the Conform represents it to be. And this reduction is accurate, because 
itis photographic. This gives the text of this whole topic, namely, that while the hatter’s 
machine aids them in getting the exact size and shape of the head, its representative, 
the dotted outline, is misleading, while the form which immediately surrounds the dotted 


Outline is the true shape of the head accurately reduced, 


Fig. 142. This is a side view outline of 
the head and face of Webster from his bust. 
If the reader will turn to Fig. 1 of this 
series, January, ’93, he will find this outline 
and other outlines of heads projected on the 
same scale, and also a back view of each, 
which will give a clear indication of the 
method of studying the forms and magni- 
tudes of heads, and the significance of these 
facts. The dotted outline crossing from the 
center of the forehead to the center of the 
back head indicates the hat line, the place 
where the hat, properly put on the head, is 
worn. There is a dandy fashion of lifting 
the hatup from behind, but itis apt to blow 
off. The dotted hat line on this head shows 
_ where the Conformateur is placed to deter- 
mine the size and shape of the hat required. 


viewed us with large numbers of these 
hatters’ shapes or Conforms that had 
been printed by the dozen in different 
newspapers. They would bring them 
to us with the names cut out or con- 
cealed, and ask us what such a shape 
of head indicated, and wish us to 
write out for publication the character 
of some noted men based only on 
that form of the head which the 
hatters’ Conformateur produces. 
Some twenty years ago there ap- 
peared an article in the Sczentific 


ajo! 


oO; 
Deniel Mebster 
“sel i. 


eee ae 


, 
’ 
‘ 
: 


Fig. 143. Shows the central figure of 
Webster, 141, represented by the dotted 
outline, which is a reproduction of the 
Conform of Fig. 141, and around that is a 
reduced real form of Webster’s head, and 
the contrast of the two shows the difference 
between the real shape of the head and the 
Conform which the instrument produces. 
American, elaborately illustrated with 
a large engraving of the hatters’ 
Conformateur, with a specific descrip- 
tion of the machine, and a large 
number of ‘**Conforms”’ were pub- 
ished, with the names of the persons 
from whose heads they were taken, 
and these were represented as ‘the 
true form of the heads. We were 
astonished that ascientific mechanical 
journal should accept the statement 
as a fact that those Conforms repre- 
sented the real form of the heads in 
question. I kept a copy of the 
Scientific American, thinking some- 
time I would disabuse its readers in 
the matter, and it is not more than'a 
year since, when, in overhauling some 
papers I met with it. It may have 
been a ‘‘communication,”’ and the en- 
gravings furnished by an interested 
party, but the misleading impression 
which the text and the illustrations 
afforded should never have passed a 
clear-headed man worthy to edit such 
a paper. The Conformateur does: 
not and cannot make a small Conform 
of the same shape as the head that; 


180 


How To Srupy STRANGERS, 


serves as a model if the head is in 
any degree longer than it is wide, 
Only with a model perfectly round 
will the Conform be shaped like the 
model. Yet honest and intelligent 
hatters who have had twenty years 
experience will earnestly assert the 
contrary, but three minutes explana- 
tion will show them how easy it is for 
intelligent honesty to be mistaken. 


“== 
or J wm. 
- - 


see 


fe 


A Perfect Cirele Yy 


ra s £7. Diem, \ 


= 


Sa, 


orem an 
am 


Fig. 144. A perfect circle represents a 
perfectly round head, if such a head could 
be found, and some approximate it. We 
had a figure made from a piece of board 
exactly circular, and putit into the Con- 
formateur, and, as we expected, it devel- 
oped a Conform which was a repetition 
of the perfect circle, and this proves that 
the elliptical instrument applied to an 
elliptical head exaggerates the difference 
between the length and the width of the 
representation, reducing the sides just as 
much asthe front and rear are reduced, 
proving that the Conform, so called, does 
not represent the real shape of the head, 
unless that head were perfectly round or 
perfectly square, and then it would repre- 
sent it. 


To aid me in directing public senti- 
ment to the real facts in this matter, 
I have been most kindly aided by 
those well known popular and pros- 
perous hatters, the Messrs. Dunlap 
& Co., of 180 Fifth avenue, New 
York, who have furnished every 
facility by applying their Conforma- 
teurs to casts of heads from our 
phrenological collection, especially 
that of Daniel Webster, the only life 
cast ever taken of him, showing the 
absolute size and form of his wonder- 
ful head. Those gentlemen have 
also permitted us to have the use of 


the Conforms of not a few of their 
noted customers, by means of which 
we secured outlines of the head the 
size of life, that enabled us to make 
the record of the size as well as of 
the forms of the heads. 

In the case of the head of Daniel 
Webster, we show the relative length 
and width and the exact form of the 
head where the hat fitsit. The Con- 
form, so called, in the center is the 
production of the hat Conformateur 
in taking the shape and size of the 
head, and the dotted outline shows. 
that Conform, but in photographing 
the rea) shape of the head and reduc- 
ing it to the length of the Conform 
as 1means of comparison, it will be 
perceived that it shows an outline 
much broader than the form which 
is represented by the dotted outline. 
This is a perfect reduction by photo- 
graph from the large outline, and 
represents the true form of the head, 
and the dotted outline of the same 
length is an exhibition of the shape 
of the head distorted as the hat Con- 
formateur produces it 

These Conforms, technically so 
called, are not really the form of the 
head. If one would look at a Con- 
form, which is about half as long as 
the head and one-third as wide, and 
compare it with the open hat of the 
original before him, he would see 
instantly that it is much narrower in 
proportion to the length than is true 
of the hat of the person which is 
shaped to the head. 

The reason why these Conforms, so 
called, are so much too long for their 
width is that the machine is an 
ellipse and ithe head which is placed 
in it is also elliptical, and the way the 
machine is made to act necessarily 
reduces the sides as much absolutely, 
not proportionately, as it does the 
length. If the head were perfectly 
round the hatters’ machine would 
make the Conform perfectly round, 
because it would reduce the figure 
equally on every part of it. 

The machine, as some readers may 
not know, is made something like a 


CONFORMATEUR AND ITS WORK, 181 


hat, the walls of which are composed 
of a great number of narrow pieces 
of wood, the height of a hat, sur- 
rounded by an elastic spiral spring, 
and then the wall is constructed so 
as to move in and out to fit any head. 
This adjustment on the head gives 
the perfect size and form of the head 
or inside of a proper hat. 

The vertical pieces constituting the 
walls of this machine are turned at 
right angles above the head in the 
top of the machine, and approach 
the center and each other by radial, 
convergent lines, and at their ends 
surround an oval space over the 
center of the top head. At the inner 
end of these tapering arms, each 
having a standing needle point, look 
like a picket fence around a small 
fountain. 


Jesse Seligman 


ed 
ie 2. 3 ‘7, 


- = 
~ - 
weene =~ 


Fig. 145. Jesse Seligman, the distin- 
guished banker, recently deceased, hada 
224-inch head, and in form it approximated 
the round. He was of German stock, and 
they have broader and shorter heads than 
some other nationalities. And this shows 
that the Conform with the dotted line 
approaches the true form of the head more 
than was the case with Webster’s or the 
othersthatweshall represent. This fullness 
of the side head gave him the push, policy 
and financial capacity which enabled him 
to begin peddling inastrange country with 
a basket, then a pack and to become a 
banker and a millionaire. He hadalso the 
intellect and the moral top head which 
made him a philanthropist and in middle 
life a peer and accepted associate of the 
great and good of the land. 


When the Conformateur is being 
fixed upon the head, those converg- 
ing arms are drawn away from the 
center according as the head presses 
out the wall pieces, and the little 


space at their ends is contracted and 
expanded by the sliding in or out of 
those arms from the center, thus giv- 
ing shape to the open space fenced in 
by standing needle points. 

While the Conformateur is thus 
fixed a piece of stiff paper or thin 
cardboard is laid over this row of 
needle points, and a padded cover 
fixed bya hingeis pressed down upon 
the paper and the needle points per- 
forate the paper, making a shape 
which the hatters call a Conform. 
This paper being removed and trim- 
med according as the perforations, 
show its form. It is then placed in 
another machine called a Formillion. 
This apparatus (the head not being in 
the way) can lie flat on the table and is 
made up of pieces of wood made 
tapering and converging toward the 


Vv. Fi, erpeat (organ 
23 z ‘7 


Fig.146. J. Pierrepont Morgan, the banker 
and business man, hasa head measuring 
235% inches in circumference—it is a broad 
head and yet long. Itis a longer head in 
proportion to the width than was the case 
with Seligman, and the Conform repre- 
sented by the dotted outline showsa greater 
contrast with the solid line around it. 
Intellectual sagacity, scope of mind, prud- 
ence, policy, sociability, courage and thor- 
oughness are his leading characteristics. 
But how the Conform is stretched out, and 
how it varies from the true form, as seen 
when it is reduced in length to that of the 
Conform ! 


center in which the Conform is 
placed on two centering points to 
hold it firmly. 

When these converging arms are 
gently placed against the edge of the 
Conform, set screws are turned 
which hold them firmly, and this 
Formillion then exactly represents 


182 How To Strupy STRANGERS. 


the form and size of the head when 
surrounded by the Conformateur and 
the hat block is made to conform to 
it. 


Fig. 147. Thomas Nast, the caricature 
artist, whose head measures 22% inches in 
circumference, has a head bordering on the 
round, broad and short type, and the Con- 
form in his case approaches the true outline 
form of head which surrounds it more 
nearly than is the case with J. Pierrepont 
Morgan. 


Fig. 148. Rev. Mr. Ducey has a :ong 
head, running towards the intellect from 
the opening of the ears and from the ears 
backward in the social side of character, 
but in the side head he is not as strong in 
the selfish elements as those who have a 
broader head in proportion to the length. 

This ‘development indicates intellectual 
penetration, the power to gather and hold 
knowledge, and bring it into use as may be 
required. His head measures 23% inches, 
and belongs to the class of very large 
heads, and yet that size is liberally made up 
in length of head rather than of breadth; 
still the head is amply developed in the 
sides, and he has therefore great adminis- 
trative ability. 

The Conform appears to be very long 
and comparatively narrow, but the true 
form of the head in the continuous line 
around the dotted line shows the difference 
between the real shape of the head and the 
Conform. 


The side-view portrait of Daniel 
Webster was taken by photography 
from the bust of Webster himself and 
is accurate; the dotted line that runs 
across from the front to the rear is 
the ‘‘hat line,” and the Conforma- 
teur is put on the head to fit on the 
line where the hat fits, and thus we 
get the shapes of all the heads we 
have presented, and the figures, 254 
inches for Webster, 22$ inches for 
Seligman, and 23,4 inches for Van- 
derbilt represent the exact circumfer- 
ential measurements of these heads. 


C honderbile 


A 
76°7: 


Fig. 149. Cornelius Vanderbilt, the great 
railroad man, whose head is 237% inches, 
shows a decidedly large brain, indicating 
great length foreand aft. The intellectual 
region in the front, and the social region in 
the back head being large give length to 
the development. His head is wide enough 
in the center to give him secular wisdom 
and energy of character. Itis a very well 
balanced head, but the Conform, shown 
by the dotted line, is very much lengthened 
by the process of taking that figure by the 
hatter’s machine. The real form of the 
head being reduced so as to contrast more 
easily with the Conform, shows how much 
wider the head really is than the Conform 
represents. 


The outlines we present are taken 
by photograph, and each occupies 
the same distance from the instru- 
ment, so that they are relatively the 
correct "size; Webster's ~ béino the 
largest and the others varying accord- 
ing to the measurement of the head. 

Mr. Seligman’s head approximates 
the round, and the dotted line of the 
Conform is more nearly round than 
any others present. 

C. Vanderbilt, J. Pierrepont Mor- 
ganand the Rev. T. J. Ducey have 
longer heads than Seligman in pro- 


BROAD AND NARKOW HEADs, 183 


portion to the width, and the dotted 
line Conforms are elongated and nar- 
row. ‘The most extraordinary one is 
that of Thomas Shandley, which was 
made on a cast of his head and which 
we know to be correct; yet people 
have brought us such outlines as 
Shandley’s ‘and wanted to know what 
such a head indicated. 


meee. i tt oan 
CONFORM 


Themes Shendley 
Lig“ 


erg 
. 
>. 
~ 


~ 
- oe momm nomen nens 
- -——- — -- 
oa ween es OO wo eee een eee 


Fig. 150. Thomas Shandley has a pecul- 
iar development of head. It is long for the 
width of it, and the Conform, bounded by 
the dotted line, looks more like the sole of 
a shoe than like the inside of a hat, or shape 
of a head. 

The proper form of the head being re- 
duced by photography to the exact length 
of the figure of the Conform, shows by 
contrast the difference between the Con- 
form and the head itself. 

For the hatter, the Conformateur is 
a valuable institution, but as showing 
the real form of the head by the dot- 
ted line Conform it does not repre- 
sent it. If a head were perfectly 
round then it would represent it, but 
as nearly all heads are elongated, 
some more and some less, the varia- 
tion is marked and relatively mislead- 
ing, 

An oblong or oval body subjected 
to the treatment of the Conformateur 
in its process of reduction to the size 
which is called the Conform, lessens 
the width of the small figure as much 
as it lessens the length. For instance, 
in treating a head which is eight 
inches long and six inches wide, if an 
inch be taken from the front and rear 
the figure loses one-quarter of its 
length, and an inch taken from each 
side of the head lessens its width one- 
third. Take two and a half inches 
from front and rear and there are 
three inches left. Do the same by 


the sides and there is left but one 
inch. It is three times longer than it 
is wide. At first there was the same 
real difference, but the proportionate 
difference in the outlines as shown is 
astonishing. We have many more 
specimens for future use in this line 
of work. 

Fig. 151 and Fig. 152.—These two 
portraits may often be seen on the 
streets. The first is a broad head, 
and did not have the head measured 
by the Conformateur, the hat not 
shaped to his head, and a finished hat 
cannot be put into shape readily. It 
will be seen that the hat at the band 
is bulged out and the brim is buckled 
and twisted because the sides are 
pressed out and the rim has to buckle 
because the hat is bulged penile 


WH) 
Y 


ap 
ia 


FIG, I5I. BROAD. FIG, 152. NARROW, 


Fig. 152 is a narrow head, easily 
compared with the other, and the hat 
seemed to be well fitted to the head 
and is not bulged out at the sides, 
and the hat looks as if it had been 
fitted by the modern Conformateur, 
while the other one looks as if the hat 
did not belong to him and as if he had 
laboriously pulled it down, thus buck- 
ling the brim into awkward shapes. 

The organs of the selfish propensti- 
ties, above and about the ears, give 
breadth to the head, and their defi- 
ciency gives flatness to the head. 
Figs. 145 and 147 are like 151, while 
Figs. 158 and 159 are more like 152. 
The broad headed men are those who 
are efficient, severe, thorough, and 
self-protecting. The narrow and long 
heads are more frank, social, and 
usually more developed in the intel- 
lectual region. 


CHAPTER XIX. 


HEADS AND HATS CONTINUED. 


HE hat does not determine 
accurately the size of the brain 
because it measures only the circum- 
ference of the head where the hat 
touches through the middle of the 
forehead and on a level with the 
middle of the back head. A high 
head gives reason, moral sentiment 
firmness and ambition and of these 
extra developments the hat takes no 
account; yet a nundred men wearing 
large hats will take the lead of a given 
number who wear hats of only average 
size. 

Figs. 153, 154. A. M. Munkacsy, 
the celebrated Hungarian artist, 
renowned for his great pictures, 
‘* Christ before Pilate’ and ‘‘ Christ 
on Calvary.” This head is nearly 
round, consequently the Conform 
strongly approaches the real shape of 
the head. The left side of the head 
seems to be larger than the right side; 
that is, the left hemisphere of the 
brain was larger than the right. 

The peculiarity of this head is the 


4.10. Munka coy 
he - /7. 


PIG. L53s50 At M. MUNKACSY 


enormous breadth of it. Where the 
hat touches the head it crosses the 


region of Ideality, Sublimity, Con- 
structiveness, Caution and Secretive- 
ness. The portrait, Fig. 154, show- 


ye 


fy 


eS 
Z, Na 
GE 


=A P oR gi p y 
ye eae ? a 
iu AYA ie: =) = 
‘GZ it Wii Z LE; HYG Is 
Op USNS 
) iY Wy) 4 = As 


{( 


\ 


WW 


FIG. 154. <A. M. MUNKACSY. 


ing the whole head, indicates great 
breadth of face and breadth of head, 
and not so very much length. 

Figssirs 5,156, +iCol: Aarons Burm 
third Vice-President of the United 
States, and whose life was clouded 
and his memory soiled by the unfor- 
tunate duel with Alexander Hamilton, 
who fell at his hands. 

He was born in Newark, N. J., 
in 1756, died at Staten Island Sept. 


HEADS AND Hats, 185 


14, 1836. His father and mother 
both died within a short time of each 
other, leaving their two children 


AARON BURR, 


PIGaISe. © 


scarcely more than infants, with 


plenty of means, in the care of an 
uncle. 


Aaron was a troublesome boy 


See 
S35 


~ SAN 


FIG. 156. AARON BURR. 


and his history might have been far 
different had his distinguished and 
talented parents been spared to give 
him guidance, and he might have been 
a boon and a blessing instead of a 
disgrace to his parents and himself 
and a blot on the escutcheon of the 
nation. He was brilliant as a scholar 
and precocious in talent, entering 
Princeton College at 13 years of age. 
He entered the revolutionary army 
under General Benedict Arnold in his 


expedition to Canada in 1777, and 
for gallant conduct was made Lieut. - 
Colonel. Hewas in the U.S. Senate in 
1791, Vice-President under Jefferson 
in 1801, fought the fatal duel with 
Alexander Hamilton in 1804, and was 
tried for treason in 1806. He was 
socially dissolute and lascivious, lax in 
principle and ostracised by his Gov- 
ernment and the public and detested 
by the moral and religious. 

The middle section of the head is 
particularly broad, showing large 
Destructiveness and Secretiveness. 
His intellect was intense and acute. 
He was an able man, the son of the 
Rey. Dr. Burr, President of Princeton 
College, and grandson of the great 
Jonathan Edwards, D. D., also Presi- 
dent of the same college. 


Bye Ler CLMkig 
‘ £34 lp d 


Fig. 157. Stephen B. Elkins, born 
in Ohic in 1841, studied law, delegate 
in Congress from New Mexico, 1873, 
Secretary of War under President 
Harrison in 1891, resides in West 
Virginia and conducts large business 
enterprises. Heis a man of national 
fame and of eminent ability. The 
width of his head indicates force of 
character, executiveness, thorough- 
ness, prudence, policy, skill, ingenu- 
ity and strong social affections. Few 
men are as much respected by all 
classes; none are more popular. 

Fig, 158. Hon. Hamiltcn Fish, 
Governor of New York 1849-51, 
Secretary of State under General 
Grant, 1869-77, U. S. Senator 1857. 
Born in New York 1803; died, 1892. 
He had a large head, measuring 23% 
inches, This outline indicates also a 


186 How To StTupDy STRANGERS. 


broad head as well as a long one, 
power, force of character and that 


let Te 
=a =. 
See Le eae! |) Re 


-—"“coN 
fi Sp PRBS Seg liph. 
293 Uy, 


. 
. 
a eT ee we A bere 
°° - 
ee. -- 
Tews Pr ad 
Sttewcceeee?”” 


steady momentum which _ reaches 
results without much parade or sen- 
sation. 


Vid P15 Aon 
244 Jy, 


PigM1 50; kox-mecretary beni 1 41. 
Bristow. Born in Kentucky 1832, 
studied law, colonel in the Union 
army in 1861, Secretary of the Treas- 
ury under President Grant 1874, 
resides in New York. A very large 
head, 24% inches, and appears to be, 
where the hat fits it, of uniform and 
appropriate development. The head 
is wide at the region of the temples, 
indicating scientific capability in the 
direction of engineering. His head 
is broad at the sides, showing power, 
executiveness, force of character. It 
is long and broad at the back head, 
indicating a great development of 
the social disposition. 

Figs160; D. Eo Crouse,* they well 
known millionaire, residing at Syra- 
cuse, N. Y. His head is naturally 
large, but isamply developed in every 
region. It is pinched nowhere. The 
anterior section shows far reaching 
thought and talent. He appears to 


have strong Constructiveness and 
Acquisitiveness and ample develop- 
ment of Secretiveness and Combative- 


TAR Crayse 
24 dz 


ness. These give skill and ingenuity, 
financial capability, thoroughness, effi- 
ciency and enterprise. The back 
head is long, showing ample social 
power, and atendency to make friends 
and serve his friends. 


aseae Se Ss eetes S miata 


- 
*~ 


+ bh keander bi/F 
Cad z f7. 


Prewen, oe" 


Fig, 161. Fred. W. Vanderbilt. 
This head is of rather large size, 
measuring 22% inches, and is also 
long, showing less relative develop- 
ment of the selfish feelings than of 
the intellectual and social. The back 
head is particularly long, and he 
ought to be known for social tenden- 
cies and ability to win friends and 
hold them. He has a full share of 
the element of Acquisitiveness or 
love of property, and has capacity for 
scholarship, taste and refinement. 

Fig. 162. Henry B. Hyde, Presi- 
dent and largest stockholder of the 
Equitable Life Assurance Society of 
New York. His head, measuring 
23¢ inches in circumference, is almost 
‘‘very large,” and from the actual 
outline of the head and from the 


HEADS AND Hats, 187 


Conform, we judge that he is a man 
of ability, clearness of thought, 
ingenuity, practical skill, financial 


ACTUAL 


pee CONFORM ~""*-.. 


-“- 
-- 
-* 


Skeary co. Wyle 
23Z S77. 


Cf 
7 ea? oie ae 86 gy Sr 
- - 
ind a ee ee ee OP oe 
ee OR eae ee eee 
“eee 


ability, policy, prudence, vigor, courage 
and strong social elements. 


Fig. 163. Hugh J. Grant, ex-Mayor 
of the city of New York, has a head 
23 1-16 inches in circumference, and 
seems to be pretty well developed in 
the sides in the neighborhood of the 
organs of Destructiveness, Alimen- 
tiveness, Acquisitiveness and Secre- 
tiveness, He has capacity for busi- 
ness, for financial operations and for 
energy of character. 


Fig. 164. Henry C. Duval, pri- 
vate secretary to Chauncey M. 
Depew. His head is from full to 


inches, and 


224 


large, measuring 


appears to be harmonions in its out- 
line. He is ingenious, intelligent, 
active, can keep a secret, and show 
himself friendly and confiding. 


Fig. 165. Joseph Pulitzer, prop- 
rietor and publisher of the Wew 
York World, has a large head, 
measuring 23 inches, and it is espec- 
ially broad forthe length, indicating 
strong elements of energy, selfish- 
ness, push, policy, prudence, financial 
ability and intensity of intellect. 

Born in Hungary, 1847; private 
soldier in the Union Army, ’63-’65; 
was a journalist in St. Louis, Mo.; 
studied law and later became an 
editor. In 1883 he purchased. the 
New York World, then of small 
circulation and depleted influence. 
In 1890 he erected the Wor/d build- 
ing,the tallest in the city,and has also 
run up the circulation of the paper 
to an enormous height, evincing great 
energy and executive ability in the 
management. 


Fig. 166. Charles Bates, well known 
horse dealer and man about town, 
whose escapades have ffilled the 
columns of the New York press. His 
head measures 21f inches, which is 
about the right size for a man who 
weighs 150 pounds. His head is 


188 How To StTupY STRANGERS. 


broad for the length. He is naturally 
a man of policy, tact, is secretive, 
friendly andagreeable in his manners, 
and fond of society and notoriety, 


Fig. 167. M. E. Ingalls, President 
of fithe /C.. 1G, 28 Cy Radroadand 
interested in the Vanderbilt system 
of roads. His head measures 23 
inches, and is therefore large. It is 
well stored in the region of the 
temples, which gives a_ talent for 
planning, for mechanical and engin- 
eering capability and understanding 
of complicated financial affairs. 

The region of Acquisitiveness is 
broad, so also Secretiveness and 
Executiveness. & | Hevis (a "mantof 
undoubted efficiency, push and enter- 
prise. 


ae 


eon aoa CONFORM 
Bias a 


Teary L.1bb ey 


168. 
theatrical manager, widely known for 
his professional and business relations 
with Patti and other great singers, 
and his connection with the Metro- 


Fig, Henry E. Abbey, 


politan Opera House Troupe. The 
head is not only large, but it is broad 
in the anterior section, wide in the 
region of the temples, Imagination, 
Constructiveness and fondness for 
music and art, and the capacity to 
guide and regulate complicated 


affairs and make money out of them. 
He has’ smoothness and_ policy, 
prudence and pliability, and a great 
deal of sociability, and he under- 
stands character and is naturally 
popular with the public. 


wort 


2“ CONFORM 


- 
rt 
- 


se 
- 
eoses- 
aae 


ae 
le ee 
mek 
oA 
~ 
=~ 
== 
Sw weeeeem™ 


Fig. 169. Ex-Senator Thomas C. 
Platt, with a head of full size, 224 


inches; he has an intense tempera- 


ment, is wiry and tough, is full of 
practical sense and tact and has a 
great deal of policy and push. He 
resigned his seat in the U. S. Senate 
to aid Roscoe Conkling in opposition 
to Garfield, and both, it was thought, 
sacrificed future success; and a crazy 
assassin finished the quarrel by the 
murder of Garfield. 


Gen/ Butterfield 


ee 
2e at 
9 Wem ooo et tee Pees oa 
wT em meee ew ene ee ee 


Fig. 170. Gen. Daniel Butterfield 
has a large head, measuring more 
than 23 inches. It is broad in the 
front. He has large Mirthfulness, 
strong Causality, ability to think in 
the direction of complications and 
combinations. Could be a good 
mechanic orengineerif called to that 
field. Hehas large Acquisitiveness 
and would be apt asa financier; has 
guardedness and prudence and energy 
and vim, anda great deal of social 
feeling, and power to make and to 
hold friends. 


HEADS AND Hats. 


Fig. 171. Rev. Jesse L. Hurlbut, 
D.D., one of the originators of the 
celebrated Berean Sunday School 
Lesson Leaves, founder of the Nor- 
mal Class for Sunday School teachers, 
etc. This head is of more than full 


De TL Kiorlbvl- 
4223/7. 


size, but its peculiarity is harmony of 
development and co-ordinate activity. 
Every part co-operates with and sus- 
tains other parts. It is a very hand- 
some form of head, and he ought to 
have a character of great smoothness 
and excellence. 


eer 
was l= 


- 
we, 
- 
we 
- 


-- 
fas 
=r 
- 


we 
- 
~ 
- 
- 
bad 
- 


. - 
. . 
- « of 
eweeee 


Fig. C. Coquelin, the cele- 


172: 
brated French actor. A head measur- 
ing 222 inches, which is rather large. 
This outline of head shows harmony 
of development, intellectual activity, 
imagination, policy, force and love. 


Li aye of. Rob Burns” Sti// 


Fig. 173. Cast of Robert Burns’ 
skull, measuring 22? inches. A very 


189 


large skull, and amply developed in 
the anterior, the middle and the pos- 
terior regions. ‘The back head from 
the opening of the ears is particularly 
long, and the regions of Ideality and 
Constructiveness being ample show 
the basis of poetical imagination; and 
then the social nature is so uncom- 
monly strong, we have the foundation 
of his great social power. 


Geo. Comba 
assy Ir. 


Fig. 174. George Combe—remark- 
able for its size, 234 inches, and 
also remarkable for the uniform 
development of the anterior, middle 
and posterior regions. This was 
taken from the cast of his head. The 
moral developments are preéminently 
indicated, and his whole character 
was elevated and excellent and his 
intellect clear, broad and vigorous. 


Trobe G. Lagersoll 
23s< li. 


Fig. 175. Col. Robert G. Ingersoll, 
lawyer and lecturer. A head measur- 
ing 234inches in circumference. The 
back head is long, indicating strong 
social development. Heis a keen 
reasoner and an eloquent orator, The 
head is rather long for the width, 
showing that intellectual and social 
elements are more marked than the 
faculties which indicate force, 


CHAPTER XxX. 


TALENT AND CULTURE. 


HON. EDWARDS PIERREPONT, 
LATE MINISTER TO ENGLAND. 


This organization was an excellent 
one. The head was large, the face 
strong and substantial, giving ade- 
quate support to the head, and the 
quality of the organization, - bodily 
and cerebrally, was admirable. There 
was a wealth of dark, strong hair, in- 
dicating the Motive Temperament ; 
the distinctness of the features and 
the strength and altitude of the body 


evinced an adequate development 


of that temperament. The muscles 
and bony framework were good. He 
had power and endurance for the 
emergencies and labors of life. The 
largeness of the brain indicates the 
Mental Temperament, and the build 
of the brain was in harmony with 
that temperament. The Vital system 
also was. well-represented by the 
amplitude of the chest, by the good 
development of the base of brain, 
by the form and massiveness of the 
face. So the power to-convert food 
into nutrition and to use that nutri- 
tion as motive power was rather a 
marked manifestation. 

The strength of that countenance 
is shown by the width of the cheek 
bones, by the strength and distinct- 
ness of the nose, by the prominence 
of the eyebrows, by the strength of 
the chin and by the general width of 
the head. The quality of the organi- 
zation, as made up by the combina- 
tion of the different temperaments, 
constituted a basis for the exalted 
talent and superb character of which 


his whole life was a brilliant exposi- 
tion. 

He was of good stock. The two 
family names which constitute his 
personal name, Edwards and Pierre- . 
pont, have sustained and graced the 
history of letters, of law, of divinity 
and science in this country. There 
have been no better names than those 
that are blended in hisstock and blood, 
and the positions which he occupied, 
the titles and distinctions which he 
earned and has borne, and which, till 
his death two years ago, his life 
exemplified, and whose departure left 
fragrant for history, constitute a 
memorial for his country and his 
friends which is seldom equaled and 
never surpassed. He was a great, a 
capable and an excellent man. His 
physiology was harmonious. His 
mind, brilliant and strong, worked 
easily and effectively. His talents 
and characteristics made him wel- 
come in any circle, and acceptable in 
any field of effort where capability 
and integrity were required. 

Phrenologically speaking, there is 
not a more practical, intelligent and 
critical intellect to be found. All the 
perceptive organs were amply devel- 
oped. He gathered knowledge readily 
and understood its facts and their 
forces. He had a wonderful memory 
of the historical, of facts, of places, 
and the practical working of all the 
factors of influence. 

He was an orderly thinker, accurate 
to a fault, clear-cut in his judgments, 
fertile in resources ingenious, skillful, 
and intellectually an all-around man, 


TALENT AND CULTURE. Ig! 


Observe the width of the region of 
the temples; he might have made the 
best engineer the world has ever seen; 
he might have been excellent in sur- 


FIG, 176. 
LATE UNITED STATES MINISTER TO ENGLAND, 


gery, physiology, chemistry, natural 
philosophy, history, belles-lettres, 
anywhere. He might have been an 
inventor with Ericsson or Edison, a 
historian with Bancroft; he might 
have been a poet, a mechanician, a 
financier, a dramatist. He had the 
head of an editor, the power to gather 


knowledge, to collate, analyze, and 
combine it into forceful statement 
and vigorous argumentation. As a 
lawyer he was endowed with the 


HON. EDWARDS PIERREPONT, 


ability to find out and appreciate the 
truth; his biography shows how he 
held positions requiring eminent 
talent and wide culture, and that he 
filled them admirably. He had large 
Benevolence; the front part of the 
tophead rises highly. 

He was not a copyist; he studied 


192 How To StTupDY STRANGERS, 


the laws and qualities and conditions 
and reasons of things, and adapted 
himself to them according as he 
judged proper without inquiring to 
know how another man would do it 
or had done it. While he was.a con- 
servative in many ways, he was radical 
and reformatory; he dared to seek 
new paths, to make new tracks, but 
they were always on an ascending 
grade. The breadth of his head gave 
him executive force, the kind of power 
that resisted opposition or overcame 
it. He had a wise reticence, ability 
to conceal his own purposes, and 
watch the manners and management 
of others to learn their drift and pur- 
pose, and then ability to counteract 
the undercurrents of opposition. And, 
without seeming to be suspicious, was 
able to guard against subterfuge 
and finesse. He would make an argu- 
ment in such a way as to shut all 
loopholes, avoid pursuit and evade in- 
terjected opposition. Such a head 
as that in law would be wise and clear 
and historical and full of precedent 
and knowledge of all that would serve 
his purposes or guard his position 
against surprise or encroachment. 
That head is a beau ideal of diplo- 
macy, not that mean, tricky unfair- 
ness which diplomacy has some- 
times been disgraced by, but that 
polite, smooth, comprehensive sense 
of the wants of others, and the 
proper way of treating their side of 
the case, and the safe and judicious 
method of preserving intact the rights 
of his own side, and fortifying every 
point he made; and thus, as a diplo- 
mat, he would be smooth, easy to get 
along with, and, at the same time, he 
would be all the time molding his 
cause and claims, so as to secure what 
he had a right to seek, and put safe- 
guards around his own cause for the 
future. He never was asleep to the 
interests which he was protecting or 
seeking to promote. 

His Firmness and Veneration were 
large. He was steadfast, determined, 
respectful and polite; and was a reader 
of character rarely equaled. 


His Cautiousness rendered him pru- 
dent; he had a good degree of Self- 
esteem; hence it was easy for him to 
maintain an equable demeanor in ele- 
vated and responsible positions. 

He must have had rather large De- 
structiveness and Combativeness; 
these gave to his mind, as muscle 
gives to the hand, a grip and hard- 
ness. Hence, there was a certain 
dynamic power, smoothly wielded, 
that reached successful results, and 
commanded respect, and ministered 
to his own prosperity or that of his 
cause. He resembled his mother; 
hence he had a gentleness and smooth- 
ness which was feminine. He had 
an intelligence that was almost ubi- 
quitous; he could converse on many 
and varied subjects, and seem an ex- 
pert in all. The richness of his intel- 
lectual discourse was masterful and 
commanded the respect of people 
who are expert in their peculiar fields, 
and recognized in him an equal even 
in their own department. He could 
converse and entertain and be the 
chief speaker, or he could wisely ques- 
tion those who knew much in certain 
directions, and become master of all 
they could communicate, without 
manifesting any want of information 
on the subject. And his memory en- 
abled him to haul in and coil, as sail- 
ors do ropes, the line of argument or 
instruction from any quarter of the 
realm of knowledge; and his memory 
enabled him to reproduce, to pay out 
the line when it might be called for. 

His Language was excellent, volum- 
inous, copious, compact, clear-cut; 
and, backed by such memory and dis- 
crimination and criticism, and urged 
with the earnestness that belonged to 
his nature, his public speeches, his 
written arguments, his analysis of 
causes in court, and his opinions 
from the bench, were models of vigor, 
clearness and completeness. 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


Hon. Edwards Pierrepont, who was 
born in North Haven, Conn., Novem- 
ber 4, 1813, was descended from a 


TALENT AND CULTURE. 193 


great family named Pierrepont in 
England, members of which settled 
in Boston, Mass., and New Haven, 
Conn., about 1650, Sarah Pierrepont 
married the great Jonathan Edwards, 
D.D., President of Princeton College, 
and Timothy Dwight, D.D., so long 
President of Yale College, was her 
grandson; thus the Pierrepont, the 
Edwards and the Dwight families 
became united in blood. Sarah 
Pierrepoint Edwards’ brother, Joseph 
Pierrepont, was the great-grandfather 
of our subject, Hon. Edwards Pierre- 
pont. He graduated from Yale in 
the class of 1837, studied law in the 
New Haven law school, settled as a 
‘ kawyer at Columbus, Ohio, in 1846 
removed to New York, in 1857 was 
elected Judge of the Supreme Court 
of the City of New York, in 1860 
resigned his judgeship and returned 
to the practice of his profession and 
publicaffairs. In 1862 he wasappointed 
by President Lincoln as a commis- 
sioner, with Major-General Dix, to 
try prisoners of State; in 1864 he led 
in organizing war democrats in favor 
of the reélection of Lincoln ; 1867 
was elected a member of the Consti- 
tutional Convention of the State of 
New York; in 1867 was selected to 
conduct the prosecution of J. H. 
Surratt for the murder of President 
Lincoln; in 1871 he received the 
degree of LL.D. from Columbian 
College, Washington, D. C., and also 
from Yaleinthe same year. President 
Grant appointed Judge Pierrepont in 
1868 Attorney of the United States for 
the District of New York. In1870he 
was one of the most active of the 
**“°ommittee of Seventy” against the 
“*Ring Frauds” of New York. In 


1873 Judge Pierrepont was ap- 
pointed Minister to the Russian 
Court, which he declined. In 1875 


he was made Attorney-General, and 
remained in President Grant’s 
Cabinet until 1876, when he was 
appointed Minister to England. In 
1878 Oxford conferred on Mr. Pierre- 
pont the degree of -D,C.L.,, ‘the 
highest honor in its gift. He died 


in the city of New York, March 7, 
1892. 


CHARLES E. WEST, LL.D., 
FORTY YEARS PRINCIPAL OF BROOKLYN 


HEIGHTS FEMALE SEMINARY. 


This picture was taken of the 
venerable Professor on his eightieth 
birthday, and we judge that such a 
majestic masculine head and face, 
ample in development, rich in endow- 
ment, would command the respect of 
an observer instantly and everywhere. 
We have no doubt that this in its 
prime was not only a manly but one 
of the handsomest faces of his genera- 
tion. Hehasa delicate and yet a com- 
manding nose, which rises high at the 
bridge; it is well formed at the point 
and at the wings, and indicates at once 
dignity, strength, intelligence, good- 
ness and grace. ‘The firmness of his 
upper lip, the length and breadth of it, 
and its excellent model; the amplitude 
of the under lip, indicating sociability 
and affection ; the breadth, prominence 
and strength of the chin, are marked 
elements in the physiognomy, which 
will assure an observant stranger, 
win confidence and command respect. 
He has a mild and steady eye; his 
ample forehead indicates capacity for 
acquiring and _ holding knowledge, 
and for the ability to dispense infor- 
mation and especially to comprehend 
the breadth and strength and scope 
of subjects and topics involving great 
reasoning power and vigor of mind. 

The side head seems long and high, 
and yet not so very broad. He would 
command anywhere respect and confi- 
dence in his own field of service as 
principal of a young ladies’ seminary. 
He was doubtless regarded by his 
pupils as a strict diseiplinarian, yet 
not as a severe and hard master. 
Pupils in the glow and enthusiasm of 
feminine youth and hope would ac- 
cord to him the respect which his age 
and talents merited; they would re- 
gard him as a father, as an elder 
brother, as a friend, and give him the 


194 


respect which his position warranted, 
and the sincere fealty and duty which 
their position as pupils naturally re- 
quired. 

The reader will see that the head 
in front is high; that the forehead is 
broad and nearly vertical; that from 
the opening of the ear forward the 
length is great, showing power of 
observation and memory and ability 
to reason soundly upon facts and 
experiences. ‘The top head, running 
along back clear to the crown, is 
well elevated. Benevolence in the 
front part of the top head is large, 
indicating kindness, and just in front 
of that organ Human Nature is very 
strongly manifested, giving the ability 
to judge of the qualities and charac- 
teristics of strangers, and a certain 
tact, combined with frankness, to 
relate himself to others in a way that 
would command their respect and 
win their confidence and at the same 
time their friendship and affection. 

In the back part of the top head, 
where Firmness and Self-esteem are 
located,there is a good development, 
showing great steadfastness, inspira- 
tion,devotion ta duty, and the dignity 
which sustains stability and _ in- 
tegrity. 

His Conscientiousness is decidedly 
large. His word was law; he was be- 
lieved to be upright and correct in his 
methods and principles. As he has 
retired from his position as_ principal 
we may, in these respects, speak of 
him in the past tense. He was dig- 
nified, upright, kindly, intelligent, 
frank, equitable, straightforward, and 
thus influential. 

The back head is amply developed, 
as we judge by the features, and his 
long service in such an institution in 
such a place as Brooklyn Heights is 
evidence that he had strong affection; 
he could win friends and hold them; 
he had a loving and affectionate dis- 
position; he had integrity and dig- 
nity, prudence and thoroughness. 
He has the natural development of 
an umpire, and while we think his dis- 
-cipline was strict it was parental, it 


How To STuDY STRANGERS. 


was judicial, it was the end of the 
law; it was firm but kind, sound but 
smooth, correct yet not tyrannical. 
He might have been a good judge on 
the bench; he might have graced the 
pulpit, the healing art or the edito- 
rial sanctum. Asan educator he was 
a success; aS a citizen, acceptable 
and honored. 

The physiognomy has been mod 
ified by age and the shortening of the 
teeth, so that the upper lip does not 
occupy so commanding an attitude as 
it did in earlier life; but where cana 
man be found eighty years old, with 
a more comely face, with a more dig- 
nified mien,and a kindlier and stronger 
expression ? 

Among the reasons why so mag- 
nificent a picture can be derived from 
aman eighty years of age, and why 
he should maintain his youthfulness 
so as to enjoy now a trip to Europe 
at eighty-five, may seem surprising 
to most people. In the first place he 
had acapital organization, inherited 
strength, endurance, and, above all, 
harmony of physical development. 
It does not matter so much about the 
size of the man or the animal as 
about the harmonious relations of the 
different vital functions in regard to 
the health and the length of life. 
But it does make a difference whether 
the man is large or small, even if he 
is harmonious, in regard to the 
amount of duty he is able to perform, 
the load he is able to carry and the 
might of muscle and of mind which 
he is able to manifest. It is said that 
preachers are longer lived than other 
men. In the State of Massachusetts 
the statistics show that clergymen 
live longer than other people. There 
are reasons for that aside from the 
mental activity which they have to 
manifest. One reason is that clergy- 
men have to amount to something 
mentally and physically to get an 
education; they must have manliness 
and talent to holda place from early 
manhood to old age; they generally 
behave better and live more equable 
lives than other people. They go 


TALENT AND CULTURE. 195 


into fewer dangerous occupations, 
such as breaking horses, felling the 
forest, blasting rocks and climbing 
the masts in sea-faring life. But the 
reason why Prof. West has so young 
and so healthy and harmoniousa face, 


mately with their cheery and hopeful 
enthusiasm, Intimate relationship 
with young life serves to cheer, sus- 
tain and prolong youthfulness and 
health to old age. 

When ready to put this matter in 


FIG.) £77. 
FORTY YEARS PRINCIPAL OF BROOKLYN HEIGHTS FEMALE SEMINARY. 


and is so youthful at his great age, is 
that he has not only had an active 
state of mind, every faculty has been 
in healthful exercise for a long life, 
and the body sympathizes with the 
mentality and is stimulated to health 
and vivacity by the activity of the 
mind, but he has been among young 
people and has sympathized inti- 


PROF, CHARLES E, WEST, 


the printer’s hands, I went to the 
house of Prof. West and was in- 
formed that he had started an hour 
before for a trip to Europe, and that 
he was eighty-five years of age, hale 
and hearty. ‘Thus I failed to get the 
date of his birth and the time of his 
commencing and closing his career as 
a teacher. 


CHAPTER? 2X 


TALENT VARIED 


RT. HON. CHARLES ABBOT, 
LORD COLCHESTER. 


HIS portrait is a most interest- 
ing study. The word litera- 
ture might be erected over it as an 
arch,and would be expressive of every 
feature of his face and head. The 
word teacher might be applied to him 
with a significance that is rarely 
equaled. Any phrenologist looking 
at such a mouth as his, such a nose, 
such eyes, such a formed forehead, 
such a temperament, need not hesi- 
tate one moment in pronouncing him 
a teacher, a writer, a speaker, and es- 
pecially a man capable of literary ex- 
cellences /Of. course; he: could’ be a 
man of science also, but he should be 
related to such sciences as depend 
largely upon literary talent to appre- 
ciate and remember the nomencla- 
ture. 

We read the title, ‘‘ Master of Arts;” 
this man might also have ‘‘M. W.,”’ 
meaning ‘‘ Master of Words.’’ If he 
were a botanist, a chemist, a physiol- 
Ogist or an archeologist, subjects so 
largely dependent on the peculiar 
terminology, requiring literary capa- 
bility to appreciate the names and to 
remember them, he would be at home 
in such a field. Asa preacher, as a 
teacher, as an editor, writer, lecturer 
or talker in the social circle or in the 
Court or Senate, he would be not only 
at home, but the master of the home. 

The form of the mouth, the opu- 
lence in the length and pliability of the 
upper lip, indicate to the observer a 
tendency to play with the words. 


AND PECULIAR. . 


His under lip has the indication of 
freedom of expression, and also of 
the loving element, the spirit of cor- 
diality, the desire to communicate, 
to make conversation, to affiliate with 
others; and that isa wordy mouth, 
and one likely to give most remark- 
able fullness and freedom of enuncia- 
tion; words rippling. from his mouth 
would seem polished and critically 
formed, every letter would seem to 
have its place. Even silent letters 
would be hardly silent. 

The nose is also that of the teach- 
er, the talker, the man who explains; 
the droop of the septum indicates anal- 
ysis, criticism, precision, interest in 
details and particulars. The nose 
also indicates brilliancy of tempera- 
ment, clearness of thought, bright- 
ness of mind, and pertinency of ex- 
pression. Then the liquid eye, large, 
ardent, brilliant, prominent, is the 
mother of words; the fullness below 
the eye indicates affluence of expres- 
sion; not one word would be lacking 
in polishing his periods and complet- 
ing his statements. The pushing for- 
ward of the eye, as if there were 
hardly room enough for it under and 
forward of the brain, indicates accu- 
racy of statement as well as affluence 
and definiteness of diction. 

The large perceptive organs, shown 
in the prominence and fullness above 
the eyes, length from the opening of 
the ear forward to the center of the 
forehead between the eyebrows, dis- 
plays length of the anterior lobes of 
the brain, and the talent to under- 
stand things or entities and their 


TALENT VARIED AND PECULIAR, 197 


qualities and peculiarities, He would 
grasp an idea and load it with ad- 
jectives, and send it out like a ship 
with holiday dress. He would state 
a fact or mention a thing, and then 
refer to its qualities of color, form, 


to land and baronial estates, he would 
write or speak with an accuracy of 
statement and an orderly adjustment 
of words, so that each word, like the 
stonesin an arch, would fit and filland 
serve the requisite purpose. If he 


FIG. 178. 


RT. HON, 


magnitude, elegance ; and his Lan- 
guage would enable him to make his 
thoughts glow with wonderful fullness 
of expression. 

The external angle of the eye- 
brow seems to be pushed out into 
squareness and width, showing large 
Order, making him one of the most 
systematic of men. If he were 
devoted to literature, and not merely 


CHARLES 


ABBOT. LORD COLCHESTER. 


were a learned judge on the bench, it 
would bea charm to listen toa charge 
of his to a jury; the fullness and 
clearness and accuracy of his state- 
ments would be marvelous; and 
every sentence would have its full 
sweep and breadth and all the neces- 
sary words to make the sentence and 
the sentiment complete would be em- 
ployed ; there would be nothing left 


198 


How To STuDY STRANGERS. 


eh 


for inference; it would all be stated 
in select phraseology. 

Causality is large in this forehead, 
showing, in the language or composi- 
tion, a sharp regard to the consistency 
and logical propriety of the words 
used. His Comparison is also large, 
and that organ serves to give definite- 
ness to the comparative degrees of 
excellence or demerit relative to sub- 
jects, and therefore the words would 
be pruned and trimmed to an accuracy 
of adaptation. 

Then the Mirthfulness is large. 
He would use language in such a way 
as to evolve the witty or absurd senti- 
ment involved in his statements, en- 
abling him with such language to 
touch a topic without wallowing in it, 
as a swallow stoops in her flight to 
pick up a water fly from the surface 
of the lake without wetting her wings. 

The faculty of Agreeableness is also 
large; and it would be a lesson in 
elegant decorum to listen to a man 
who could put his thoughts into words 
as fully, smoothly and delicately as 
this man could. His praise would be 
as delicate as the distant odors of 
flowers. He would flatter without 
offending; he would praise without 
having it seem to blame others. The 
graces of diction and the mellowness 
of his phraseology would be a charm 
in cultured circles. He could talk in 
the presence of Lord Chesterfield, 
and acquire the reputation of being 
thoroughly earnest and true, and yet 
his accuracy would not be offensive, 
and his censures not rude. Whata 
teacher he would have made of a 
young ladies’ seminary! What a 
teacher he would have made of elocu- 
tion or dramatic -skill! What a 
presiding judge, what a president of 
a deliberative body, what a public 
debater! 

His Ideality was large; hence he 
had the element which appreciates the 
niceties of elegance, refinement and 
beauty. He should have been a poet, 


or an artist, at least decorative, in | 


his tastes. 
His knowledge of character seems 


strongly marked, and that organ is 
located on each side of the center of 
the forehead, about where the hair 
begins to cover the head. The dis- 
tance from the opening of the ear to 
that point. is remarkable, and, al- 
though the front of the forehead is 
broad and the top is elevated on each 
side of the center, still the distance js 
such from the opening of the ear 
that Human Nature must have been 
large; and, understanding character 
as he did, and being such a master of 
words and so fertile in fancy and 
brilliant in wit and sound in logic, he 
must have been one of the best ora- 
tors or conversationists of his time. 

If we could go back and examine 
the form and force of the middle and 
crown sections of the head we could 
show the friendly, the loving and the 
dignifying forces of his character. 
We find above and behind the top of 
the ear large Combativeness, which 
would have made his invective sharp 
and his words scathing if they were 
deserved. 

His Secretiveness shows fullness of 
the side head; hence his thought and 
his statements had guardedness and 
the lack of abruptness, and a judi- 
cious leaning which would have made 
his discourse smooth and fascinating. 

His Cautiousness, at the higher 
part of the side head, the upper back 
corner, as we sometimes hear it called, 
was large. Hence prudence would 
always preside over his actions and 
expressions. I can imagine him a 
lawyer writing contracts of vast im- 
portance in a marriage settlement or 
in the transfer of lands and estates. 
His Caution would prompt the wisest 
prudence and his Language and his in- 
tellect would find the words and give 
expression to all that is requisite in 
such composition. If he were draw- 
ing a bill for Parliament the careful- 
ness and fullness of the composition 
would show the masterful force of ac- 
curate language; and the Caution and 
Secretiveness would be evident at 
te point where danger was possi- 

e 


TALENT VARIED AND PECULIAR. 


His head above and a little forward 
of the opening of the ear is broad 
enough to give him a clear sense of 
value in regard to property; and he 
would have made a fine merchant or 
a good public financier. 

‘The top head, which is apparently 
high, is so obscured by the abundance 
of the hair that a definite statement 
of each of the organs cannot be ex- 
pected, but the mass of the top head 
is large; hence Conscientiousness, 
Firmness, Self-esteem, Veneration, 
Benevolence, Spirituality, all appear 
to be amply developed. 

The temperament is mainly mental, 
and also fairly well represented 
through the indications of the vital 
and the motive temperaments. If that 
man had been born without hered- 
itary title and estate, and had been 
obliged to begin at the bottom of the 
ladder of life, and work his way 
through difficulties to the top, he 
would have been a magnificent speci- 
men of culture, talent and success. 

This picture was published in the 
European Magazine of London on 
the first of October, 1817. His equal 
or superior has not often been found 
since. Talent does not all belong to 
the ancients, nor yet to the last half 
of the nineteenth century. This head 
and face would stand conspicuous in 
any age or nation. 

A friend asks me: ‘‘Is not the title 
under which you are writing, ‘ How 
to Study Strangers,’ a strange title 
for a book?”’ My reply is, Therein 
consists its significance. Partial 
friends can write the excellent traits, 
but that is not biography. Do you 
not know that strangers are the only 
ones whom necessity often requires 
people to know thoroughly, and at 
once, and that nearly the entire work 
of phrenologists is with strangers? 
Men and women come for examina- 
tion as strangers. Many hide their 
name by borrowing some threadbare 
one; they disguise their identity or 
their profession by borrowed clothing, 


and often by raw, ungrammatical: 


conversation, or by silence and bash- 


199 


fulstupidity, so that the phrenologist 


has to meet strangers even under 


many devices to put him on his mettle. 
Six clergymen on an innocent lark 
came disguised by dress and manners 
borrowed from the bar room or the 
Sunday fishing banks, and tested the 
stranger; but they introduced them- 
selves at the close, and it was mani- 
fest that their object was to get an 
analysis of one of their number whose 
conduct had recently caused a scan- 
dal, a notorious trial and an abandon- 
mentofithe “clothe: 

In finding significant and marked 
varieties of heads and faces to illus- 
trate sucha work as this there is con- 
siderable difficulty. The portrait of 
Lord Abbot which we present is the 
first of many that are to follow which 
were purchased from a vendor of old 
engravings, taken out of old maga- 
zines, and reaching back to the six- 
teenth century. These vendors come 
in possession of tons of magazines 
and strip out the frontispieces for 
sale, and send the old stock to the 
paper mill. One such person recently 
came with perhaps 500 portraits, and 
I made a selection which are inter- 
esting as human pictures, some with 
names and ancient dates running 
back of memory and available cyclo- 
pedias. 

I completed my analysis of Lord 
Abbot (and some hereditary lords 
are execrable), not caring for or ex- 
pecting a biography, when a clerical 
friend who saw the picture had the 
curiosity to consult his ‘‘ Encyclo- 
pedia Britannica,’ and copied for me 
the following: 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


Charles Abbot, Lord Colchester, 
was born at Abingdon, England, in 
1757; was the son of Dr. John Abbot, 
rector of AllSaints, Colchester, and, by 
his mother’s second marriage, half- 
brother of the famous Jeremy Ben- 
tham. From Westminster School 
Charles Abbot passed to Christ 
Church College, Oxford, where he 
gained the Chancellor’s medal for 


200 


How To STUDY STRANGERS. 


Latin verse and the Vinerian Scholar- 
ship. In1795, after having practised 
twelve years as a barrister and pub- 
lished a treatise proposing the incor- 
poration of the judicial system of 
Wales with that of England, he was 
appointed to the office previously held 
by his brother, of clerk of the rules 
in the King’s Bench, and in June of 
the same year he was elected member 
of Parliament for Helsten, through 
the influence of the Duke of Leeds. 
In 1796 Abbot commenced his career 
as a reformer in Parliament by obtain- 
ing the appointment of two com- 
mittees—the one to report on the 
arrangements which then existed as 
to temporary laws about to expire, 
the other to devise methods for the 


better publication of new statutes. . 


To the latter committee and a sec- 
ond committee, which he proposed 
some years later, it is owing that 
copies of new statutes were thence- 
forth sent toall magistrates and munic- 
ipal bodies. To Abbot’s’ efforts 
were also due the establishment of 
the Royal Record Commission, the 
reform of the system which allowed 
the public money to lie for some time 
at long interest in the hands of the 
public accountants, and, most im- 
portant of all, the act for taking the 
first census, that of 1801. On the 
formation of the Addington ministry, 
in March, 1801, Abbot became Chief 
Secretary and Privy Seal for Ireland; 
and in February of the following year 
he was chosen Speaker of the House 
of Commons, a position which he held 
with universal satisfaction for fifteen 
years, till 1817, when an attack of 
erysipelascompelled himtoretire. In 
response to an address to the Com- 
mons he was raised to the peerage as 
Baron Colchester, with a pension of 
£4,000, of which £3,000 was to be 
continued to his heirs. On the 8th 
of May, 1829, he died of erysipelas, 
aged 72. 

To rise without wealth or title, to 
preside over Parliament for fifteen 
years, during such a period as cov- 
ered the career of Napoleon and the 


second war with the United States, 
and then be raised as a reformer to 
the peerage, justify all that may be 
said of his talent or worth. 


JAMES 0. ANDREW, D. D. 


LATE BISHOP OF THE M, E. CHURCH. 


This organization is very interest- 
ing to the student of constitution 
and character. Heisa specimen of 
the strongly marked motive tempera- 
ment, ~The features are lareve, the 
face long, the head running up to a 
ridge in the center, representing the 
ruling elements of character, and the 
head, like the face, is comparatively 
narrow. There is an abundant mus- 
cular development, but not much adi- 
pose tissue, which constitutes, when 
prevalent, plumpness, smoothness, 
beauty. The layers of muscle seem 
to hang over the framework of this 
face, and we suppose there was not 
an extra pound of flesh on his form. 

He has a very frank, honest, sin- 
cere look. ‘There is'not in that face 
any expression of enthusiasm or tend- 
ency to magnify a straightforward, 
honest truth. He thinks and talks. 
in straight lines, believes what he 
says, utters it fairly and squarely, 
and calls it finished. He is the soul 
of frankness, does not ‘‘ cloak or dis- 
semble his thoughts before the face 
of Almighty God,”’ or in the presence 
of his fellowmen. And that sincerity 
and openness is depicted in every 
feature. He does not tryto fix his 
face so that it will look placable and 
genial and mellow or persuasive. His 
eyes look straight at you without 
wavering or trying to be soft. His 
strong, plump lips have a firmness 
and absoluteness which do not carry 
an apology for what he has said or 
what he intends to say. 

His large Individuality, shown by 
fullness above the root of the nose, 
leads him to speak to the point, and 
his thoughts are convergent; he 
focalizes what he thinks, and makes— 
it specific; and he is a wonderful 
dealer in facts, and inclines to make 


TALENT VARIED AND PECULIAR. 201 
OO he ee eee 


his statements historical. He speaks 
truth a thousand years old as if he 
had been there and seen it and knows 
all about it. If he believes it he 
nails it and does not send an apology 
to lubricate its acceptance. If he 


FIG. 179. 


LATE BISHOP OF M, E. 


disbelieves he does 
soften it. 

His large Comparison makes him 
analogical, critical. His knowledge 
of character is wonderful. He reads 
men like a book, and, though he has 
not a particle of cunning or under- 
current in his tendency, his mind is 
like a cleaver which opens out the 
subject in an unreserved way. Few 


men understand strangers as well as 


not try to 


he. The organ of this faculty is 
located at the top of the forehead 
where it begins to recede into the 
moral region. ‘The reader will notice 
a high ridge along the center of the top 
head, beginning with Benevolence, 


JAMES O. ANDREW, 


CHURCH, SOUTH. 


which is largely developed and a 
strong factor in his characte: It 
helps to make his face look gentle, 
kindly, patient; and though he has 
plenty of authority in his nature his 
Benevolence seems to give it a soft- 
ness and make it acceptable. 

His Veneration is uncommonly 
strong, where the top of the head is 
lost among the light covering of hair 
on the center of the top head, that 


202 


part of the head which was the crown- 
ing quality of his moral life. He has 
a look on his face as if he had set- 
tled several questions as to God and 
man and destiny. In that top head 
and in that face we can read the 
words of the Psalmist, ‘‘ My heart is 
fixed, oh God; my heart is fixed.” 
‘In God have I put my trust; I will 
not be afraid what man can do unto 
me.” The large Firmness, which lies 
back of Veneration and supplements 
it, gives the impression of fixedness, 
of trust,and we think his Self-esteem is 
well developed, which gives him a 
consciousness that his judgment in 
the matter has been properly settled. 

In his face there is a motherly ex- 
pression, as if he had derived it from 
his mother; and yet the general 
frame of his face and head is mascu- 
line. We judge the back of the head 
was very full, showing large Parental 
love and strong Conjugal love, 

The flatness of the side head would 
indicate that he had but little Secre- 
tiveness, not an extra amount of 
Cautiousness nor very large Acquisi- 
tiveness. He could preach a good 
sermon over an empty pocket; he 
had excellent common sense, but not 
a great deal of secular wisdom. 

He had but little Imagination and 
not much Imitation. His manners 
and methods were his own, and he 
did not take on the ways and usages 
of others readily, and that which he 
believed to be true and desirable he 
would hold in uncompromising tenac- 
ity. He had much more kindness than 
complaisance or Agreeableness.’ He 
had more Veneration, Firmness and 
Self-Esteem than of Conscientious- 
ness or Spirituality. People knew 
he was sincere, true and kindly, but 
his frankness was sometimes alarm- 
ing. He would preach in an uncom- 
promising way the truth as he under- 
stood it. It might have been kindly, 
but it was straight and unflinching; 
and there never was much trouble in 
knowing how much he meantand just 
what he meant. There was no false 
pretense or pretense of any kind. 


How To Strupy STRANGERS. 


His utterances were plain, direct, un- 
varnished; and wherever he moved 
he made his mark. 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


The foregoing estimate of Bishop 
Andrew having been dictated and 
completed, I went to the cyclopedia 
to learn of his birth and the outline 
of his career, and was pleased to find 
that his determination and strength 
of purpose had been verified in the 
great controversy which divided the 
Methodist Church of America. 

James Osgood Andrew, D.D., an 
American clergyman, one of the 
Bishops of the M. E. Church, South, 
was born in Georgia, May 3, 1794, 
and died in Mobile, Alabama, March 
2): POT woe tone Ave. Oleeicntecn ine 
was licensed to preach, and in De- 
cember, 1812, was received into the 
South Carolina Conference, and was 
elected Bishop in 1832. His second 
wife being the owner of slaves, the 
Northern delegates to the General 
Conference in 1844 judged ‘‘that 
this would greatly embarrass the 
exercise of the office as an itinerant 
General Superintendent, if not in 
some -places entirely prevent it.” 
Accordingly the majority of the 
body resolved ‘‘that it is the sense 
of the General Conference that he 
should desist from the exercise of this 


office so long as this impediment 
remains.” The Southern delegates 
entered their protest. The result 


was an amicable division of the M: E. 
Church into two independent juris- 
dictions. The Southern division, 
under the name of the M. E. Church, 
South, held a General Conference at 
Petersburg, Va., in 1846, and Bishop 
Soule and Bishop Andrew gave their 
adhesion to the Church, South. 

Bishop Andrew continued to exer- 
cise his Episcopal functions till 1868, 
when he retired from active duty on 
account of age and died 1871 aged 77. 
His volumes of ‘‘ Miscellanies’’ and 
on ‘‘ Family Government” have been 
widely circulated. 


CHAPTER XXIT. 


TALENT VARIED AND PECULIAR. 


FELICIA HEMANS. 


HE study of the portrait of this 
queen of sacred poetry, this 
renowned and beloved woman, is ex- 
ceedingly interesting to the student 
of human nature; and the fact that 
it is a perfect profile view is the rarest 
fact in reference to it. Few artists 
ever make a perfect profile; there are 
few sitters who are willing to be por- 
trayed that way; there are fewer 
heads that would successfully bear 
the ordeal. 

The pose of the head is admirable, 
and ought to be, because it is so well 
balanced phrenologically and physio- 
logically, that there could be no pose 
of the head, that is natural and ad- 
mirable, that such a head would not 
assume. It is distinctly a masculine 
face. She was doubtless in physiol- 
ogy and mentality as good a copy of 
a good father as could be found. 

What a firm and masterful chin, 
and how the face from the chin runs 
squarely back to the angle of the jaw, 
showing resoluteness, strength of 
character, determination, endurance 
and constitutional vigor. The lips 
how firm, how prominent and strong, 
evincing devotedness and ardor of 
love! Observe the prominence of the 
cheek bone, the reach of it from the 
opening of the ear forward, indicat- 
ing vitality, breathing power and 
courage. Look at the Roman nose, 
shapely, dignified, elegant, large, 
commanding. Look at the prominence 
and the delicacy of its point and the 
classic elegance of the nostril, and 


the easy sweep of the wing of the 
nose! The front view of that face 
must have been enchanting as well as 
commanding. The brilliancy of the 
eye, what a definiteness it expresses, 
and the fullness below the eye indica- 
tive of easy grace and affluence of 
speech. What a beautiful arch to 
the eyebrow, showing quick and clear 
perception, and especially a fine taste 
for colors! The organs in thecentral 
line of the forehead, Individuality, 
Eventuality and Comparison are very 
prominent, making her facts take a 
definite form of expression, giving the 
memory of events and facts, and abil- 
ity to recall her knowledge at wish 
and will. 

Comparison is large enough to ren- 
der her mind analytical and analogi- 
cal. Every stanza of her poetry will 
illustrate these mental traits, sharp- 
ness of definition, clearness of expres- 
sion, and smoothness of diction. Her 
knowledge of human character is 
shown by the length from the ear to 
the location of the organ in the mid- 
dle of the upper line of the forehead. 
Hence she read character well, and 
had a keen perception of its peculiar- 
ities; and with her power of language, 
she was able to portray nice shades of 
character in a manner to make them 
seem natural and effective. 

Benevolence was large; the front 
part of the top head was well ex- 
panded and elevated. Veneration 
and Spirituality were large and dis- 
tinctly evinced in the elevated and 
reverential spirit of her poetry. 


204 


Firmness was large; that organ be- 
ing located in the central part of the 
back of the top head. If we draw a 
line vertically from the back of the 
ear, it will cross the organ. Stead- 
fastness and strength of character 


How To StTupy STRANGERS, 


face, corresponding with her char- 
acter, and every feature of the whole 
make-up evinces dignity and a sense 
of her own worth. 

Approbativeness was large. It is 
located on either side of Self-esteem, 


18o. 


and purpose are indicated in the pose 
of the head, in the features of the 
face, as well as in the large develop- 
ment of Firmness. 

Self-esteem was large; that organ 
comes in just at the upper part of the 
coiled braid. The crown of the head 
was high, and that is a very dignified 


FELICIA HEMANS, 


giving fullness to the upper backward 
and outer portions of the crown. 
The heed was long from the opening 
of the ear backward, which covers 
Inhabitiveness, Continuity and Pa- 
rental Love. Friendship was promi- 
nent; hence her affections were cor- 
dial. 


TALENT VARIED AND PECULIAR. 


205 


Combativeness was well indicated; 
hence, she was vigorous and brave. 
Amativeness was large; hence, her 
love was strong and influential. The 
love of life, Vitativeness, seems to 
have been large, hence her poetry 
breathes the sentiment of immortal- 
ity and makes itseem real. Vitative- 
ness leads us to desire to live as long 
as we can in the life that now is, and 
tends to span the dark river with the 
arch of promise for the life everlast- 
ing. If we look at the expression of 
strength and confidence in that face, 
if we look at the hopeful expression 
of the eye, it reminds us of Job’s im- 
mortal expression, ‘‘I know that my 
redeemer liveth, whom I shall see for 
myself and not another.”’ 

The harmony of temperament be- 
longing to this character was such as 
to give wholesome development to 
every hope and sentiment and social 
feeling, and to give to her work an 
easy grace and vigor inviting con- 
fidence and fostering a hearty accept- 
ance. The following stanzas show 
the poetical, the spiritual and mental 
type of our subject, and illustrate the 
interior, the intense and trustful work- 
ing of her powers. 


Answer me, burning stars of night! 
Where is the spirit gone, 

That, past the reach of human sight, 
E’en as a breeze hath flown? 


O, many-tonedand chainless wind, 
Thou art a wanderer free. 

Tell me, if thou its place can find, 
Far over mount and sea? 


Ye clouds, that gorgeously repose 
Around the setting sun, 

Answer! Have ye a home for those 
Whose earthly race is run? 


O, speak, thou voice of God within ! 
Thou of the deep, low tone! 

Answer me, through life’s restless din, 
Where is the spirit flown? 


And the voice answers ‘‘ Be thou still; 
Enough to know is given. 
Clouds, winds and stars their part fulfill; 
Thine is to trust in Heaven.” 
HEMANS, 


ELIPHALET NOTT, D.D., LL.D., 


PRESIDENT OF UNION COLLEGE FOR 


SIXTY-TWO YEARS, 


This is one of the most manly heads 
and faces which has figured in Amer= 
ican history; and though an eminent 
scholar and thinker, he was all his 
life in touch with the times. He was 
an inventor. He gave much atten- 
tion to physical science, especially 
the laws of heat, and obtained thirty 
patents for valuable’ inventions, 
among the most notable of which was 
the first stove for burning anthracite 
coal which bore his name and was for 
many years extensively used. 

The study of this portrait is ex- 
ceedingly interesting. The head is 
high, long, and fairly broad, especially 
in the frontal section. He was one 
of the ablest thinkers of his time, and 
that is indicated by the massiveness 
of the upper section of the forehead. 
He was a fine reasoner; was a great 
critic; understood mind and char- 
acter, and had wonderful imitation. 
The front part of the top head runs 
out from the center, and ‘without 
having a curve downward, as usual, 
runs out level, showing the elevation 
of the outward section of the top of 
the forehead and indicating very 
large Imitation. And he was one of 
the best elocutionists of his time; he 
taught some men who became the 
ablest orators of his day. He wasa 
magnificent orator himself; his own 
thoughts were piled up in stately 
style, and so effectively uttered as to 
make him the model speaker of his 
age. 

The organ of Mirthfulness seems 
to be large. The outer corner of the 
forehead is prominent; and he was 
remarkable for his wit. His Con- 
structiveness is shown in the width of 
the region of the temples. Ideality 
and Constructiveness, Wit, Imitation 
and Causality grouped around that 
section of the front part of the head 
exhibited by the temples and by the 
front and top part of the forehead. 


206 How To STuDY STRANGERS. 


The organs in the lower part of the 
forehead were large He had very 
copious language, and the fullness 
under the eye is an indication that 


ore 
Ze 


FiGsaTO Ee 


reser oes 
Swmes feesee 


wonder of the time, and reached, in 
1866, the great age of ninety-three 


years. 


Students in Phrenology and physi- 


oe. 
soee rs 
of 


sctwae: 
22 22 
essiass 


ELIPHALET NOTT, 


PRESIDENT OF UNION COLLEGE, 


the eye was pressed forward and 
downward by the brain, thus indicat- 
ing strong language. 

In the region of the moral organs, 
Conscientiousness looms up. He was 
a man of equity, and he so carried 
himself with the students of his col- 
lege that they had the highest rev- 
erence for and confidence in him. 
His word was law, and yet he ruled 
gently. He was the father of the In- 
stitution as well as of the Church over 
which he presided. 

He had a capital constitution, and 
he enjoyed health, which was the 


ology will see that the different sec- 
tions of the face are amply balanced. 
We suppose this picture was made 


of him). when*~ he’ ‘was 7) over 
eighty years of age. And it was 
made from a photograph. And he 


must have been nearly seventy years 
of age when photography was intro- 
duced into this country. See the 
handsome chin, how it is projected 
forward, how it is depressed, what a 
long face! That large, healthy chin, 
is a physiological indication of a 
sound, healthy action of the heart. 
Physiognomically considered, it 


TALENT VARIED AND PECULIAR. 


means ardor, and strength of social 
affection. 

The length of the nose is evidence 
of thoughtfulness and criticism. The 
fullness of the face outward from the 
nose indicates lung power, and the 
fullness of the face outward from the 
mouth evinces a healthy state of the 
stomach. And where these condi- 
tions are all favorable, men look 


207 


the admired and masterful president 
of a college from the age of thirty- 
one, to that of ninety-three years. 


MATTHEW VASSAR, 
FOUNDER OF VASSAR COLLEGE. 
This face isa strong and a good one. 


That long, large nose, that broad, 
strong cheek bone; that full and 


182. 


FIG. 


MATTHEW VASSAR, 


FOUNDER OF VASSAR COLLEGE. 


young when they becomeold; instead 
of withering up and having weakness 
of circulation and weakness of diges- 
tion and shortness of breath, they 
hold these functions till they are well 
advanced in life. 

Dr. Nott belonged to the class of 
eminent scholars and thinkers who 
were born in the last half of the 18th 
century. So sound was his health 
and so balanced were his social, 
moral and intellectual developments, 
that he was the life of the circle in 
which he moved, and not only the 
life but the light of it. He was the 
witty man of his age as well as the 
eloquent man and as sound a thinker 
as this country has raised. He was 


prominent chin, indicating steadfast- 
ness, dignity, integrity and vitality; 
that rugged brow, indicating practical 
sense, and the honesty of the expres- 
sion,of the face, strike the observer 
ata glance. He hada great deal of 
solid common sense. He had emi- 
nent business ability, and could have 
made a success in anything which 
honorable men follow. He would 
have made a very fine physician. 
That face and forehead indicate the 
ability to acquire and use the knowl- 
edge which belong to the medical 
profession. He had strong construct- 
iveness and would have made a good 
engineer. His head was wide; hence 
he had force of character, courage, 


208 


thoroughness and executiveness, a 
desire for gain and the ability to 
accumulate property. Not having 
been favored with very much schol- 
astic culture in his youth, he had a 
feeling similar to that of Peter Cooper 
and several other eminent business 
men, to wit, a desire to establish a 
school. for the culture of others. 
Ezra Cornell has given his name to an 
institution; Mr. Seney gave his name 
toa hospital; Peter Cooper to an Insti- 
tute which will carry his name grate- 
fully down the ages; Cornelius Van- 
derbilt gave his name to a University 
in Tennessee; and Vassar, inheriting 
tact and talent liberally from his 
mother, had an inspiration in the 
direction of female education, and 
has secured for himself a reputation 
which will never cease to be fragtant. 

In studying this head, we perhaps 
see in him traits that he did not so 
openly manifest to the world. If the 
reader will draw aline vertically on 
the picture from the outer part of the 
pupil of the eye up to where it touches 
the hair, he will see that there is a 


How To Stupy STRANGERS, 


handsome rounding up of that section 
of the head. It is shown distinctly 
on both sides, but on one side, as 
the picture is taken, alittle more than 
on the other. The hair is put back 
far enough to show it. That repre- 
sents the region of Spirituality and 
Hope; and Vassar College was born 
of those two faculties. The social, 
of course, would have its influence; 
he was naturally a lover, and would 
think of woman’s weal and sphere, 
and be impressed to do something in 
that direction. There was less logic 
than sympathy and spirituality and 
affection in the direction of his gift; 
that has a mechanical phase; it hasa 
financial phase and a beneficent phase 
and a very executive one; and the 
form of the head sustains these sug- 
gestions. 

Born April 29, 1792—in 1861 gave 
200 acres of land near Poughkeepsie, 
N. Y., and $408,000 in cash to build 
a college for the education of women 
at moderate cost. At his death in 
1868 he gave $150,000 in the way of 
endowments. 


$$ = 


CHAP LER] XCD 


PECULIAR ORGANIZATIONS. 


AMBROSE DUDLEY, 
EARL OF WARWICK, BORN 1590. 


HIS is a peculiar head and face. 
There is an enormous develop- 

ment of the knowing faculties lo- 
cated across the lower half of the 
forehead. The Perceptive organs 
are all very large. The tempera- 
ment is favorable to intellectuality 
and mental vigor. The peculiarity 
of this head is that it is so very high. 
The organs in the top head, espe- 
cially Veneration, Firmness and Self- 
esteem, are enormous. There is such 
a thing as hereditary dignity and 
stability and hereditary reverence for 
greatness and titles, and what the 
world styles elevation of character. 


One can readily imagine the sense of 
authority; the love of power; the 
feeling that he stands head and 
shoulders over mankind generally, 
and, although he had a mild coun- 
tenance, he was doubtless very rigid 
in his ideas of truth, duty, and es- 
pecially the duty that subordinated 
people owe to government and to 
authority. Such a head as that would 
readily recognize the divine right of 
kings and the spirit of governmental 
authority as held by landed lords. 
That high top-head evinces hundreds 
of years of successful distinction and 
authority. If such a man were in- 
spired by high and holy motives, his 
intelligence and his sense of law and 
subordination by those subjected to 


PECULIAR ORGANIZATIONS, 


law, would seem sublime. Then his 
intellect ought to place him high in 
the rank of intelligence, scholarship, 
knowledge and practical wisdom. 
The faculty which reads character, 
the organ of Human Nature, is enor- 
mously developed in that head, and 
so is Imitation. That would be the 


20g 


was of constructive talent, Ideality 
and prudence. The head seems to 
run up in the central region and the 
sides are comparatively flattened. 


HUGH LAWSON WHITE. 


This is a remarkable specimen 
of the mental temperament and is 


FIG. 183. 
EARL OF WARWICK. 


kind of a head to exercise govern- 
mental and diplomatic power; it 
would also excel in science and in 
literature. He seems not to have 
very large Caution, but more force of 
character than prudence and guard- 
edness; and the center of the top- 
head is so enormously high that he 
must have had great religious enthu- 
siasm and have inclined to promote 
religious sentiments by legal control. 
He was doubtless exceedingly con- 
servative if not tyrannical. His 
large Language gave him the power 
of utterance; the fullness of the eye 
is very manifest. 

There was more Spirituality, Ven- 
eration and Benevolence than there 


AMBROSE DUDLEY, 


BORN 1590. 


a high order of development. There 
is fineness of quality, sensitive- 
ness and susceptibility, and there 
is a wiry endurance and toughness 
connected with such a constitution. 
He was remarkable for his scholar- 
ship and for his judicial talent. He 
was a judge in a Southern State 
about 1850, was a United States 
Senator, and was a strong candidate 
for the Presidency; was considered’ 
a formidable rival in the field during 
the latter part of the career of Henry 
Clay.. The face is long, and the 
features light and delicate. The eye 
was sharp and clear, and the superior 
faculties of reason, dignity, -ambi- 
tion, thoroughness, steadfastness, 


210 


How To Stupy STRANGERS, 


morality and imagination were re- 
markable. As a lawyer and a judge 
he was a critic and clear-cut; as a 
thinker he was broad and sound, and 


very large Firmness and Self-esteem. 
Such a head indicates scholarship; 
desire for knowledge; ability to 
gather information and make himself 


FIG, 184. 


as a man of mental caliber 
equaled. 

_ Like John C. Calhoun, his body 
was slight, though wiry, and he 
seems not to have been very liberally 
nourished, His digestive power 
seems to be poor; the hollowness of 
the cheek outward from the mouth 
indicates it, but he was a kind of in- 
tellectual lightning-rod in his time, 
masterful in spirit, and high-toned in 
his sense of duty and honor. 

. He had the organ of Hope largely 
indicated. He had large caution and 


rarely 


JUDGE HUGH L. WHITE, 


master of his surroundings, and a 
natural leader among men. 

Such a face and head with educa- 
tion and opportunity always takes 
rank among men of a commanding 
spirit, and the world is not slow to 
recognize the right of such men to 
lead and to rule. 


FRANCIS EGERTON, 


DUKE OF BRIDGEWATER. 


This is a head, face and body con- 
stituting a remarkable contrast with. 


PECULIAR ORGANIZATIONS, 


the two former portraits, Figs. 183 
and 184. The date of the picture is 
1788. His head and face have some- 
thing of the outline of King George 
the Third, and they were contempo- 


FIG. 185. 


21I 


of the body and the largeness of the 
chest and the abdomen evince a noble 
lord who lived high in his day. His 
large Roman nose would indicate a 
considerable degree of the Motive 


FRANCIS EGERTON, 


DUKE "OF ERED GE WAITER; 


raneous, though this is a_ stronger 
face, and we think a stronger head, 
than that of George the Third. 
This is an interesting physiology 
and physiognomy. There is a 
stout, deep-chested body; a very 
high development of the Vital tem- 
perament with a considerable degree 
of the Lymphatic. He was probably 
avery large, heavy man. The neck 
was large; the fullness under the 
broad, fleshy cheek shows bodily 
health and vitality, and the rotundity 


temperament and a desire to exercise 
power. The fullness of the eye, and 
especially the fullness beneath the eye, 
represents the power of language and 
the ability to utter histhoughts freely 
and fully, and, with his ample devel- 
opment of the perceptive organs, he 
would be full of facts and fond of re- 
lating stories. His reasoning intellect 
is not very largely represented; the 
upper part of his forehead tapers off 
and retreats. The mouth and chin 
and the form of the body indicate the 


212 


How To Stupy. STRANGERS. 


voluptuary, and the breadth-and full- 
ness of the base of the brain show 
that he was of the ‘‘ earth earthy” 
and that his thoughts were not as 
exalted, as clear-cut, intense and el- 
evated as they should have been, The 
back of the head indicates strong so- 
cial and animal power. Such an or- 
ganization lives well if it can afford 
to, and gathers around him if he 
do not inherit wealth as a source of 
physical comfort and happiness. He 
would enjoy the convivial table. He 
was the type represented by the song 
which used to be sung in England, in 
reference to Napoleon’s effort to con- 
quer England. It was a kind of 
bantering challenge against Napo- 


of the song, as I remember it from 
my early boyhood, when I heard it 
sung by Englishmen in America, was 
like this : 


‘“While England yields pork, bee. 
and beer, 
John Bull will keep Azs hand on’t,” 


We think the pork, beef and beer 
would come natural to this man, and 
if there was enough of it, it would be 
the acme of the present hour, the joy 
of his daily life. And still, he might 
have been a scholar if he had been 
willing to study. He had perception 
and language; he could have been a 
good linguist and a versatile writer, 
and with his sociability and marvel- 


leon, who wanted to gobble up the ous memory a masterful story- 
‘*snug little island,” and the refrain _ teller. 
+ e~ ee 


CHAP TER- XXIV, 


GREAT HISTORIC CHARACTERS. 


JONATHAN TRUMBULL, 
GOVERNOR OF CONNECTICUT. 


N the religious world deceased 
saints are not canonized untila 
hundred years have elapsed since 
they left their earthly sphere. In 
the patriotic world it is perhaps ap- 
propriate and quite natural, in look- 
ing at the great characters that have 
figured in national history, to look 
back for a century and view the lives 
and doings of eminent patriots, when 
nothing but the masterful phases of 
their character, which are imperish- 
able, remain to be considered. The 
little, private enmities and selfish 
rivalries which give friction while 
strong. men are struggling for place, 
power and opportunity, die out and 
are forgotten as the generations of 
men succeed and see only the in- 


candescent characteristics which, 
like the pure light of the lamp in the 
distant lighthouse, have _ distin- 


guished their predecessors. 
So, in our day, we look back to 


the Revolution; we study its heroes 
and statesmen with reverence and 
admiration, and learn their acts of 
self-sacrifice and lessons of wisdom 
and patriotic devotion to the public 
good. 

We present here one of the best 
historical characters and one of the 
best friends of Washington, in the 


portrait of Jonathan Trumbull, 
called by Washington, ‘‘ Brother 
Jonathan.” 


In this portrait the physiologist 
observes a harmonious constitution. 
From head to foot he was not only 
well organized and well proportioned, 
but there was a fineness of quality 
that attracts attention, and a hand- 
some face which well befits so fine a 
physical form. The Phrenologist 
sees in such a head and face an am- 
plitude of intellectual and moral 
power. That large forehead shows 
sharpness of perception and clear- 
ness of observation. It evinces also 
an excellent memory and power to 
retain the knowledge which the per- 


GREAT Historic CHARACTERS, 213 


ceptives acquire. Inthe upper part higher moral faculties, 
head is not broad and therefore does 
not indicate selfish propensity, but per- 


of the forehead we observe the very 
strong Causality and Comparison, 


FIG. 186, 


which rendered him a philosophical 
man of comprehensive judgment and 
solid understanding. In the top- 
head there was elevation, indicating 
determination, integrity and the 


The side- 


JONATHAN TRUMBULL, 


mits the exercise of unselfish patriotic 
public spirit. We notice also large 
Order, and the style of the dress in 
which the portrait was painted shows 
method, taste and refinement; and 


214 


How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


the refinement of the features, the 
brightness of the eye and the ex- 
pansiveness of the forehead are in- 
dications that Ideality and artistic 
taste are prominently shown. Such 
a face and head and such a bodily 
form would command respect in any 
country or in any age. He looks to 
be a peer of the best, and therefore 
capable of being a patron and pro- 
tector of the ignorant and the poor. 
It was to men such as he, with their 
wisdom, courage and patriotic devo- 
tion, that the United States owe the 
achievement of American liberty. 
The wisdom, the self-denial, the 
sagacity and the moral power which 
animated the leaders of the Revolu- 
tion are worthy of regret and re- 
membrance, and their characters will 
adorn the pages of history as long as 
virtue, talent and patriotism are 
respected among men. 

He belonged to the class in which 
the Adamses, the Hancocks, the 
Pinckneys, the Henrys, the Law- 
rences, the Masons, the Rutledges, 
the Morrises, the Hamiltons and the 
Washingtons belonged, who con- 
ceived and achieved the revolution 
and gave us the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence and the Constitution of the 
United States. 

Jonathan Trumbull was born at 
Lebanon, Connecticut, October 12th, 
1710, and died there August 17th, 
1785. Hewas graduated at Harvard 
College in the year 1727; he studied 
theology and was licensed to preach, 
but in 1731 he took the place of an 
elder brother, who was lost at sea, in 
his father’s mercantile business. In 
1738 he was elected to the General 
Assembly of Connecticut, of which, 
in 1739, he became speaker. He 
became Judge of the County Court, 
Assistant Judgeof the Superior Court, 
and from 1766 to 1769 he was Chief 
Judge of the Superior Court. In 1767 
and 1768 he was elected Deputy 
Governor and in 1769 Governor of 
the Colony, which office he held until 
1783, when he resigned. He was one 
of the first to espouse the popular 


cause in the troubles preceding the 
Revolution, and in 1765 refused to 
take the oath required of all officials 
to support the provisions of the 
stamp act; and he codperated with 
vigor in securing the independence 
of the colonies. Washington relied 
on him, says Sparks, ‘‘as one of his 
main pillars of support,” and was 
accustomed to consult him in emer- 
gencies. The personification humor- 
ously applied to the United States is 
said to have had its origin ina phrase 
sometimes used by Washington: ‘‘Let 
us hear what brother Jonathan says.” 

Washington kept up an intimate 
correspondence with Governor Trum- 
bull throughout the Revolution, and 
to his sharp sagacity, his courage, 
prudence and wisdom in a day which 
tried men’s souls, may be attributed 
much of the success which Washing- 
ton and his army secured in those 
gloomy times; and when we think of 
the achievements which the Ameri- 
cans attained against so powerful a 
nation as England, having but a 
handful of inhabitants and very little 
of wealth, it is an astonishment that 
independence was secured. Ameri- 
cans should be thankful to the 
quarrelsome spirit of the European 
nations which gave England some- 
thing to do nearer home, otherwise 
we would to-day have been a colony, 
and largely crippled in our enterprise. 
England has the best colonies in the 
world, but none of her colonies have 
the elbow-room and the opportunity 
for the achievements which have 
been wrought out under the Ameri- 
can flag. Thus left free to framea 
government suited to their needs, the 
fathers of the revolution could drop 
burdensome usages and make broad 
and straight roads to success. 


ALBERT GALLATIN. 


This interesting figure ; this master- 
ful thinker; this natural financier and 
comprehensive business manager; this 
patriot of America and one of its best 
servants during along and useful life, 


GREAT Historic CHARACTERS. 


215 


was a native of Geneva, Switzerland, 
where he was born the zgth of Jan- 
uary, 1761, and died in Astoria, N. 
Y., Aug. 12, 1849. His father was a 
counselor of state and intimately 
connected wlth public affairs in his 
- country. The son, Albert, graduated 
at the University of Geneva, 1779, and 
the next year embarked for America, 
and from that time on became one of 
the foremost men in the land. He 
met General Washington in 1784, who 
became his friend and patron. In that 
year he had purchased a large tract of 
land in Virginia, for the purpose of 
forming a settlement, but the hostili- 
ties of the Indians led him to refrain 
from it. While surveying these lands 
he first met Washington, who also 
owned large estates in that region. 
As Washington was seated in his 
land agent’s log cabin, surrounded by 
a number of squatters and hunters, 
whom he was examining witha view to 
ascertain the best route across the Al- 
leghanies, Gallatin stood in the crowd 
looking on for some time, while Wash- 
ington put his questions with slowness 
and deliberation, and carefully noted 
down the answers. It was soon evi- 
dent to the quick-minded Swiss that 
there was but one practicable pass. 
He grew impatient at Washington’s 
slowness in coming to a conclusion, 
and suddenly cried out: ‘‘Oh, it’s 
plain enough that (naming the place) 
is the most practicable.”’ The bystand- 
ers stared with astonishment, and 
Washington, laying down his pen, 
looked at him in evident displeasure, 
but did not speak. Presently he re- 
sumed his pen, put a few more ques- 
tions, then suddenly threw down his 
pen, and, turning to Gallatin, said: 
‘¢ Vou are right, sir.” After Gallatin 
went out Washington inquired about 
him, made his acquaintance, and 
urged him to become his land agent. 
Gallatin declined the offer, and by the 
advice of Patrick Henry he purchased 
land on the banks of the Mononga- 
hela, in Fayette County, Pa., settled 
there, became naturalized, and de- 
voted himself to agricultural pursuits. 


In 1789 he was a member of the 
convention to revise the constitution 
of the State of Pennsylvania, and in 
the two succeeding years was a mem- 
ber of the legislature.” In 1793 the 
legislature elected him United States 
Senator, but there was question as to 
his eligibility, not having been a citizen 
during nine years required by the con- 
stitution, as he did not take the oath 
of allegiance until 1785. He was, 
however, elected to Congress, and 
continued a member of, that body 
from 1795 until 18or. 

He directed his attention particu- 
larly to financial questions, made im- 
portant speeches on ‘‘ Foreign Inter- 
course”’ and onthe ‘‘ Navy Establish- 
ment.” On May 15, 1801, he was 
appointed by President jefferson, Sec- 
retary of the Treasury, which office 
he held under him and under Madison 
until 1813. He was eminently suc- 
cessful in his management of the 
Treasury Department, and soon at- 
tained a reputation as one of the first 
financiers of the age. He systema- 
tized the mode of disposing of the pub- 
lic lands, and wasa zealous advocate of 
internalimprovements. In 1809 Presi- 
dent Madison offered him the State 
Department, which he declined. In 
1813 President Madison nominated 
as ministers to negotiate a treaty of 
peace with England, Gallatin, James 
A. Bayard and John Quincy Adams, 
and his name is attached to the treaty 
of peace. In 1826 he was appointed 
by President Adams Envoy Extra- 
ordinary to Great Britain, andin 1827 
he took up his residence in the city of 
New York. 

In 1830 he was chosen president 
of the council of the University of 
New York, and from 1831 to 1839 he 
was president of the National Bank 
of the City of New York, and on 
resigning that office he was succeeded 
by his son, James Gallatin. 

In 1846, during the Oregon diff- 
culties, he published letters on the 
‘* Oregon Question,” distinguished by 
impartiality, moderation and power 
of reasoning. He was strongly 


216 How TO STUDY STRANGERS. 
ce acl Aa cea Rw Ne eh Pernt Ta Ren EA as ET in cht 
opposed to war, and during the war this adopted citizen. We have given 


with Mexico he wrote a pamphlet of this biographical sketch so that the 
which 150,000 copies were printed, readers can follow the description 


FIG. 187. ALBERT GALLATIN, 


and which had a marked influence on and estimate which we make of his 
public opinion. character and talents, which are so 

Few men have done more for the vividly presented in his face and 
prosperity of the United States than head. 


GREAT HISTORIC CHARACTERS. 


217 


In the first place he had a compact 
constitution; vigor, fiber, endurance 
and power belonged to him. He had 
a definite development of the physi- 
ognomy; his features were marked 
and sharp, indicating intelligence and 
-especially financial ability. He had 
a fine development of Language; the 
eye is prominent, well-opened and 
well-protruded. Hewas able to pre- 
sent his thoughts in a clear, convinc- 
ing manner, and that is one essential 
element of the leader. Moses was 
slow of speech, but he had in his mind 
the logical elements of the leader, 
although he needed language, and 
Aaron, his brother, was a good 
speaker. He was attached tothe work 
of Moses and communicated his 
thoughts successfully to the people. 
Gallatin has the language of Aaron 
and the law-giving power of Moses; 
they are combined in one and the 
same person. The reader will ob- 
serve the very great prominence of 
the upper part of the forehead; there 
is massiveness of the reasoning facul- 
ties, and the sharpness of the feat- 
ures and the definiteness of the ex- 
pression of the face indicate that his 
mind was exceedingly active. That 
his constitution was well sustained, 
carrying him to the remarkable age 
of eighty-eight years, would show 
also that his brain, by such a body, 
was amply nourished and _ vivified, 
hence his early talent, sagacity and 
power to win place, position and 
command respect of such men as 
Washington and his confréres, Madi- 
son and the rest, are all evidences 
that his phrenology was not only 
amply and excellently, but also ad- 
mirably sustained by a good physi- 
ology. 

The reader will notice how broad 
the head is in the region of the 
temples; how wide and swollen it is 
just forward of where the hair com- 
mences on the region of the temples. 
In that wide development of front side 
head large Constructiveness is pre- 
éminent and also large Acquisitive- 
ness, which gives a sense of property 


and renders a man an adept in finan- 
cial conditions. He had large Calcu- 
lationand Order; hence his tendency 
to systematize and organize financial 
affairs; and having been for many 
years president of a bank, which posi- 
tion he held until quite advanced in 
age, resigning it to his son, shows 
that his power lay in organization, 
in finance and in general manage- 
ment. 

Then the moral developments are 
good; his head is high; Conscien- 
tiousness and Hope _ were large; 
Veneration was well developed, and 
Ideality, Caution and Mirthfulness 
were all amply developed. In fact, 
Albert Gallatin was a great charac- 
ter. That he made sucha favorable 
impression in a new country upon its , 
ablest men, and sustained himself 
through all the struggles and clashes 
of opinion and talent, and that he 
had to do with the formation and re- 
formation of the United States gov- 
ernment and its financial affairs, are 
evidences that he had a great deal of 
the right material in him and used it 
to excellent advantage; and, as an 
evidence of his morality and right- 
eousness, in splendid contrast to some 
men of our present time, it may be 
mentioned asa fact in his biography 
that in 1815 he was appointed Minis- 
ter to France, where he remained 
until 1823. During this period he 
was twice deputed on special missions 
of importance—to the Netherlands in 
1817andto Englandin 1818. While 
in this office he rendered some essen- 
tial service to Mr, Alexander Baring 
in the negotiation of a loan for the 


’ French government. This, of course, 


was private service, and Mr. Baring 
in return pressed him to take a part 
of the loan, offering him such advan- 
tages init that, without advancing 
any funds, he could have realized a 
fortune, ‘‘I thank you,” was Gal- 
latin’s reply; ‘‘I will not accept your 
obliging offer, because a man who 
has had the direction of the finances 
of hiscountry as long as I have should 
not die rich.” 


CHAPTER XXV. 
FRANKNESS AND SECRETIVENESS CONTRASTED. 


ANDREW JACKSON—MARTIN VAN BUREN. 


O public character has been 
more prominent, more open 
or more aggressive than that of An- 
drew Jackson, and no stronger con- 
. trast to the prominent characteristics 
of Jackson can be found than in his 
successor as President of the United 
States, Martin Van Buren. The 
contrast in the portraits is as marked 
in those respects as can be brought 
together. Jackson wasa tall man, 
over six feet in height, slim, wiry, 
bony, angular and lank. His face 
was long and narrow; his features 
prominent, and his head was narrow 
and _ high. His complexion was 
ruddy, his eye blue and his hair red. 
Jackson had no conservatism; no 
tendency to balance and equalize con- 
tradictory conditions; he was no com- 
promiser. He was not smooth, but 
was rugged, rough and dominating in 
his methods. 

Martin Van Buren was short, plump 
and delicate, politic, gentle, smooth, 
pliable, polite, non-committal, eva- 
sive, and was called slippery and 
double-faced by those who lacked 
Secretiveness, Approbativeness and 
Ideality. Those whose sympathies 
were with Van Buren and who had 
similar organizations regarded Van 
Buren asa polished gentleman, acute, 
cunning, placid silent, smooth, 
pliable, but quietly persistent. 

Jackson never sought toconciliate, 
mollify and lead. He had his object- 
ive point, his Firmness and Self Es- 
teem grasped it, his Combativeness 


resolved to conquer the position, and 
his almost utter lack of Secretiveness 
and policy led him to make straight 
lines toward his objective point, 
whoever or whatever might bein the 
way. How two men, so contrasted in 
strong characteristics as were Jack- 
son and Van Buren, could conform 
to each other’s characteristics so ad- 
mirably, has been a mystery to many 
who have recognized the startling 
conditions, contrasts and apparent 
unlikeness of their characters. But 
characters match smoothly as cog- 
work in machinery matches. The 
White Mountain railroad up Mt. 
Washington has cog-wheel work 
operated by the locomotive, and the 
cogs engage the cog-work-rack laid 
in the roadbed made like an iron 
ladder with rungs or bars, near 
enough together for the cogs of the 
locomotive to work in it and thus 
propel the train up the steep grade. 
General Jackson’s cog-work, positive- 
ness, dignity, aggressiveness and 
determination worked like the cog- 
wheel into Martin Van Buren’s Se- 
cretiveness and policy. One dared to 
be aggressive and the other was will- 
ing he should be. Onecould not 
use policy, and the other was willing 
his friend should secure success 
through his strong peculiarity, 
namely, policy. 

Martin Van Buren was a handsome 
man. His features were smooth and 
regular; his face plump, his eyes 
bright, and the lower part of his fore- 


FRANKNESS AND SECRETIVENESS CONTRASTED. 


head was amply developed, giving 
him wonderful readiness of percep- 
tion and marvelous memory, espe- 
cially of facts, words, names and dates. 
His Causality was also large, render- 
ing his mind quick and comprehensive 
‘in its far-reaching logical ideas. His 
head was very broad from side to side, 
giving strong selfish propensities; 
Secretiveness was enormous; the 
reader will observe the bulging out of 
the side head. His Caution was also 
large and he had also large Acquisi- 
tiveness, Constructiveness, Calcula- 
tion and Order. His Ideality and 
Mirthfulness were well developed, 
hence he was smooth and elegant in 
his manners and fascinating in his 
conversation. 

Jackson made friends by his dash, 
his pride, his unvarnished will-power 
and determination and his phenom- 
enalfrankness. Besides, Jackson had 
a fierce temper, a lordly pride, which, 
combined with his Firmness and Con- 
scientiousness, would not permit him 
to hesitate in regard to that which 
was required. He did not stop to 
count the cost to himself; Martin 
Van Buren always counted the cost; 
he never, when a boy, picked up a 
hot ironin a blacksmith’s shop though 
it had lost its redness while still hot, 
or if he did, one experience of that 
sort would last him a lifetime. 

As the life and success of Jackson 
and Van Buren were in a certain 
sense mutually blended in their public 
career, though eachseemed to be work- 
ing separately, we will consider them 
together. Jackson never was called a 
hypocrite; he never was thought to be 
sufficiently reticent, guarded, pru- 
dent and mindful of consequences. 
He was called rash and impetuous. 
He was constantly coruscating and 
exploding, while Van Buren never 
took anybody by surprise and he 
never rushed things. Jackson was 
more like a hammer that came down 
with rackety blows, smiting the unwill- 
ing iron into share and making sparks 
to illuminate the whole field. Martin 
Van Buren was more like a press in 


219 


a machine-shop that pushes a punch 
an inch in diameter through a plate 
of cold iron or steel an inch thick 
and scarcely makes a noise; or, he 
was like the hydraulic press, which 
uses cold water asa means of pressure 
and silently brings a thousand tons 
of weight to bear on the work in hand. 
So the hydraulic press doing work in 
one end of the shop and a trip-ham- 
mer at the other end, forging heavy 
masses of blazing hot iron or steel 
into desired forms, would illustrate 
these two characters, and sometimes 
such machinery is so employed in the 
same shop to elaborate heavy work 
which constitutes important parts ofa 
mighty warship. One working noisily 
and the other noiselessly; the one 
making a terrible racket and the 
other working on a different plan 
silently and yet surely. 

Jackson was frank and honest, he 
was benevolent, he was magnani- 
mous, he was reverent, he was 
friendly and was fond of pets. He 
had his mellow side, but it was of the 
religious and domestic type, where he 
showed his tenderness and his suscep- 
tibility. 

Two incidents in the life of General 
Jackson will show his bravery, and 
also his gentleness and affection. 
The history of his life in the wars in 
which he was engaged and the fierce 
personal encounters which he had 
with opponents are well remembered 
by most readers. The _ incident 
which we employ to illustrate his 
great strength and positiveness of 
character, which showed that he was 
brave, amounting to rashness, oc- 
curred when he was judge ofa county 
court in the early days of Tennessee. 
A prisoner who was being brought 
into court jerked away from the offi- 
cer, got into a corner and defied 
arrest. He somehow had obtained 
possession of a rifle and he threat- 
ened to shoot the first man who dared 
approach him. These facts were re- 
ported to Jackson, who was then on 
the Bench. He instantly adjourned 
the court for ten minutes and went 


220 


down without a hat, and without any- 
thing in his hands, presented himself 
before the culprit and said: ‘‘Il am 
General Jackson, the judge of this 
court. Icommand you to surrender, 
and fire, if you dare.” He walked 
up, collared the. desperado and single- 
handed brought him into court. The 
frankness, the courage and the in- 
domitable will which he manifested 


How To Stupy STRANGERS, 


was related to me by the Hon. 
Nicholas P. Trist, who married 
Jefferson’s granddaughter, and was 
President Jackson’s private secretary, 
and later minister to Mexico, and 
made the treaty of peace under 
President Polk in 1848. He said to 
me that he awoke one night in the 
White House and heard footsteps, 
tramp, tramp, tramp, for an hour. 


FIG. 188. 


in that act cowed the criminal and 
won a startling victory. Is it a 
wonder Western men believed in and 
bravely followed him in military 
battles! 

The other incident occurred when 
he was President, and when he was 
in the midst of his great struggle 
with the United States Senate on.the 
subject of the national bank. A 
trial, indeed, which was enough to 
tax the mind and body of any man to 
the highest extent. This incident 


GEN. ANDREW JACKSON, PRESIDENT 1829-1837, 


He finally arose and went toascertain 
the cause of it, and there he found 
President Jackson in his night-gown 
and nightcap walking up and down 
the long room rolling a baby of his 
son-in-law, Donaldson, in a little 
wagon. Mr. Trist earnestly re- 
monstrated withthe President on this 
loss of sleep and rest on his part at 
such a time, and Jackson replied: 
‘* The baby prefers that I should do 
it; please retire, I will take care of 
myself,” 


FRANKNESS AND SECRETIVENESS CONTRASTED. 


To show the contrast between 
Jackson and Van Buren, it will be re- 
membered by all who are old enough 
to have been cognizant of: it at the 
time, that in the political field, when 
Van Buren was interested as candi- 
date for President, he was often 
caricatured in the public press, by 
prints in the windows and elsewhere, 
by placing his head and face on the 
body of a fox, and he was called 
‘the fox.’”’ He was believed to be 
tricky and non-committal. Some in- 
cidents illustrating this are in point. 
While a lawyer at Kinderhook, 
and perhaps a State Senator, two 
gentlemen were riding in the stage to 
that place, and one of them, not liking 
Mr. Van Buren, insisted that he would 
not answer a plain question in a direct 
manner, and they made a wager as to 
the question. So while the stage 
was changing horses they ran into 
Mr. Van Buren’s office, and his friend 
said to him that he and his friend 
with him had made a wager that he 
(Mr. Van Buren) would not give a 
direct answer to a plain question. 
‘*And,” he continued, ‘‘the ques- 
tion is this: Does the sun rise in the 
éast> or Gin the -.west fae) Mare evan 
Buren smiled blandly and remarked: 
‘‘Gentlemen, the terms east and 
west are conventional.”’ And he did 
not even realize that he was selling 
his friend and himself until the oppo- 
nent laughed heartily and left the 
office. 

While Mr. Van Buren was Secre- 
tary of State under General Jackson, 
John C. Calhoun was Vice-President, 
and it seemed settled in the Presi- 
dent’s mind, and in that of the people, 
that Mr. Calhoun should be the suc- 
cessor. Mr. Van Buren desiring the 
position, cast about fora quiet meth- 
od of supplanting Mr. Calhoun in the 
favor of General Jackson, and it ap- 
pears that Mr. Van Buren had discov- 
ered, in the archives of the State 
Department, the opinions on file of 
each member of Monroe’s Cabinet 
respecting General Jackson’s inva- 
sion of Pensacola, Florida, during 


221 


the Seminole War in 1817, while 
Florida belonged to Spain; for then 
it was the custom to require the opin- 
ion in writing of each member of the 
Cabinet on any important public mat- 
ter, after which the President would 
decide on his course of action. They 
did not, as now, have cabinet meet- 
ings like a caucus. 

Calhoun had been Monroe’s Secre- 
tary of War, and John Quincy Adams, 
afterward the successful opponent of 
General Jackson for the Presidency, 
was Monroe’s Secretary of State. 
Van Buren, occupying the State De- 
partment, had quietly found out the 
opinion Calhoun entertained in re- 
spect to his having gone into Pensa- 
cola during the Seminole War; and 
he suggested to President Jackson 
that if he wished to know he would 
find in such a pigeon hole in the State 
Department the opinion of each 
member of Monroe’s Cabinet. He 
went there and read the opinion 
of John Quincy Adams, his old op- 
ponent, who took strong grounds in 
favor of Jackson, and doubtless saved 
him from being cashiered; he then 
read the opinion of Calhoun, which 
was strongly against Jackson, urging 
that he be cashiered and dismissed 
the service. When Jackson had fin- 
ished the reading and saw that his 
pet friend and expected successor, 
Mr. Calhoun, had been his earnest 
opponent in that great, trying hour 
of Jackson’s life, and that his former 
political opponent, Adams, had saved 
him, Jackson brought his cane down 
on the floor and uttered his favorite 
exclamation in his usually emphatic 
manner—‘‘ By the eternal! Calhoun 
shall never succeed meas President.”’ 

When Van Buren saw he had put 
an iceberg between the President and 
Vice-President he began to lay his 
plans to become, himself, Jackson's 
successor, Calhoun, on the other 
hand, sought to break the force of 
Van Buren’s position, and studied to 
comprehend the strength of Van 
Buren in the North, and he found it 
was embodied in commerce and man- 


222 


How To Strupy STRANGERS. 


ufactures; so Calhoun organized his 
great opposition to the tariff and by 
his signal strength of character and 
potent arguments, wrought up the 
South, especially South Carolina, to 


FIG, 189. 


the pitch of nullification, which cul- 
minated in 1833, and General Scott 
was sent South to quell it. It is said 
that President Jackson communicated 
to Calhoun the assurance, ‘‘ That if 
one drop of blood were shed in South 
Carolina in armed revolution, he 
would hang him in an_ hour.” 
Whether Calhoun influenced his 


friends or sent a messenger to allay 
the troubled waters or not, as there 
was no telegraph, we do not know, 
but it is said that for two weeks at 
least, Calhoun was not seen in Wash- 


MARTIN VAN BUREN, PRESIDENT 1837-1841. 


Thus the war of nullification 
Bu- 


ington. 
was quelled by a Southerner. 
chanan was a different man ! 
Jackson was candor, courage and 
openness itself. He was abraveand 
a true, but rash man, and it is alittle 
singular to a general observer, that 
so able and rash a man should be so 
taken with so secretive and reticenta 


FRANKNESS AND SECRETIVENESS CONTRASTED. 


man as Van Buren; but they were the 
complement of each other; Jackson 
was the lemon and brandy, Van 
Buren was like the sugar and water 
—the compound was codperative. 
Jackson would plan the able, aggres- 
sive idea, and Van Buren would 
manage by sagacity and tact to carry 
it out with oily smoothness, 

If the secretive Van Buren had not 
slyly revealed that sleeping state 
paper to Jackson, Calhoun would not 
have pushed State Rights to the verge 
of nullification, and would have been 
President; then Clay, Webster and 
other capable men would have saved 
the country the infliction of several 
weak occupants of the Presidential 
chair, and the war of secession in 
1861-65 would not have come during 
this century, if ever. -~ 

Van Buren was remarkable for 
memory of names. Any man or party 
of men who had been presented to 
him years before, he would recall 
without a mistake, and this made him 
personally popular, for people like to 
be remembered. In 1841, just be- 
fore his term expired, the writer, with 
five friends, called to pay our respects 
to the retiring President, and when 
three of us had been introduced, Mr. 
Van Buren called the fourth one by 
name, and said he remembered being 
introduced to him at Syracuse, N.Y., 
in 1836, when President Jackson was 
making the tour of the country, and 
he told the names of the four or five 
other persons who at that time were 
presented. A hotel keeper, a sales- 
man, a politician who can call any 
man by name years after he has once 
met him, will be popular, and thought 
to be a special personal friend, and 
with brain enough to command respect 
will succeed. 

An instance of Mr. Van Buren’s re- 
markable self-control, coolness and 
power to conceal his state of mind 
under a bland and equable demeanor, 
is related of him in connection with 
¢he Harrison campaign of 1840, in 
which Mr. Van Buren was defeated as 
candidate fora second term. There 


223 


being no telegraphs as yet it took 
weeks to get the returns from all 
sections of the United States. The 
news came into Washington on Sun- 
day that the returns from Pennsyl- 
vania showed that General Harrison 
had carried that State, which it was 
understood would decide the election. 
A friend of the President desired to 
be the first to break the news to Mr. 
Van Buren, and knowing that he was 
attending service at the Presbyterian 
Church in Washington he hurried 
there and waited at the door until 
Mr. Van Buren came out, and in a 
hasty, hurried whisper, he informed 
the President that Harrison had car- 
ried Pennsylvania. Mr. Van Buren 
smiled and bowed most courteously 
and said: ‘‘I am very much obliged to 
you; General Harrison will then be the 
next President of the United States; 
good morning.” And one would 
have supposed from his appearance 
he had heard the most acceptable 
news. 

‘‘Old Hickory,” as he was called, 
would have looked like a thunder 
cloud, and lightning would have 
flashed from his eyes, and with a jerky 
tread he would have marched off as 
if something serious had happened or 
was going to happen. 

General Jackson was the seventh 
president of the United States. He 
was born at Waxhaw, South Carolina, 
March 15, 1767. He was elected 
and took his seat as President March 
4, 1829. He served two terms 
and died June 8, 1845. General 
Jackson’s ancestors were Scotch 
Presbyterians, who emigrated to 
this country from the north of Ire- 
land. 

Mr. Van Buren, the eighth Presi- 
dent of the United States, was Attor- 
ney-General and Governor of the 
State of New York, United States 
Senator, Minister to England and 
Secretary of State of the United 
States under Jackson. He was born 
at Kinderhook, N. Y., Dec. 5, 1782, 
and died July 24, 1862. 

In further discussing the form of 


224 


How To STupy STRANGERS. 


Mr. Van Buren’s head it will be no- 
ticed that in the center of the top- 
head there is an eminence showing 
large Firmness. It will also be ob- 
served that on each side of this emi- 


nence the head slopes off very rapidly ° 


like the roof of a house. In that 
sloping section of the head, on each 
side of Firmness, is located the organ 
of Conscientiousness, and that is 
thus shown to have been compara- 
tively deficient in him. Veneration, 
just forward of Firmness, is also 


shown to be large, but Benevolence 
does not seem to be very strong. 

He had a great deal more de- 
velopment of the side-head, where 
Acquisitiveness, | Constructiveness, 
Secretiveness, Caution and Ideality 
are located, than he had of Conscien- 
tiousness. Consequently he would 
evade issues, he would slide around 
them and benon-committal and mani- 
fest an apparent disregard of the prin- 
ciples of integrity in the management 
of affairs. 


—______+9+_______ 
CHAP TPE Rex hs 
CAPACITY AND CULTURE. 


PHRENOLOGICAL CHARACTER OF 
REV. FREDERICK D. POWER.* 


You have a large head, measuring 
as it does 234 inches in circumfer- 
ence by 144 inches from the opening 
of one ear to that of the other, meas- 
uring over the top; and such a head 
requires, as we judge the human con- 
stitution, a body which at maturity 
turns the scales at‘about 180 pounds. 
If a head measures 22 inches in cir- 
cumference, we suppose that 150 
pounds of weight is about right, and 
so weight may vary according to the 
amount of work it has to do. The 
boiler need not be larger than the 
engine normally calls for, and there 
is arelation between the body and the 
brain as imitate and as necessary as 
that which exists between the boiler 
and the engine. 

You inherit, we judge, from the 
mother your organic make-up, and 
we think that your body is more like 
hers than like the father’s and that 
your face is built more like hers. 
The features are rather light; the 
bony structure in the face is not as 
large as it would have been if the 
inheritance were moreafter the father. 
It is a fortunate fact for a boy to re- 


*[This phrenological description was 
given with no knowledge of the name or 
pursuits of the person. ] 


semble a good mother, just as in the 
same family it is a fortunate fact for 
the daughter to resemble the father, 
and the children who resemble in that 
way are much more influential and 
capable than those in the same family 
who resemble the other way, and we 
think that with your size of body, 
weighing as you do 185 or 190 pounds, 
you have body enough to support 
your brain; therefore you may en- 
gage to do anything that your culture 
and experience warrant you in taking 
up, with the assurance that the brain 
and the body will be equal to the task. 

The type of your intellect is intui- 
tive rather than theoretical. It would 
be natural for you to make an ex- 
temporaneous: speech, to talk your 
thoughts on subjects with which you 
are- familiar, rather than to be 
obliged to commit it all to formal 
statements. If you were a_ public 
speaker, you might sometimes write 
part of a discourse, but the auditors 
would open their eyes when you 
began to talk without the notes, It 
is possible for a man like you to write 
a better statement of a case than he 
could make orally, so that in print it 
would have, like iron hoops in con- 
trast with wooden hoops, more crisp- 
ness and more grip on the subject; 
but to move an audience, to lead it, 
convince it, and get the applause, the 


CAPACITY AND CULTURE. 


225 


contribution or the votes, it would be 
better for you to think on your feet 
and select the language after you had 
run the subject through and knew 
what you wanted to talk about. You 


could put the sentences and the state- | 


ments into such shape as to make 
them more effective orally; and then 
you could talk to a congregation in 
such a way that they would feel that 
you were in earnest about the matter, 
personaliy. That is one reason why 
a lawyer’s work in court is sometimes 
more palpable and pertinent than the 
steady discourse of the pulpit. A 
man has time to prepare a sermon, 
and sometimes a minister is invited 
to preach an annual sermon, and he 
has twelve months to think about it. 
Of course the people think then that 
the statements ought to be well 
based, clear-cut, handsomely com- 
posed, and the periods well rounded, 


smooth and polished. I am not quite. 


certain how a congregation who had 
never heard a sermon, an argument, 
or a stump speech, and who were 
intelligent in matters of experience 
and book knowledge, would be 
affected by a solidly written dis- 
course as compared with the im- 
pulsive earnestness of an extempo- 
taneous effort, but I believe the 
great, natural, human brotherhood 
would be more moved by the off-hand 
statements, 

You are adapted to bea teacher; 
that is to say, you study subjects at 
your leisure, and you can utter your 
thoughts without further preparation. 
The medical lecturer takes the human 
skeleton, or afterward the muscular 
structure, the nervous structure, or 
the nutritive structure, and though it 
is scientific work, he employs his 
mind, composing his statements as he 
goes along and talks to the students. 
I think that is the best way to do it, 
and you are adapted to do work of 
that sort, and you have a personal 
influence where you can meet men on 
their level and talk your knowledge. 
You have the development that would 
take and use culture effectively. 


If you were an editor, and I were 
the owner of the paper, I would en- 
courage you in employing a stenog- 
rapher, so that when you were full 
of a subject you could walk the room 
and talk it and urge it as if you were 
before an audience, without the for- 
mality and weary slowness of written 
composition. Where a discourse is 
recorded by hand it has a tendency 
to separate the subject and the au- 
dience at a distance from each other, 
but where a man dictates it itsounds 
as if he had been talking it right 
into the ears of his listeners or 
readers. 

You area good judge of human 
nature. You understand strangers 
readily, and are thus instructed as to 
what to say and how to say it; and 
when you have said anything, es- 
pecially if you happen to get on the 
wrong track in the presence of the 
man you are talking with, you know 
it instantly, but you very seldom 
make a mistake. You could go 
among strangers and deal wisely 
with them, and if you were called to 
transact certain business among 
strangers you would find your way to 
the right door of entrance; you would 
hit the man right; and if a person 
could accompany you for a day he 
would be astonished to see the twen- 
ty-nine different ways in which you 
would address thirty men, one after 
the other, and, if he were bright, he 
would finally make up his mind that 
you talked to each one according to 
that man’s needs, disposition, mode 
of thinking, and type of feeling. 
Occasionally he would find you 


deferential, your voice modified, 
with all authority and dogma 
left. Tout.» of its- it ‘would «be 
suggestive. You would speak as 


though you wanted to know if it 
suited the man’s convenience, and if 
he thought it was an appropriate’ 
thing to do, and finally the man would 
yield his assent or bring out his con- 
tribution liberally; while perhaps 
some men, who might have gone on 
the same errand would not have 


226 


obtained a favorable hearing or a cent, 
because they would have gone there 
with ‘‘law and order ”’ in their tones. 
You would go there as if you were a 


FIG. 190. 


brother, and as though you felt that 
the man had aright to withhold his 
help if he did not approve of the 
plan;so you would spread out the 
plan before him, and then if he chose 
to become a contributor with the 


How To StTupy STRANGERS. 


rest, you would be glad to receive 
whatever he might desire to give. 
That is the way to get a big subscrip- 
tion from a lordly, overbearing man. 


REV. FREDERICK D.: POWER. 


Let the solicitor show him that his 
dignity and his rights are recognized, 
and that nothing is wanted from him 
unless it pleases his ‘‘Gracious Majes- 
ty" to give it; and then he will prob- 
ably be liberal. Another man you 


CAPACITY AND CULTURE. 


would approach as if you had a right 


to tell him just how muck to give, 
and as if he expected you would 
assess him and tell him what a man 
in his position, as compared with 
other people, ought to contribute; 
and a man like that would sometimes 
ask you, ‘*‘ What are the others giv- 
ing, what has so and so given, what 
is the drift? is it $50, $25, or 50 
cents? What are people giving on 
an average? He would want to be 
guided. You would know your men 
when you foundthem. One of these 
over-bearing rulers you never would 
undertake to dogmatize; that is if 
you were interested in accomplishing 
certain results. ‘To such a man you 
would say, ‘‘What do you think of 
this matter, how can it best be 
worked up and accomplished? ‘That 
gratifies his dignity, and makes him 
feel mellow; and then he will perhaps 
say toyou, ‘‘ You are better acquaint- 
ed with this subject than Iam; you 
go ahead and do what you think 
proper to do and I will back you;” 
but nobody could argue that into 
him. 

The middle section of your head 
indicates force of character. You 
are firm and decided; you are consci- 
entious, truthful, just; you are pru- 
dent and watchful. You do not rush 
madly into dangers and difficulties, 
and yet when dangers and difficulties 
lie in the path which it is necessary 
for you to pursue, you gather up 
your forces and enter upon it with 
courage and energy. However, you 
do not ‘‘ waste your sweetness on 
the desert air,’ and if you can 
reach any result by smooth and gen- 
tle means, you like that way to do it. 
If you were a policeman, you would 
say toa man that he was wanted at 
the station house, and that if he 
would go along quietly it would be 
_all right, and that if he were willing 
to walk by the side of you as two 
friends might walk and talk, it would 
not excite any observation; but if he 
were to square off and decline to go, 
then your grip would be found solid. 


227 


must; and when it was necessary for 
you to do it, you would know what it 
meant. 

You would, in governing a boy, 
give him a good chance to choose to 
do right. You would lay the ques- 
tion out before him with all the pros 
and cons, and say to him that he 
might have from ten o'clock until one 
o’clock, that is until lunch time, to 
think it over, ‘‘and that you felt satis- 
fied he would wish to do that which 
would be right;” and three times out 
of four he would; but if he did brace 
up and decline, he would find perhaps 
that he would be coerced, and by 
yourself too. My impression is that 
you go to extreme measures only un- 
der extreme necessity; but when you 
go to that point, there is more iron 
than silk in the transaction. 

You are sensitive to public ap- 
proval; and rejoice in being indorsed 
in your opinions and in your purposes. 
You like to find out which way the 
grain of the timber runs, and then 
address yourself to people ina smooth 
way. You are naturally inclined to 
try that, and when it is a question in 
your mind, which is the better way, 
you try the smooth way first, and 
you have the ability to conciliate peo- 
ple who are oppugnant with each 
other, and perhaps with yourself. 
Most men, when they come to you 
feeling worried and annoyed about 
something, go away feeling better 
than they did when they came. You 
would tell a man to his face, ‘‘I do 
not blame you for feeling disturbed 
with the facts given to you on this 
subject; I should feel disturbed my- 
self under similar circumstances.” 
And that lets a man clear down to 
the level of common sense; then he 
is ready to talk up the matter, and to 
make all the concessions which any- 
body ought to require. 

In a business house you would get 
more work done cheerfully through 
this trait, which comes from your 
mother, than you could get done by 
those forces which you may have in- 


228 


How To STuDY STRANGERS. 


herited from your father. We think 
the main work of your life is done by 
persuasion, conciliation and smooth- 
ness; and you get that from your 
mother; and it is only when you can- 
not make that work with some incor- 
rigible people that the father takes 
the business in hand (that is the 
father that is in you); and some peo- 
ple are astonished to see how much 
grit you have when it is forced to the 
front. 

Your Friendship is known to every- 
body who knows you as being a very 
influential factor. Few men can go 
into indiscriminate association with 
people, as they average, and exert 
through friendship more influence 
than you do. One of the points that 
is perhaps most natural in you, if you 
wish to bring people to terms of 
agreement with yourself on anything 
that you approve, and that belongs to 
the public, is to make your friend- 
ship felt; to make the man feel, ‘‘I 
have not come here to dictate; I 
have not come‘here to bulldoze you, 
and I have not come here as your 
superior; but I have come as between 
two good friends, and whatever is 
about right will suit both sides.” 
The friendly feeling makes people 
willing to bend a little, and to do 
more than they thought they would 
do. You could get more codperation 
and friendly aid in things that are 
interesting to you than most men 
could. People do not feel willing to 
disoblige you. They will even strain 
a point rather than do so; so they 
do more, give more, and yield more 
because you are friendly. Argument 
is one thing, human duty is another 
thing, and friendliness is quite 
another. ‘‘I will do it for your sake,” 
is the feeling, and there are condi- 
tions in life in which that feeling is a 
wonderful factor. For example, in 
church work, aman who can make 
every parishioner feel that his friend- 
ship is earnest and kindly will induce 
the whole parish to feel that they 
must find out what the parson wants 
before they decide what they will de- 


cide to do, or not do; because he is 
as likely to be right as anybody, and 
they do not like to displease him or 
disagree with him, 

You are a natural financier; you 
could take care of the secularities 
even of a church; or, if you were in 
business, you would make the busi- 
ness side of your life prosperous, and 
as a business man, you ought to find 
the prosperous pathway in almost 
everything you might do, so that if 
there wasa loss you would make it less, 
and if losses were liable you would 
evade the loss entirely; and if you 
did not make any money, you would 
come out square, and that is some- 
times success. It is natural for you 
to look on the financial side and see 
what will be successful in regard to 
business, so that you will know which 
side is best for you to choose, and 
whether you can afford to do this or 
that. If you were aclergyman, and 
we do not know what you are, you 
would get the parish out of debt. 
You would insist upon having com- 
mercial promptness and thorough- 
ness in all the fiscal work of the 
church. If repairs were to be made, 
you would hunt for an honest man 
who would do the work at fair figures, 
and you would get people to send in 
estimates so as to find out what ex- 
perts thought the work was worth. 
You would have all the coal for the 
year bought when coal was cheapest, 
and you would want the church credit 
to be respected wherever they wanted 
anything. That is financial -talent 
employed in this channel. You 
would want the credit of the family 
to be without question so that the 
word of every member of it would 
be law on money matters. You 
would carry your affairs in such a 
way that even if you did not have 
much money, people who had some- 
thing to sell would give you the best 
opportunity for having it at the best 
price, and at the best season for buy- 
ing. They would all believe that it 
would come out all right. 

You love life and want to stay as 


CAPACITY AND CULTURE. 


229 


long as you can on this side of Jor- 
dan, and the thought of life ever- 
lasting is enhanced and glorified by 
this feeling that makes us love life 
here. The thought that we shall 
live here as long as we can, and ever- 
more hereafter, is a double interest 
in the fact of life and existence that 
we will live forever. 

You have literary capability; you 
have sympathy, justice and hope 
rather than devoutness, and the re- 
ligious side of your life will have less 
humble deference and devout hu- 
mility than it will of justice that in- 
sists upon the right, and mercy which 
insists upon helping the poor, ‘‘and 
being kindly affectioned one _ to 
another.” If you were in religious 
life and work, you would have to 
take more care of the devout side of 
your life than you would of the 
ethical and the sympathetical side, 
because these latter would take 
care of themselves. Some men 
have more sense of harmony than 
of time in music, so when they sing 
or play always have to watch the 
time, while the harmony will take 
care of itself. Your justice and 
mercy will take care of themselves, 
but you might have to watch the 
deferential and devout side of con- 
duct; and you never will be charged 
with Phariseeism. You would, not 
walk through life as if you were la- 
boring under an awful responsibility, 
and expected that the Judge of all 
the earth was ready to seek action 
against you. You would be more 
likely to say ‘‘ Our Father” than to, 
address God as ‘‘ The Eternal Judge 
of all the earth!” 

You are ingenious; you would have 
made a good mechanic. You are 
skillful to understand. that which 
comes under the domain of construc- 
tion, adaptation and fitness. You 
would do well in literary or scientific 
work. You might have been an 
engineer, an architect or an artist. 
You have a hearty, earnest energy 
which brings you right into the 
ranks of effort. For example, asa 


boy, if you were engaged in the 
games on the campus, your asso- 
ciates would think that you would do 
more, do it better, and do it more 
promptly than most of them. Wher- 
ever you undertake to work with the 
hands you hustle things, accomplish 
something and overcome difficulty. 
If you were in a catastrophe at sea 
or on a railroad, and you did not get 
hurt yourself, they would think that 
you were a first-rate worker to help 
rescue others. You have a helping 
hand and an earnest energy which 
could manifest itself in play or: in 
industrial effort, consequently your 
mind has a backing of courage, forti- 
tude, enterprise and a willingness to 
do that which ought to be done, and 
thus you amount to something in any 
field that you choose to occupy. 


BIOGRAPHY. 


Frederick D. Power was born 
January 23, 1851, in the vicinity of 
Yorktown, Va., aregion distinguished 
alike by reminiscences of the war 
for independence and that for the 
preservation of the Union. He was 
the second of nine children, being 
the son of Dr. Robert H. Power, also 
a native of Virginia, who had married 
Miss Abigail M. Jencks, of Madison 
County, New York, whose education 
was received at the _ well-known 
school of Miss Willard, of Troy, in 
her native State. His primary edu- 
cation was under the tuition of his 
cultured mother at the home on the 
farm, the father being a practicing 
physician in the vicinity. In 1868 
young Power entered Bethany Col- 
lege, near Wellsburgh, Va., an insti- 
tution founded by Mr. Alexander 
Campbell. His proficiency in study 
was such that he completed the full 
classical course in three years. His 
diploma bears the signature of James 
A. Garfield as one of the trustees of 
the college. While yet a student, at 
the age of 18 years, he commenced 
his work as preacher of the Gospel, 
and two years later was regularly 
ordained to the ministry, On the 


230 


How TO STuDY STRANGERS. 


18th of March, 1874, Mr. Power 
was married to Miss Emily B. 
Alsop, of Fredericksburg, Va., 
and in the following September, 
became adjunct Professor of Ancient 
Languages in his alma _ mater, 
having previously served _ several 
churches for a brief period in East- 
ern Virginia. He remained at the 
college one year, and was then called 
in September, 1875, to the pastorate 
of the Christian Church in Washing- 
ton, D. C., which position he has 
occupied without intermission to the 
present time. The church was then 
feeble, but has steadily increased in 
numbers and influence until it now 
contains 650 communicants, among 
whom have been President Garfield 
and Judge Jeremiah Black, besides 
numerous other distinguished officials 
of the government, from all sections 
of the country. The present church 
building is an elegant, commodious 
structure on Vermont avenue, which 
was completed at a cost of $67,000, 
and was dedicated June 20, 1884, 
President W. K. Pendleton of Bethany 
College officiating. The plain little 
frame structure previously occupied 
was the scene of someof the plottings 
of the assassin Guiteau, who designed 
toexecute his purpose while the Presi- 
dent was at worship, but was foiled 
by the non-appearance of the Presi- 
dent at the intended hour. When the 
corner stone of the present edifice was 
laid in 1882, the reputation of the 
late President had so attracted public 
attention to the church of which he 
was a member, that not less than 
five thousand persons were present. 

Mr. Power was appointed chaplain 
of the United States House of Rep- 
resentatives in 1881 and continued to 
perform its functions to the end of 
the Forty-seventh Congress. The 
chaste propriety and impressiveness 
of the address at the Garfield obse- 
quies were matters of much comment. 

Mr. Power is a fluent, impressive 
speaker, and generally speaks with- 
out manuscript, although his style is 
so smooth and accurate in its diction, 


and the modulations of his euphonious 
voice are so agreeable that his dis- 
course appears as though it might 
have been memorized. These quali- 
ties in the vehicle for the expression 
of sentiments and emotions, sober 
and serious as well as gay and hu- 
morous, have made him in addition 
to his decided success in the pulpit, 
a most acceptable speaker in the 
popular lecture field, which he is 
frequently invited to occupy. His 
lecture: ‘on the ‘‘ Life of.President 
Garfield’? has been frequently re- 
peated, and his famous lecture on 
‘*Blockheads’”’ has been and con- 
tinues to be very popular, for its 
moral force and its humorous allu- 
sions. He has achieved so high a 
reputation by these and others of his 
lectures that he isin constant demand 
for their delivery before the various 
moral and religious associations of 
the land, as he is deeply interested in 
every laudable enterprise for the im- 
provement and elevation of society. 
The Christian Endeavor work, the 
Young Men’s Christian Associations, 
and the various temperance move- 
ments, find in him an ardent sup- 
porter. He is one of the vice-presi- 
dents of the National Temperance 
Society, of which Gen. O, O. How- 
ard is president, and is secretary of 
the Congressional Temperance Soci- 
ety, composed of Senators and Rep- 
resentatives in Congress. 

Mr. Power is a _ correspondent 
of the Christian Standard, of Cin- 
cinnati, reported to be the most 
widely-circulated religious journal 


‘published west of the Allegheny 


mountains. His letters are always 
interesting—those published while he 
was traveling in Europe in 1892 were 
remarkably so, evincing superior abil- 
ity in observation and power of de- 
scription. 

In physical proportions Mr. Power 
exhibits quite an imposing presence. 
He is nearly six feet high and weighs 
185 pounds, so that his large, active 
brain is well supported in a finely- 
balanced temperament. M. C. T. 


CAPACITY AND CHARACTER. 231 


PROF. JOHN S. NEWBERRY, M. D. 
HIS portrait represents a strong 
and remarkable person. His 
temperament represents the Motive, 
Mental type. He had a tall, bony 
frame, a dark complexion, prominent 
features and a high crown of head 
which are indications of the Motive 
temperament. Then the sharpness of 
the features and the comparative fine- 
ness of the quality indicate the Men- 
tal temperament. His facility of 
rapid mental activity and persistent, 
unresting labor are evinced by a 
controlling Motive temperament in- 
spired by the activities and intensities 
belonging to the Mental temperament. 
The large development of the percept- 
ive organs, giving to the base of the 
forehead a projecting appearance en- 
abled him to grasp a vast amount of 
detail and to be an accurate and ver- 
satile scholar. He had a remarkable 
memory; facts once acquired re- 
mained asa part of himself and he 
could reproduce lines of knowledge 
which had once been familiar to him, 
giving him a vivid realization, so that 
all he had learned stood ready to sec- 
ond any effort which he made in the 
pursuit of knowledge in new channels 
and thereby his scholarship and his 
information became accumulative. 
His memory carried a record of all he 
had learned and known, and served 
as an illumination of the pathway on 
which he was working. That type of 
intellect serves a man somewhat as a 
head-light of a locomotive in the 
night, serves the engineer. The loco- 
motive carries its own light and 
throwing it miles ahead it illumines 
the track and makes clear everything 
that is in front, and so his accumu- 
lated knowledge being remembered 
and vividly held in solution, illumi- 
nated the pathway of his progress and 
helped to aggregate his knowledge. 
The upper part of his forehead was 
not small, but compared with the per- 
ceptives it seems less developed than 
it really was. The front head, the 
part which is not covered by hair, far 
enough down to take in the eyes, was 


inherited from his mother; the central 
and back section of the head, as far 
as we Can see it, and the middle sec- 
tion of the face, taking in the nose 
and cheek-bones, was evidently in- 
herited from the father. So he had 
the sharp intuition of the feminine 
and the tendency to delicacy of 
thought and minutiz of appreciation, 
served to put him into possession of 
surrounding knowledge and do it al- 
most instantly, while his determina- 
tion, his force of character, his inde- 
pendence and his ambition came from 
the father and made him a masterful 
worker. He found out the facts and 
drew his own inferences. He did not 
start with logical affairs and hunt for 
facts to verify them, but he got the 
facts first. His cautiousness rendered 
him guarded and prudent; careful in 
his investigations and safe in his state- 
ments, but he was able to think more 
clearly and rapidly than most investi- 
gators and he had the courage of his 
convictions, which is a masculine in- 
stinct. His friendship was a strong 
trait. He allied himself to people, or 
allied people to him. He was the 
magnet, and other people were the 
objects attracted. He was the cen- 
tral figure and he was stronger and 
more influential in his influence than 
those with whom he generally was 
associated, consequently he became 
an attraction to other people anda 
central figure in anything that he 
aimed to accomplish. He had large 
Hope, which is located about where 
the hair unites with the bald part of 
the front head, and a line drawn from 
the front margin of the whisker; for- 
ward of the opening of the ear and 
following the line of the hair nearly 
to the top of the head shows large 
elevation and fullness at Hope and 
Firmness, which two large develop- 
ments made him decidedly hopeful 
and headstrong. Self esteem was 
amply developed and so were caution 
and Approbativeness and these har- 
nessed to anything that interested his 
intellect would make a factor of in- 
tense power and influence in any 


How To StTupy STRANGERS. 


232 


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. JOHN S. NEWBERRY, 


PROF 


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FIG. 


In 


ry OHIO A 
He owned at first a square 


mile of land near the present center 
of the city of Cleveland, but ex- 


John Strong Newberry, removed to 
1824. 


the ‘‘Western Reserve, 


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BIOGRAPHY. 


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of Windsor, Conn., where h 


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ancestors had lived since the settle- 


CAPACITY AND CHARACTER. 


and engaged actively in the develop- 
ment of the coal resources of that 
region. Upon his property was mined 
the first coal known to have been 
offered for sale in Ohio. 

Dr. Newberry’s early life was 
passed amid fortunate conditions of 
competence and refinement, and the 
influence of his natural surroundings 
on the mind of the boy can be plainly 
traced. Before he entered college he 
had collected and studied mollusca 
and made an herbarium and a cata- 
logue of the flora of the State, and 
had substantially mastered the zool- 
ogy and botany of his county. In 
1846, at the age of twenty-four, he 
graduated from the Western Reserve 
College, at Hudson, Ohio. During 
his college course and afterward he 
was a Close friend of his teacher in 
geology and natural science, Pro- 
fessor Samuel St. John. A _ class- 
mate writes of him: ‘‘Not a coarse 
word, not a cruel speech or act, not 
an ungentle thing of his doing occurs 
to the recollection of intimate ac- 
quaintance with him.’’ After gradu- 
ation he studied medicine as a post- 
graduate of the college, and was 
assistant to Samuel St. John, the Pro- 
fessor in Chemistry in the Cleveland 
Medical School, from which he took 
his degree of M.D. in 1848, Dur- 
ing the year following he practiced 
medicine at Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, 
and in 1849 he went to Europe for 
further medical study, attended upon 
lectures and clinics in Paris, fre- 
quented L’Ecole des Mines and Le 
Jardin des Plantes, and heard lectures 
of Adolphe Brongniart, the great pal- 
eobotanist of that day. Before return- 
ing to America he visited the south of 
France, Italy and Switzerland. 

Notwithstanding Dr. Newberry’s 
flattering success as a physician, his 
inclination toward scientific work 
was unconquerable. In 1855 he left 
his practice and accepted the position 
of geologist and botanist on the gov- 
ernment expedition to northern Cali- 
fornia and Oregon. Dr. Newberry 
made large collections in geology, 


botany and zoology, and spent the 
following year in Washington prepar- 
ing his report, which is contained in 
the sixth volume of the Pacific Rail- 
road Reports. In 1856-7 he was Pro- 
fessor of Chemistry and Natural His- 
tory in the Columbian College, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

Dr. Newberry had scarcely com- 
pleted his report of the Williamson 
expedition before he became the phy- 
sician and naturalist of the Colorado 
exploration expedition under Lieu- 
tenant Joseph C. Ives. The report 
of the Ives expedition was published 
in 1861. The _ geological report 
covers all the region which Dr, 
Newberry traversed from San Diego 
to Fort Leavenworth, and was 
the first detailed description of 
the lower Colorado region. The out- 
break of the War of the Rebellion 
found Dr. Newberry in Washington 
in the service of the War Department, 
with which he had been connected 
for five years as assistant surgeon. In 
the supreme hour of his country’s 
peril he forsook his scientific work 
and gave to the nation the benefit of 
his medical training. Depots for the 
distribution of hospital supplies were 
rapidly established and plans made 
for the relief of the sick and wounded, 
During all the years of the war Dr. 
Newberry was active in ameliorating 
the sufferings of both friend and foe, 
which, with kindness of heart, was 
doubtless a much more grateful work 
than would have been that of aggres- 
sion and destruction. In overseeing 
the work of his organization he at 
times followed the armies, and was 
present at the battle of Chattanooga. 
All the agents for this work were se- 
lected by Dr. Newberry and assigned 
to their special duties. With an ex- 
ecutive ability that is rarely equaled 
he seemed instinctively to put every 
man at the task he was best fitted for 
and to keep him up to his most effi- 
cient work. All reported to him at 
least every month and oftener, when 
emergencies demanded. All were 
treated with the utmost kindness and 


234 


How To SruDY STRANGERS, 


consideration, and all learned to love 
and to honor him. No part of his 
life-work is entitled to higher honor. 
His report upon the work of his de- 
partment exhibits the character and 
magnitude of his labors. Over $800,- 
ooo in money was expended in the 
benevolent work of the commission, 
and hospital stores were distributed 
to the value of $5,000,000. His 
scientific reputation was fully estab- 
lished at the incorporation of the 
National Academy of Sciences; in 
1863 he was named by Congress as 
one of the fifty original members. At 
the close of the war Dr. Newberry 
was employed at the Smithsonian In- 
stitution as collaborator and referee 
in matters relating to geology. When 
the Chair of Geology and Paleontol- 
ogy in the School of Mines, Columbia 
College, was established, Dr. New- 
berry was called to the place and hon- 
orably filled it from September, 1866, 
to the time of his death, a period of 
twenty-six years. 

One of his highest and most ap- 
preciated honors fell to him in 1888, 
in the award of the Murchison Medal, 
conferred by the Geological Society 
of London for distinguished services 
to geological science. In 1889 he 
was first vice-president of the Geo- 
logical Society of America, which he 
had helped to institute in 1888. He 
was one of the committee of the 
American Association for the Ad- 
vancement of Science, which was in- 
strumental in organizing the Inter- 
national Congress of Geologists, and 
perhaps his crowning and well-de- 
served honor asa geologist came in 
his election as president of the con- 
gress for the Washington meeting in 
August, 1891. But the tribute came 
too late for him to perform the duties 
of the office, or even to attend the 
meeting. Restoration was sought in 
the South, in California, on the shore 
of Lake Superior, and at his home of 
Jater years, Connecticut, but the rest 
had been too long deferred. On the 
night of December 7, 1892, at his 
residence in New Haven, the honored 


scientist, the beloved teacher, the 
noble man, went to his well-earned 
repose. Mrs. Newberry, with five 
sons and one daughter, are now liv- 
ing to do honor to the memory of the 
revered husband and father. 

With his attractive personality, 
rich experience, vast knowledge, and 
his social, generous nature, Dr. New- 
berry, more than any other geologist 
of America, was a ‘‘Nestor’’ to the 
younger generation of workers in 
geology. Many had worked under 
his direction; in later years many 
young men had been his students in 
the School of Mines, and a host of 
men had profited by his assistance 
and fatherly advice. ‘There was an 
unaffected cordiality and cheeriness 
in his manner which won instant con- 
fidence. No young man ever left his 
presence without encouragement and 
stimulus. His greatest influence, 
unseen, but gracious and enduring, was 
in the personal contact with students 
and friends, and the impress of his 
marked individuality on younger men. 

In the memory of those who knew 
him he still lives as a noble personal- 
ity, impressive in appearance, charm- 
ing in companionship, wise in coun- 
sel, himself greater than any work that 
he has done. He was great enough 
to demand our _ reverence, good 
enough to claim our affection, and 
human enough to win our sympathy. 
His abilities were such that he could 
have taken a high place in almost any 
profession. In his chosen field of 
natural science he was a master, and 
everywhere, whether in society, the 
university or scientific circles, he was 
a conspicuous figure, admired and 
honored. He was born before the 
days of scientific schools, and lacked 
the advantages of special instruction 
and scientific association. In _ his 
scientific work he was largely a self- 
trained observer and _ independent 
worker, one of the few great “‘natural- 
ists’’ by impulse. His range, there- 
fore, was not limited, nor his inde- 
pendence checked by undue regard for 
authority of predecessors or teachers. 


CHAPTER XXVII. 


CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME BOYS. 


S it a wonder that parental love 

still tenderly follows the precious 

pet though he should become prodi- 

gal? Right culture might save the 

wayward; wrong training might spoil 

the good. It is so with horses as 
with boys. 

No subject can be of more interest 
to the human race than the proper 
development and right culture of the 
young, and during the period of 
childhood and youth is the natural 
time for the physical, intellectual, 
moral, mechanical and governmental 
culture. That is the plastic season; 
the time for bending the twig to make 
the future tree incline rightly. The 
mother is the natural guardian and 
guide of childhood and should’ be 
wisely and well-trained for the impor- 
tant task. 

Occasionally a mother seems en- 
dowed by nature with a genius for 
government and with an aptitude for 
training and educating children. 
Other mothers who are good and true 
and anxious seem to be awkward at 
their work; they apply wrong meth- 
odsand partly because they do not un- 
derstand physiology and phrenology. 
Let us apply the doctrines of phre- 
nology, temperament and physiology 
to the management of some children 
whose portraits we have the pleasure 
to introduce, and whose names, resi- 
dence and parents are wholly un- 
known to the writer, mostly from the 
studio of that prince of child photog- 
raphers, Rockwood, of 1440 Broad- 
way, New York City. 

Figure 192 is a picture of robust 
health; full of life, brimming with 


- 


vitality and overflowing with joy and 
enthusiasm, and yet his joy is. in- 
clined to be rough. He has a great 
brain.and decided mental force. He 
cannot wait to be smooth, gentle and 
pliable. He sees his objective point 
and goes for it, through briars or 
thorns, or diagonally across the 
muddy street, regardless of clean 
shoes and spotless garments. He is 
a boy all over and thinks he is almost 
a man. Power is not necessarily 
bad, although it may be inconvenient 
and it may wear out shoes, tear 
clothes and slam doors. This boy is 
something like a bunch of firecrackers 
which is explosive although it may 
have no malign intentions. Powder, 
when loose, if exploded before a 
person’s face may destroy the eyes, 
singe the hair and pepper the skin; 
but the same powder, if placed ina 
gun-barrel, may explode within an 
inch of the huntsman’s keen eye 
without doing him the least harm, 
because it is under proper guidance 
and right control; in other words the 
fiery element is under the guidance 
of culture without the irksome re- 
straints of prohibition. A frolicking 
colt, calf or lamb will tear through 
the fields but has no malign pur- 
poses, it has no desire to do any mis- 
chief nor any disposition to harm, 
hurt or molest, and yet it may be an 
inconvenience andan innocent spoiler. 
It may trample the meadow grass, 
damage the lawn or ruin the garden, 
but the animal has only vitality and 
impulsive energy and a wish to work 
it off but no desire to harm or injure 
anything. 


236 


How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


This boy has a wide head through 
the region of the ears. He has large 
Destructiveness and Combativeness. 
He thinks he can do anything that 
ought to be done and tries some 
things of the equity of which he may 


FIG. 192. A 


have doubts. Bravery is written all 
over his face and head; hearty, 
healthy zeal sparkles in every fiber 
of his system. He likes large, heavy, 
noisy playthings and wonders a horn 
or a drum does not sound pleasantly 
to everybody. He has a magnificent 
intellect. The upper half of his fore- 
head is admirably developed and 
therefore he is old of his age and in- 
sists upon answers to questions that 
are above his years. He does not 
see why he should not know any- 


thing he is curious about. He will 
become an able man, a power in the 
world. He will make a fine lawyer 
if he can hold still long enough to 
become polished on the scholastic 
grind-stone. 


FULL PATTERN BOY. 


He has large Mirthfulness, but it is 
not shown so much in wit as it is in 
the fun of robust childhood. He has 
large Ideality, hence he is enthusias- 
tic; he builds castles in the air and 
thinks he can inhabit and control 
them, and yet this boy has Caution. 
Rash as he may appear he will show 
Caution strongly marked in his char- 
acter, but it is coupled with such an 
amount of Combativeness and De- 
structiveness, and with such earnest 
energy that he will seem to need a 


on 


CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME Boys. 


237 


guide, overseer and ruler, but his 
training ought to be in reference to 
guiding and not to overseeing and 
ruling him. He ought to be led to 
feel that doing as people who have a 
right to direct him, require, is his 
duty and is profitable for him to do, 
but he ought not to be rudely silenced 
or snubbed. His intellect is as bright 
asa dollar and he can understand 
danger and difficulty if they are 


FIG, THE STUDENT. 


193. 
rightly presented and explained, but 
he is not likely to be very careful in 
his administration. Besides, he has 
wonderful Spirituality and Imitation, 
leveling up the front and the lateral 
portions of the top-head. He hopes 
and believes by the acre—by the 
hemisphere. He reads strangers well, 
and he will be wise in his appreciation 
of those who are strangers to him; 
he will like and dislike at sight. 

The restraints on him ought to be 
gentle; a little like an India rubber 
halter for a horse—one that will yield 


and stretch, yet not break. If he 
were fastened with a chain halter he 
might break it assome horses do, but 
if he were tied with elastic material it 
would suggest at least limited liberty 
and he would not chafe under it. 

He will make a popular orator, and 
he ought to be educated physically 
and mentally «s far and as carefully 
as the schools can do it, but he needs 
a great deal of room and he needs 
playthings that will make a noise, and 
yet will profit by a great deal of 
patience and care bestowed upon his 
conduct and career, and he will make 
his family proud of him if he can be 
kept onthe track. If the track is sub- 
stantial enough and wisely laid and if 
the parents and teachers are wise engi- 
neers they will talk about this boy 
when they reach into the aged de- 
cades and they will say: ‘‘He wasa 
pupil of mine so many years ago, and 
now see what he has achieved.” 

Figure 193 is a marked contrast to 
Fig. 192. This boy has the Mental 
temperament and not enough of the 
Vital. He has rather a slender con- 
stitution and he has an anxious look 
in his face. He is light in his build; 
his head is large for his body and he 
is too much inclined to study and 
think. He is very anxious, and with 
his large Caution he ought to be 
taught not to be afraid of darkness, 
except to avoid pitfalls and obstruc- 
tions. He should be hopefully taught 
in regard to the great questions of the 
future. His moral teachings ought 
not to be somber, for he is naturally 
inclined to be anxious and sad. Con- 
trast his face with that of Fig. 192. 
This shows the scholar, the medita- 
tive thinker, the reasoner, the artist 
and the poet, ‘‘the good boy,” but not 
so much the worker or one that plays, 
hustles and subdues. He is sedate 
and decorus in his ways. He ought 
not to be pushed in his studies and 
probably should not be allowed to 
study as much as he desires. If he 
could have a bicycle it would be good 
for him, or if he could have some- 
thing in the way of apparatus for 


238 


How To StTupy STRANGERS. 


exercise where weights, pulleys and 
ropes are used, so that he could use 
them any five minutes during the day 
when he felt an inclination for it, it 
would be just the thing forjhim. The 
gymnasium is desirable for many 
young people under different circum- 
stances, but this boy ought to have 


FIG. 194. 
apparatus in his own house, where he 
Can use it any minute, early or late, 
rain or shine, and he should not be 
“permitted to exercise with heavy ap- 
paratus. Such boys are meditative 
and they are inclined to overwork; if 
others around them are lifting heavy 
weights or using other heavy appara- 
tus they will try to do the same 
thing, greatly to their detriment. 
Fig. 192 works hard from the mere 
pleasure of it; he would work hard 
doing nothing but playing and frolic- 
king; Fig. 193 would overwork with- 
out working hard in the same amuse- 
ments. 


This is the mental and sentimental, 
delicate organization and should be 
carefully guided and regulated and 
should have guidance in both exercise 
and study, and he ought to take one- 
third more sleep than Fig. 192 would 
seem to require. 


Fig. 194 isathinker. Hé will be 


_ Rockwood, Phato. 


THE PHYSICIAN, 


fond of data and detail, will enjoy 
such studies as belong to the physi- 
cian, and he would make a good 
physician. He has Destructiveness, 
Secretiveness, Acquisitiveness, Cau- 
tion and Constructiveness, and these 
would make him wise in the sphere of 
medical practice and medical knowl- 
edge and expert in surgery. He has 
a capital memory and will hold ten- 
aciously whatever he acquires in 
regard to facts and science. Heisa 
natural historian; he is a keen critic, 
knows resemblances and differences, 
and is fond of acquiring knowledge. 
He will listen while he is being talked 


CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME Boys. 


239 


to and will ask questions when the 
lesson is finished. He is honest, 
cautious, mindful of consequences, 
and on the whole has a harmonious 
organization inclined toward the 
mental, and perhaps inclined to study 
more than is safe or desirable. 


a natural financier; will save the odds 
and ends, and will be rich if there is 
any chance to be so. On the oppo- 
site temple, where the outline comes 
into view, there is a special develop- 
ment of Constructiveness, which, in 
medicine, would make him a sur- 


FIG, 


195. 


Fig. 195 has an old head on young 
shoulders, and it is a well balanced 
head, There is talent for educa- 
tional culture, and especially for his- 
torical knowledge.. This child would 
learn all that belongs to the classical ; 
would dip into science with avidity, 
and be masterful in logic, in music, 
in mechanism, and especially in the 
acquisition of property. On the side 
of the head which is turned most to 
view will be seen, upward from the 
ear, a special breadth and fullness, 
and that is at the location of Ac- 
quisitiveness. The head is broad at 
that point, and he will take rank as 


THE SCHOLAR AND HISTORIAN, 


geon, and in mechanics an engineer. 

This child should not be pushed in 
education; there will be no need of 
that, but he should be guided and 
regulated. He ought to have plain 
and wholesome diet and abundant 
opportunity for sleep. 

The moral organs are well bal- 
anced. This is the natural scholar, 
and he will find out something about 
everything that is going on. Notice 
how broad apart the eyes are; this 
indicates memory of forms and mag- 
nitudes, ability for drawing, and the 
basis of artistic skill and mechanical 
capability. 


CHAPTER XXVATI. 


A FOND FATHER AND HIS PETS, 


ARENTAL affection is generally 
more strongly marked in the 
mother than in the father, or the type 
of character as evinced by parental 
affection is manifested differently by 
the father and the mother, 
Pope expresses this thought clearly 
in the following line, 


‘‘The mothers nurse it and the sires defend.” 


FIG, 196.—-GEN. BALLINGTON BOOTH 
AND DAUGHTER. 


Fig. 
eral Ballington Booth of the Sal- 
vation Army with his little daughter 
and his pet son, who is already 
calléd “the'“’General”’ "In -baitd 
of face and expression the daugh- 
ter and the son resemble the father, 
as" seén int the® large *“forehéad 
indicating intellectual vigor and 
organizing power, the large Mirthful- 
ness which is the basis of wit and gay- 
ety, the large Ideality which gives a 


196.—We have here Gen- 


sense of refinement, Imitation which 
is the basis of conformity and adapta- 
tion,and in Agreeableness which gives 
smoothness to the disposition and its 
manifestations. We notice too, inthe 
father, large Language, shown by the 
full and liquid eye; the children have 
inherited it. The little daughter nest- 
ling in the embrace of the father is 
the personification of innocence and 
happiness. Her face evidently says, 
‘*What is there in this wide world bet- 
ter than this?’’ We think the father 
resembles his mother and has a good 
many of the feminine qualities, and 
while as a father he is perhaps more 
proud of his darling boy, he is more 


FIG, 197,—THE LITTLE **GEN’AL.”” 


tender of and patient with the pre- 
cious girl. Still, paternal love is often 
very strong in the male, and has not 
only the manly vigor for protecting 
the offspring but the paternal tender- 
ness and delicate fondness which is 
equal to the maternal. 


A Fonp FATHER AND His PEtTs. 


Fig 197.—The little boy is pre- 
sented in three aspects. The artist 
evidently has awakened the atten- 
tion of the boy in the first sitting. 


He had presented something for 
him to look at that had aroused 
his interest so that the  expres- 


sion of the face evinces awakened 
attention. If that facial expression 
were translated it would read, ‘*What 
in the world is that? I have never 
seen anything like it before; it looks 
pretty, but it is so strange!’’ 


FIG. 198. —INTEREST HEIGHTENED. 


Fig. 198.—In the second picture 
the expression is heightened. The 
object that was presented to awaken 
and rivet his attention has been 
modified. If it was a toy-monkey 
or a queer doll it has been pre- 
sented in a more startling man- 
ner and the boy’s mouth is opened. 
He thinks it is funny and wishes 
he had it for his own. In the 
third picture the object of ‘attention 
has been made grotesque. ‘‘Too 
funny for anything!’’ The expression 
of the first picture shows attention, 
the second one intensified interest 
with Mirthfulness, and the third one 
(Fig. 199) shows that he has made up 
his mind that it is very funny and he 
is going to enjoy it to the full. If 
such a face ever has a sober, hard, 
sour look we wish we had a picture of 
it to complete the series, or rather 
with which to commence the series, 
but the face of the father and also 
the face of the little girl would indi- 


241 


cate that a sour expression of the boy 
would not be natural. 

That little fellow has great possi- 
bilities. He has a fine intellect and 
a very sensitive and susceptible tem- 
perament. He has a fertile imagina- 


FIG. 199.—FUN ALIVE, 


tion, energy of character, shrewdness, 


policy, prudence, ambition § and 
strong affection. He does not need 
‘‘line upon line,’’ or training to 


awaken thought and instruct the un- 
derstanding. A hint of a truth is to 
him a flash-light, vivid and intense. 
He will turn every page in a book if 
it be illustrated, and gather an ab- 
stract of the contents before he set- 
tles down to a critical perusal, and he 
will need wise restraint and guidance 
to prevent overworking his precocious 
brain-power. He would manifest 
talent in classical literature, he would 
make a fine public speaker, would be 
fond of poetry and write it; he is fond 
of music, and very fond of mirth, and 
he can copy and imitate anything that 
he approves. The little girl wilt 
show a strong character, but there 
are indications of more gentle- 
ness and grace than of power and 
severity. 

Fig. 200.—We now notice a lovely 
little girl in three aspects and in three 
states of mind. ‘The first is a sober, 
calm, quiet, normal face, unexcited. 
The mouth is closed, the features are 
placid, the eye is calm and thought- 
ful, and the head has the pose of at- 
tention and meditation, and it may be 


How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


called a face inthe normal state. The 
head seems to be amply developed in 
front where the intellectual organs 
are located, and it is large in the top- 


FIG, 200,—QUIET, NORMAL FACE, 


head, the moral nature being amply 
developed. 

Fig.201.—The second presentation, 
the side-view, changes the expression 
of the eye; ‘‘What is it?’’ seems to be 
the “question? #Dhe -lpssare.vapart 
showing intensity of thought and of 
feeling. In the first picture the sub- 
jective or meditative tendency is ex- 
hibited, and in the second the object- 
ive appears to have attracted her at- 
tention and awakened her thought. 
She looks critical and earnest as if 
she would devour the facts involved 
and know all about it. The reader 
will observe the length of the head 
from the ear to the crown. The head 
is not very broad, and measuring 
from the root of the nose to the re- 
gion of the crown the head is long or 
high. There is evidence also of a 
long back-head; behind the ears the 
region of the social affections seems 
to be decidedly strong. Benevolence 
is uncommonly large, the front por- 


tion of the top-head is well rounded 
up, and such a child should not be 
pushed in study, should not be ex- 
ploited before company; she should 
be permitted to live a quiet, natural 
life and not be put forward in com- 
pany, allowed to hear marvelous 
stories or read startling or extrava- 
gant books, and should be fed hy- 
gienically so as to keep the nerves 
calm and cool and the digestion and 
the nutrition good. The old Roman 
proverb, ‘‘ Whom the gods love die 
young,’’ is more likely to be verified 
in temperaments like this than in the 
rude, robust sort, and what a con- 
trast between this girl and the first 
boy in the January number! He was 
ruddy, tough, earnest, brave and ag- 
gressive and able to endure’the “‘ills 
that flesh is heir to’’ successfully, 


FIG, 201.—-CURIOSITY. 


while this delicate plant needs to be 
housed and sheltered like an exotic 
plant and guarded against the inclem- 
encies of weather and other condi- 
tions that tax endurance. 

Fig. 202, In the third presenta- 
tion of her she looks human and less. 
angelic, as if she might have some 


AMIABLE MIRTH. 


hearty interest in and relish for the 
things of time and sense. She smiles, 
and if we had another picture where 
she is laughing outright like the little 
**General’’ it would complete that 


FIG. 202.—AMIABLE MIRTH 


series, but she will do more of smil- 
ing than of boisterous laughing in this 
world. A very gracious lady friend 
of mine, who thought that possibly 
laughter was wicked sometimes would 
say, “‘I was almost tempted to smile.’’ 
We would like to see this little girl 
tempted to ripened, explosive mirth. 
This girl’s temperament is of the 
mental type, which is the basis of 
susceptibility and taste, but not so 
much of that kind of earnest, snappy 
force which siezes truth on the fly 
and makes herself the master spirit 
in the group. She is more like the 
mild rays of a summer sunset than 
like the glory of midday; is adapted 
to grace life rather than to rule it, to 
lead rather than to coerce. 

Fig. 203. Here we have an old 
youngster, Ernest Henry Schelling, 
the musical prodigy, only four and a 
half years old when this picture was 
taken. This presents a very ripened 


243 


and substantial face. We met him at 
this age and made a careful personal 
examination. The fiber of his consti- 
tution was remarkably firm and solid, 
his complexion was dark and_ his 
physical development very dense. 
His earnest exercise in playing the 
piano had hardened his arms and 
given hima manly manifestation of 
the body. He had a wonderful mem- 
ory of facts, of thoughts and things, 
and was a critic of human character. 
The portrait shows wonderful Ideality 
and Sublimity, large Constructiveness 
and a large development of the 
organs of Tune and Time. The train- 
ing and public exposition of an infant 
like him would be likely to spoil 
many constitutions, but where the 
temperament is as firm and solid as 
this and the nutrition perfect, there is 
endurance to bear excitement and 
public applause without being so 
much carried away and injuriously 
affected by the nervous excitability 
as would be the case in a softer and 
more pliable temperament. When 
he was before the public in Philadel- 
phia and New York at the time this 


picture was taken, he was attracting 


great attention in musical circles, 
and it was wonderful to see sucha 
baby on the piano stool, with his feet 
ten inches from the floor and evoking 
from the great instrument its magnifi- 
cent harmonies, and yet, as soon as 
he was through with his work, he 
would go around the room, toying 
with the things, just as any little 
child of his age would, and they had 
to call his attention and bring him 
back to his work, and when he was at 
that he was a man and masterful. 
Fig. 204. We now introduce an- 
other boy whose father and grand- 
father we happen to know. ‘The ap- 
paratus which is shown in the picture, 
the tricycle, the base-ball, and the at- 
titude of the boy as he sits for his pic- 
ture with his panting steed at rest, is 
about as boyish a picture as can be 
found, and yet there is a world of 
manliness and sincerity about it. See 
those sturdy legs as if nutrition were 


244 


How To StTupy STRANGERS. 


abundant and went willingly to the 
extremities. Look at the broad head 
and face; courage, executiveness and 
power to conquer are shown In every 
outline. What a fine development of 
intellect and what a broad, massive 
forehead! He can master books as 
well as the tricycle and _ base-ball. 
He appreciates fun and his large 


Destructiveness and Combativeness 
are large, and when he plays he plays 
to win amd to conquer. He has Cau- 
tion and Secretiveness enough to 
guide his force and earnestness and 
keep him on the safe track, and that 
same force and earnestness will give 
him speed. He is capable of scholar- 
ship, of mechanical ingenuity and 


FIG, 203.—-ERNEST HENRY SCHELLING, MUSICAL PRODIGY. 


Mirthfulness gives him fullness of that 
joyous feeling, but like other healthy 
boys he looks as if he was in dead 
earnest about his amusement. His 


artistic taste. He has the love of 
property and capacity for winning it. 
He has Secretiveness enough to con- 
ceal his purposes or modify his man- 


HEALTH, COURAGE, MANLINESS. 


ners so as to secure success without 
divulging all his plans. His face has 
the appearance expressed by the 
words ‘‘I am here, it is I, whatever 


245 


ment, mental and physical, to earn 
and to secure success, triumph, 
honor and achievement in any field 
of effort which may be presented. 


FIG, 204.—G. R.—HEALTH, COURAGE, ENTERPRISE, MANLINESS, 


is wanted I am ready for it,’’ wheth- 
er it be a lesson, a race, a frolic or 
a fight. This boy has the tempera- 
ment and the constitutional develop- 


Like a good locomotive, he only 
needs a sound track and a_ proper 
destination. He can make the steam 
and use it! 


CHAP TE Rav x2cixs 


CHILDREN, HARD AND EASY TO MANAGE, 


HILDREN vary in constitution 
and temperament, in character 
and talents, as much as parents do. 
Some are bright, excitable, nervous, 
fretty and sensitive, and inclined to 
be restless and troublesome. Others 
are plump, wholesome, healthy, 
hardy, sensible and self-poised, and 
have a natural, constitutional tend- 
ency to be placid and quiet. ‘These 
differences are sometimes inherited 
normally and sometimes, they result 
from special maternal conditions that 
were influential in modifying the 
character, which is thus incidentally 
inherited. All such different types of 
children need treatment suited to 
their several mental and_ physical 
conditions, and no work can be more 
important to families and the public 
than that of the proper training and 
culture of our hopeful successors. 
Parents, nurses and teachers may 
rightly mold or mar the future fathers 
and mothers of the race. 

Fig. 205 1s a most positive and 
earnest character. The temperament 
is excitable and nervous, yet strong, 
hence the boy is restless and im- 
petuous. His head is large for his 
body and yet he is healthy. Observe 
the breadth of the head, how low 
down the ear is! How full, broad 
and rounded is the whole side head! 
All his selfish propensities are de- 
cidedly strong. He is organized to 
grapple with duty and difficulty and 
to make himself master of his sur- 
roundings if possible. He has a high 
temper; is combative, aggressive and 
severe when excited and inclined to 
fight out his purpose or his griev- 


ance on the spot. His Cautiousness 
is large, hence he is apprehensive. 
His Secretiveness is large, hence he 
is inclined to manifest slyness in the 
accomplishment of his purposes 
where he cannot do it otherwise. He 
has large Acquisitiveness; is greedy 
for ownership, anxious for property 
and will not share with others if he 
can help it; he wants the largest, the 
best and the most. He is ingenious 
and mechanical. He prefers heavy 
playthings and likes to make a 
racket. Noise is music to him, even 
if it is rough noise. Other children 
who are equally robust, hearty, zeal- 
ous and earnest, may be genial, 
peaceful and good-natured, but this 
one has aggressive severity in his ac- 
tivity and will be likely to quarrel 
with his equals and domineer over 
younger children and take the lion’s 
share everywhere he can. . He has 
large Mirthfulness. He enjoys fun, 
but he likes to have it robust and 
rough, and he will enjoy football 
more than chess. He has ingenuity, 
and he also has a taste for the beauti- 
ful. He is a keen thinker, knows a 
good deal, forms sharply outlined 
opinions and is ready to back up his 
opinions with his strength and his de- 
termination. He will make a fine 
scholar if he can be rightly inducted 
and conducted. He has talent for 
mathematics, for philosophy and 
language. He will make a splendid 
speaker if he can be kept still long 
enough to get his education and to 
be trained into orderly habits without 
too much friction. He has strong 
affections and can be best molded 


CHILDREN, 


HARD AND EASY TO MANAGE, 


247 


and managed through his affections, 
and he should have treatment that is 
gentle yet firm; patient yet decided. 
He should never be deceived and 
should never be promised anything, 
either good or evil, that is not fur- 
nished or inflicted. In other words, he 
should learn to know that he has a 
master and that his master is kind, 
and that whatever is required will 


hunting. The little. girl's parents 
were of an orderly type, strong in 
character, but calm and wise in its 
manifestation, and this was the only 
child. It never had much baby talk, 
fortunately, and therefore its conver- 
sation was distinct and calm. The 


words were not clipped nor jumbled. 
The middle of the forehead was very 
full, 


showing fine memory, and the 


FIG, 205.—TALENT, POSITIVENESS, POWER AND PUSH. 


have to be done, first or last. With 
other children hei is likely to be severe 
and rough. He will be impatient, not 
of the load and labor, but mainly of 
restraint. He will be happy when he 
has big things to play with and can 
make plenty of noise, but his happi- 
ness will be of a strong and intense 
type. He is a natural engineer, a 
natural physician and surgeon, a 
natural mechanic and a thinker and 
talker. 

Fig. 206. This is perhaps as 
sharply a defined contrast to the pre- 
ceding as could be found ina year’s 


forehead as a whole was well bal- 
anced, although the perceptive and 
historic faculties were the stronger. 

But what an amiable face! How 
little of severity and acrimony it con- 
tains! The signs of vitality, digest- 
ion and breathing power, shown in 
the fullness of the cheek, were mani- 
festations of harmony of constitution 
as well as health. She would sit at 
the table with adults and eat in silence, 
and when she wanted anything she 
would ask for it patiently and politely 
and in becoming tones. She did not 
whine nor screech, nor scold nor mani- 


248 


fest petulance.’ She seemed to sup- 
pose that whatever was right and 
proper she would have in good time, 
and she behaved at the table like a 
little woman. It was owing to two 
facts: First, a harmonious and healthy 
constitution, and, second, a consistent 


FIG, 206.—CALMNESS, HEALTH AND 
TALENT. 


and wise method of treatment. 
Those who had her to deal with did 
not snap at or insult her. This child 
would play by the hour with such 
things as she had and seem to be as 
earnest and full of interest as these 
noisy ones are who are loaded with 
all the new playthings. I never saw 
a more equable child, and one would 
have to look a long time to find one 
who was more intelligent and more 
ripe in judgment for the age. She 
had perfect health and was rcbust 
and hearty in her efforts, had zeal for 
enjoyment, but was orderly; was not 
one of the puny, tender, angelic sort; 
was wonderfully human and especially 
humane, consistent and decent. A 
person could bring up three or four 
of such children as this with less fric- 
tion, worriment, struggle and labor 
than would be required to manage 
one like Fig. 205, and there would be 
as much talent and character, only 
not so imperious, hasty and rampant. 

Fig. 207 is taken of a child two 
and a half years old and it has a 
remarkably well balanced face and 
head. 


How To StTupy STRANGERS. 


Health and harmony of organiza- 
tion are written all over the expres- 
sion. The element of nutrition is 
abundantly indicated; the growth 
harmonious and abundant. The mid- 
dle of the forehead is very promi- 
nent, indicating an excellent memory. 

The upper part of the forehead is 
massive, showing reasoning power 
and ability to understand the lessons. 
of life, in school and out of school. 
She has a brilliant but calm eye; it 
is soft and gracious. The top-head is 
well rounded, showing strong moral 
sentiments, and Faith that believes 
and confides. She has large Consci- 
entiousness and Firmness. There is. 
a steady and uniform drift of life, 
feeling and purpose. She will be a 


fine scholar and a leader among those 
who are good, amiable and gracious. 

The organs in the side-head are 
strong enough to give prudence, pol- 
icy, economy and force of character, 
but there is not an element about her 
that is rough, impetuous or imperious. 


FIG. 207.—AMIABLEAND INTELLIGENT, 


People will consult her to know 
what she would like, and, if consist- 
ent, adapt themselves to her wishes; 
and through life she will be a central 
figure in the society in which she 
moves, and every well-meaning per- 
son will be glad of her friendship and 
will be anxious to please her. 

Fig. 207. _Here is a black-eyed, 
nervous, sensitive, intense, eager, ex- 
citable, mature little girl. Her head 


CHILDREN, HARD AND EASY TO MANAGE, 


is large for her body and for her age. 
She is in a hurry to know and eager 
to see and experience. She will, if 
permitted, devour books and perhaps 
stand at the head of her class and 
wear herself out in excitability and 


249 


it brilliant things and make a parade 
to. attract its attention. Its atten- 
tion is too intense anyway. Some 
women would raise that child and 
make it a healthy, substantial woman, 
but perhaps three out of four would 


FIG, 208,—SENSITIVE, INTENSE, EAGER, EXCITABLE, 


intensity of life. Careful feeding is 
requisite for all children, but she 
should not be fed on food that pro- 
duces an extra amount of heat, such 
as sweets and starch in the shape of 
cake or candy. Some of the late 
modern preparations of food for chil- 
dren are supposed to be excellent, 
but if children are left to the tender 
mercies of people who are fond of 
their children and yet not well in- 
formed as to physiology and hygiene, 
they are so trained and fed as to se- 
cure early their passports to a 
brighter life. 

A nurse for such a child as this 
should be plump, calm, patient and 
kindly. She should never be in a 
hurry, never tease the child or show 


handle it so as to break its health 
and nervous system and culminate its 
life inside of seven years. The child 
has large Caution, and should not be 
told frightful stories or threatened 
with dangerous results. It is likely 
to be precocious, nervous, scholarly, 
high-tempered, eager, ambitious, 
witty, brilliant, honest, firm and im- 
petuous. 

I heard a woman, within six months, 
who was riding on the ferryboat, say 
to her little child, less than two years 
old, ‘‘Hush up, or I will throw you 
overboard.” Threats should be re- 
strained. Nothing should be prom- 
ised or threatened to any child that 


is not reasonable and right to be ful- 
filled. 


CHAPTER XXX 
HOPEFUL CANDIDATES. 


IGS. 209, 210. This child ap- 
pears to be remarkably healthy 

and to have asound, substantial consti- 
tution. His head, measuring twenty- 
one and a half inches in circumfer- 


years old. He has the mental tem- 
perament in a pretty large degree, 
because his head is large for his 


weight and age. He appears to have 
a full share of the motive tempera- 


FIG. 209. 


ence, is large enough for aman whose 
weight is 140 pounds, and this child 
weighs forty-five pounds and stands 
3 ft. 5; in. high, He is less than five 


D. J. SAYLER, SCHOLAR, 


THINKER, LEADER, 


ment, because he is rather tall, show- 
ing a good bony structure, and the 
vital temperament appears to be well 
represented, because he is plump and 


HoprEFUL CANDIDATES, 


he appears to have good digestion 
and good breathing power and not 
poor circulation. With a head so 
large for his weight and age he ought 
to be trained carefully in every way, 
especially physically. Means should 
’ be adopted to have him sleep all he 
needs to sleep. He ought to havea 
nap during the day, if convenient, 
and then he ought to retire early, so 
as to have time tosleep ten or twelve 
hours in the twenty-four, and he 
should do so for three or four years. 
Children like him, with so large a 
head, need more sleep than those 
whose heads are smaller, because 
sleep was ordained merely to rest the 
brain and the nervous system. Noth- 


251 
culprits, by compelling them to re- 
main awake until they die, and the 
thirteenth or fourteenth day generally 
finishes the strongest of them, buta 
man can live three times thirteen days 
without food and recover. 

This child is a great observer, but 
not so much of mere physical phe- 
nomena as he is of causes, reasons 
and consequences. He asks ques- 
tions about truth; he asks why this 
or that is so, and is not satisfied un- 
less he can have a sound and sub- 
stantial reason. He will make a good 
scholar if he has a good opportunity, 
and especially a scholar in the ranges 
of thought embodying meditation, 
philosophy, theory, principle and 


FIG, 


210, 


ing else does it, and a person can live 
longer without food than he can with- 
out sleep. In China they inflict capi- 
tal punishment on certain grades of 


D. J. SAYLER, STRONGLY SOCIAL. 


idea. He will take the higher forms 
of investigation ; he willnot be mereiy 
an observe: of phenomena and data, 
but he will always be anxious to trace 


252 


How To StTupDY STRANGERS, 


statistics onward and backward so as 
to get the beginning and the end— 
the full history of the fact. He has 
a very fertile don ees He thinks 
far ahead and asks strange and ma- 
ture questions for one of his age, and 
if he were trained in religious themes 
and theories his imagination would 
magnify and project statements made 
to himso that he would have worlds 
of questions to ask about the future 
state; where the locality is, what its 
measures and bounds, its laws and 
usuages, and he might ask, ‘‘ Who is 
there, and what are they doing?’ He 
has uncommonly large spirituality 
and veneration, shown by ample arch- 
ing of the central top-head, which give 
him a credulous and reverential spirit; 
he is willing to believe anything that 
is not palpably erroneous or false, and 
his large veneration leads him to rec- 
ognize and respect the excellent and 
elevated. He will always respect 
the high, the honorable and the dis- 
tinguished, and he will incline to be 
devotional in a religious sense. He 
has imitation enough to copy and 
conform and adapt himself to usuage. 
He seeks to do that which his seniors 
do, and he thinks he knows what he 
will do when he is a big man. His 
hope leads him to expect all that he 
needs and approves. He is not one 
who will look on the dark side of the 
future, even though everything is 
going against him. He has talent 
for mechanical invention, and, with 
his large Ideality and Spirituality, he 
will always be trying to develop 
something that is remarkable. He 
would see enough of a World’s Fair, 
if he had a chance, to remember it 
as long as he lives, and for a person 
of his age, he will try to know more 


about invention and machinery, 
and its operations, than others. 
Hevowillianaves a staste™ (fOr aeart 


and for mechanism, and a relish for 
poetry and the higher forms of liter- 
ature. He will study human nature 
and understand strangers, and he 
appreciates the peculiarities of peo- 
ple. The middle section of his head is 


well developed, and that being rather 
broad, he has the love of life; he has 
executive force and the tendency to 
be brave and thorough. He will 
manifest a good degree of appetite; 
he relishes food, and it will be rather 
easy to build him up in physical 
strength and vitality. He is not go-. 
ing to be puny and pimping, but, on 
the other hand, he will be hearty and 
zealous. He has rather large De- 
structiveness, and therefore he feels 
strong to do whatever is needful and 
desirable.» He is secretive and will 
be able to conceal his thoughts and 
guard his expressions so as not to be 
indiscreet in his words. He will not 
be inclined, as he advances in life, to 
let people know his plans and his 
purposes until he gets them beyond 
peradventure. When he has ‘struck 
oil” on any line of prosperity and 
success which ts palpable, he will not 
try to conceal it, but he may not tell 
how much he is making, because that 


~ would open the door for people who 


always have on hand some ‘‘cause’”’ 
or chronic charity to foster and de- 
sire help. He has prudence and cau- 
tion and good sense enough to desire 
to avoid advertising that he has money 
to give away, hence he is not likely 
to be ostentatious in his gifts, partly 
because it is in poor taste and partly 
because he would not want to ad- 
vertise himself as a factor of charity, 
and thus invite the throng of charity 
hunters. 

His head inthe back part seems 
to be long and narrow and decidedly 
large. The social elements are very 
strong and he will be fond of pets 
and inclined to foster whatever is 
petable. If there was a baby which 
he could patronize and play with and 
be the leader of, he would feel that 
he had an important charge and 
responsibility. He has a protective 
sp rit and is benevolent and desirous 
ot having something that he can pet, 
protect, assist and guide. Some boys: 
are a good deal more fond of govern- 
ing others thanhe is. He will be lov-: 
ing and affectionate and inclined to 


HoprEFUL CANDIDATES. 


253 


protect others rather than to lord it 
Overthem. He will bea guide rather 
than an overseer, and he will gener- 
ally be a leader because he hasa large 
- brain, an active imagination and 
plenty of ingenuity, and also the dis- 
position to see ahead and know all 
that can be known about matters and 
things. He isa good friend, is com- 
panionable, social, loving; is fond of 
home and home associations. His 
Continuity is not as large as we would 
like to see it, and hence heis liable to 
get tired of a thing and drop it and 
want something else that is fresh and 
new. Some children will take six or 
eight blocks and play with them fora 
year; they always seem to find the 
blocks new and useful and will build 
almost anything out of them, but this 
boy would like to have a full-rigged 
locomotive, and if he lived near a 
fountain or a stream he would want a 
boat which he could sail and have a 
string attached to it so that he could 
haul it in or let it out before the wind 
as he wished. If he could have a 
wind-mill that would turn, it would 
gratify his ingenuity and he would 
like that; will always be full of re- 
sources and will makea good scholar. 
While he is loving and affectionate, 
he is rather high-tempered; will not 
seek quarrels nor seek to lord it over 
others. He will know more than 
most other children do if nothing 
happens to check his mental growth 
or destroy his health, but he will be 
a counsellor, an advisor and a leader 
rather than a driver. He is remark- 
able for his strength of affection, his 
tender sympathy, his moral and re- 
ligious tendencies, his reasoning pow- 
ers, his imagination and also for his 
great force of character. 

This boy ought to be dressed 
warmly about feet and legs, and if he 
were my boy he never should wear 
knickerbockers according to the 
present plan, especially in the winter 
time. I would give him long trousers 
and the old-fashioned boot to wear, 
which would come half or two-thirds 
of the way up to the knee, and the 


boot-leg being loose around the 
ankle would give a space for the 


warm air to circulate and _ thus 
keep the legs and feet warm, 
which would tend to induce a 


free circulation of the blood through- 
out the entire body. Fifty years ago 
all men wore boots, and little boys, 
five years old, would get boots with 
red tops as a Christmas present and 
were very proud of them. This wear- 
ing of the knickerbocker rig in cold 
weather prevents boys and men from 
becoming as tall as they otherwise 
would be, and besides it brings on 
many diseases and disturbs the sys- 
tem because the blood is checked in 
its circulation to the feet and back 
again, andif the blood cannot go tothe 
feet it will go where it can go easiest, 
namely, to the brain, the liver, the 
kidneys and the stomach, congesting 
these and putting them out of order. 
The laced shoes, being tight around 
the ankle, allows zero to come within 
an eighth of an inch of the skin, and 
that produces congestion at the 
ankle, where there is but little flesh 
to cover the blood vessels. I had a 
boy under my hands once who was 
twelve years old, had a twenty-two- 
inch head and weighed seventy 
pounds. His mother brought him to 
me in November when the weather 
was raw and cold, and belcw the knee 
he had on nothing but thin merino 
stockings with no drawers under 
them, and when I grasped his leg it 
felt cold to my hand, but he had a 
fur cap on his head and he wore a 
fur-trimmed overcoat which came 
down to his knees. I advised the 
mother to lengthen out his drawers, 
to get him good, warm stockings in- 
stead of the thin merino ones and 
then to get him boots to wearinstead 
of the tightly laced shoes. In order 
to make it look all right I told her 
she could get thick, beaver cloth and 
have some leggings made which could 
be sewed on to the pants and so 
make long trousers of them, and she 
promised to do just as I said. In 
about five months’ time, namely, about 


254 


How To Srupy STRANGERS. 


the first of April, she brought the 
boy back again just to show him, 
and he had gained seven pounds in 
weight during that time; one tenth 
of his whole weight had been added, 
and he had so far recovered in health 
that he was able to go to school 
every day in the week, whereas be- 
fore that he was only able to go one 
day, and he had even commenced to 
play leap-frog and other games with 
the boys and was full of joy and en- 
thusiasm, and the mother said she 
thought we had saved her boy for 
her and that we might have saved 
his two older brothers who went to 
the grave justas this one seemed to 
be going, if she had only brought 
them to us in time. 

If this were my boy I would let 
him grow up without eating candy, 
cake, fine flour and extra rich food. 
He should eat oatmealand milk, he 
should have the entire wheat for his 
bread, what is called graham bread, 
and he might eat lean beef, mutton, 
fish, eggs, and poultry that is not too 
fat. He may eat thecommon vege- 
tables and ripe fruit freely. 

This boy will make a fine scholar 
and will incline to literature and 
science, especially in medicine. He 
might be distinguished in lawand he 
would be likely to takea good place 
in general literature, and if he has 
the proper education he will be able 
to shinein speaking and in writing. 
If he were placed in such a way as to 
come in contact with mechanism and 
engineering he would be likely to 
show talent in that direction. 

Fig. 211. This boyisa year old. 
His head measures 18 in. in Cir- 
cumference and from ear to ear over 
the top it measures 114 in., which 
shows a large head forhis twenty-two 
pounds of weight. He has an earnest 
disposition; is intent upon the accom- 
plishment of what he has occasion to 
do and knows what he desires. He 
has a definite understanding of his 
wishes and purposes, and he will learn 
to be an excellent scholar. He hasa 
remarkable memory of facts, places, 


and ideas. He will be polite, he will 
be agreeable, he will understand char- 
acter, and while he is earnest he will 
also show wit, but he will not be a 
trifler. He will be brilliant, witty, 


_and refined, but he will be earnest and 


strong. Mechanism is one of his 
marks, desire for property is another, | 


PIG. 2 le 


Re Ke ‘Te 
BUSINESS. 


MEDICINE OR 


and if he could have a good medical 
education it would doubtless be as 
good a field as he could occupy. He 
has talent for the study of anatomy 
and would be expert as a surgeon. 
There is so much to learn there and 
his memory is such that he would re- 
tain it all. He will have the courage 
of his convictions, and will be watch- 
ful, prudent, painstaking, upright, 
dignified and inclined to be his own 
master and he will notalways be lean- 
ing upon somebody who will under- 
take to sustain him. MHe will learn 
rapidly and will have an idea as to 
how things ought to be and he will 
not long accept: wrong teaching as 
sound and valid; he will reform the 
methods if they are not right. 

Fig. 212. This girl is twelve and 
a half years old, rather older than we 
invite for this department. She 
seems fairly well grown and has 
rather a large head, although the 
weight of the person is not given. 
She has artistic talent and is capable 


HOPEFUL CANDIDATES 255 


of being a good.scholar in the higher 
branches of learning. She is strong. 
She has good vitality and is decidedly 


FIG. 212. E.P.—SCHOLAR AND TEACHER. 


intellectual. She can comprehend 
_the principles involved in studies or 
in business and will be a keen critic 
of the facts of life and surrounding 
circumstances, and especially a good 
critic of human character. The 
upper part of the center of the fore- 
head, where the hair begins, or a 
little below where the hair begins is 
the location of the organ which gives 
the instinct in regard to human na- 
ture. She will make a good teacher 
and would do well in business. She 
has a fair sense of value and inclines 
to be economical rather than avari- 
cious. Her Benevolence is large. 
The upper part of the front head is 
high, hence she is generous and self- 
sacrificing, and willing to give an 
ample equivalent for valuable results. 
She is firm, honest, respectful, am- 
bitious, proud-spirited and inclined 


to persist in her studies and in her 
work and finish what she _ begins. 
There is good distance from the 
opening of the ear backward; the 
back-head being fully developed, in- 
dicates strong affection, ardent love 
and regard for home, children and 
friends. She is ambitious about the 
world’s good opinion, and her intel- 
lect will be the cutting edge of her 
success. She will get knowledge 
and be well informed; can talk her 
thoughts and impress her wish and 
her will clearly. She will deserve 
success and be willing to work that 
she may secure it. 

Figs. 213, 214. Thisthree-year old 
boy has a plump and amply sustained 
system. He is healthy, fat, warm- 
blooded, hearty and hungry pretty 
often. His head is broad at the base, 
hence he has wonderful force. With 
his Vital Temperament he makes steam 
fast enough for a high-pressure en- 
gine. He is combative and severe 
when provoked. He is ardent in his 
love. The back-head is heavy. He 
is fond of his friends, fond of pets, 
but a little apt to be harsh and rough 
with them. His horse, his dog and 
his nanny-goat, and his playmates 
also, will have to obey him, or at least 
he will think so and incline to take 
measures to secure obedience; but he 
does not like to be roughly handled 
himself. This boy ought to be fed on 
plain diet, namely, on milk, grain prod- 
ucts, vegetables and fruits mainly. 
He should not be loaded with sugar, 
for that is the bane of thisage. Sun- 
day-school picnics are attractive be- 
cause they have bushels of cake and 
candy; and the next day they have 
more fever, fretfulness, headache and 
stomach-ache than people generally 
attribute tocake and candy; and the 
mothers say, ‘‘ The dear things were 
so happy at the picnic that they over- 
worked and are not well to-day.” 

This boy should be kept on plain 
food, and have ample exercise in the 
open air and have plenty of time to 
sleep. He should be permitted to 
have Jiberty—large liberty in his play, 


256 


How To Stupy SIrRANGERS, 


because he must make a noise, lift 
heavy things and carry on a big busi- 
ness. He is not one of the persons 


who will stand over a counter and 
sell pins, buttons, tape and other 
He would do better 


knick-knacks. 


‘‘the laws of the Medes and the 
Persians,”’ finished and settled when 
once uttered, and crying and teasing 
should not be permitted to win a vic- 
tory for him. If any unjust require- 
ment is made of him, and it seems to 


BiG. ea Ua: Geen 


in a big manufactory, where iron is 
made by the ton, where cars are 
builded or where they are used in 
actual service, or he would do well as 
a contractor about a city doing large 
work. He will make a man with 
boots on; he will not go through the 
world with dancing slipperson. There 
is nothing dainty, delicate or little 
about his ways, his works and his 
thoughts. He has a capital memory 
and gooa judgment. He has mechan- 
ical ingenuity, also large Acquisitive- 
ness, and he will make money some- 
where and he will be willing to earn 
it. He will always want to work by 
the piece if he works at hand work, 
or he will want to take a contract and 
bossthe job. But those who deal with 
him ought to be calm, patient and 
consistent, and if it is necessary to 
deny him anything it should be like 


HEADSTRONG, POSITIVE AND PLUCKY. 


be apparent so that he will know it, 
it should be retracted and apologized 
for, and then he will understand that 
if his superior should make a mistake 
it will be rectified, and if anything is 
said, not being a mistake, it must not 
be modified or changed. I would 
not advise a loud, harsh voice in his 
training, and I would not talk to him 
while he was crying. I would wait 
until he stopped and then reason with 
him and show him why it is not right 
that he should carry his point, and 
why the injunction or requirement is 
reasonable and proper to be given 
and tobe submittedto. He has brain 
enough to understand if he is only 
treated with calmness, consistency 
and persistency, but he ought to be 
taught, to start with, that justice and 
kindness rule, and that kicking and 
crying will not dethrone justice. We 


HoOpEFUL CANDIDATES. 2 


ur 
~sJ 


will not say that one or two wisely 
applied corporal punishments in his 
early time might not be a means of 
grace to him. A child who has as 
much vitality and physique as he has 
can sometimes be appealed to with 


his social affections. If the father or 
mother would say, ‘‘ You donot want 
us to feel sad and sorry because you 
are naughty, as we always must, do 
you? You want us to love you, and 
therefore you ought to do that which 


FIG, 2 T 4. G. L. N, 


blows, calmly but thoroughly applied, 
more effectually, or at least more 
readily, than by reasoning. We no- 
tice that when kittens become ob- 
streperous the mother cat sometimes 


gives them a cuff with her paw 
and they come to terms and 
seem to consider it all right, 


and while most children could be 
better trained without corporal pun- 
ishment, some kind of penalty should 
always be understood to be the con- 
sequence of persistent disobedience. 
For instance, the denial of some 
pleasure to-morrow, Or some other 
time, so that the child will find out 
that the ‘way of the transgressor”’ 
is made hard for him, and that there- 
fore he brings down the punishment 
on his own head, and then the throne 
of justice will be glorious. This boy 
can also be trained by an appeal to 


‘64 WHOLE TEAM.”’ 


will make you lovely and not be con- 
trary, cross, selfish and headstrong.” 
And whatever happens he should not 
be pacified when he is wrangling and 
crying in anger, by being submitted 
to. When he commenced to cry and 
storm I would send him into another 
room and say, ‘‘Now you may stay 
there until you get through crying 
and until you can be a good boy, and 
when you think you can be good you 
may rap with your knuckles on the 
door and then we will see about it.’’ 
He has his mother’s intellect and his 
mother’s affections, but the middle 
section of the head, from the ear 
over the top, is like the father. He 
has the feminine thinking and loving 
faculties and the masculine executive 
faculties, hence is frequently quite 
unlike in his mode of feeling and 
action. 


CHAPTER ex ocr, 


BABY’S DAY IN A PICTURE GALLERY. * 


IG. 215.) Noj-a hassamtousi, 

wiry, enduring constitution, 

and will be frank, independent and 
self-reliant. 

No. 2 has a broad head. Full of 
fire and force, policy, prudence, tact 
and management. Fond of property, 
ingenious, excitable and of mental 
temperament. 

No. 3 is not very cautious; is in- 
dependent, frank and enduring. 

No. 4 is hardy, strong, intelligent, 
open-hearted, proud-spirited and firm. 

No. 5 has a very sensitive, excit- 
able nature. Notconstituted for the 
rough, hard usages of life. Is quick, 
brilliant and sensitive. 

No. 6 has small Secretiveness and 


Acquisitiveness. Is open-hearted, 
frank, comscientious, ambitious and 
positive. 


No. 7 has a good constitution, is 
likely to be large, healthy and hand- 
some. The dark complexion gives 
power and endurance. Has a good 
memory, economy, — policy, force, 
enterprise and self-reliance. Will 
make a good scholar and teacher, 

No. 8. Thischildis as bright asa 
diamond. Eager, excitable, will be 
a good scholar and a good worker. 
Will be ingenious and smart as steel, 
and though not hardy and tough, has 
the sign of long life. 

No. g looks like a judge; wise, 
thoughtful, sensible, scholarly, in- 
genious, firm, ambitious and inclined 
to lead. 

No. 1o will enjoy this life and be 
in no hurry to leave it. Has an en- 
during constitution, is not over care- 
ful and anxious and is inclined to be 


frank and to speak right straight 
onward as it thinks and feels. 

No. 11. This isan excitable child. 
Its ginger has a little pepper in it; 
will be quick-tempered, brilliant, in- 
genious, forcible, watchful and faith- 
ful, 

No,” “32, Here 1s. ‘intelligence, 
memory, reasoning power, wit, 
artistic taste, but not much love for 
money and not much inclined to 
defend self. Will be amiable, prud- 
ent and very intelligent. 

No. 13 is firm, respectful, frank, 
liberal, sympathetical, with a memory 
that holds everything that touches it. 

No. 14. Dark-complexioned, en- 
during, bright, excitable and quick 
in motion. 

No. 15. Intellectual, ingenious, 
imitative, witty, sociable, self-reliant, 
but not very selfish. 

No. 16. Not precocious; will be a 
good scholar. Will remember what 
is done and beable to recall it and 
tell it. Not very strong in appetite. 
Rather a large head for the face and 
will be inclined to anxiety but not to 
fear. Will be in a hurry to get there 
and accomplish that which needs to 
be done. 


No. 17. A predominant Vital tem- 
perament. Will be healthy if rightly 
fed. Has a good memory. Will be 


*Our friend, De L. Sackett, of [larvard, 1l1., who: 
is a graduate of the American Institute of Phrenology 
in New York, class of ’89, and who is also a leader 
in photographic art, has kindly sent a group of fifty 
eight buds of beauty and immortality for our Child 
Culture Department, which he took separately with 
his own hands in one day, September 20, 1894—which 
he calls ‘* Baby’s Day.’? They were taken singi of 
the usual size. Proofs of these were carefully ar- 
ranged, and a reduced copy made, as here presented. 
Each child was less than a year cold, 


Basy’s DAY IN A PicruRE GALLERY. 2* 


nm 
© 


a good scholar, fond of traveling and 
inclined to have its own way. Not 
extra cautious and not very selfish in 
money matters; not severe in temper, 
but more headstrong and positive. 


FIGS. 215 TO 272. 


No. 18. This little fellow is wide- 
awake. Will be fairly ingenious, not 
very selfish in property matters, 
ought to be so related to business 
affairs as not to have much complica- 
tion in money matters, and probably 
will do as well onasalary as any way. 


No. 19. We think this child is 
about two months old. Its dark com- 
plexion will make it enduring and 
tough. The head is rather narrow, 


and high for its width and will be 


 BABY’S DAY.’’—GROUP OF FIFTY-EIGHT, 


more intellectual and self-reliant than 
selfish, and more inclined to scholar- 
ship and government than to mechan- 
ism or merchandising, 

No. 20. This is a Vital, Mental 
temperament. A thinker and a sound 
one and is a well balanced head. 


260 


Ought not to be hurried in anything. 
Ought not to be shown brilliant pict- 
ures, brilliant toys and _ exciting 
sports. Let that child pretty much 
alone and it will amuse itself, if it 
has three blocks and a stick. It will 
devise ways and means of information 
and entertainment. Willmakea good 
scholar, a worthy citizen and will 
probably live to be eighty years old. 

No. 21. Thischild has the Motive 
temperament with a good share of the 
Vital. will be tough and enduring. 
Will have a good appetite and good 
lung power, will be excitable when 
provoked because there is pride, am- 
bition, determination and not a great 
deal of restraining power. Secretive- 
ness is not large enough to enable it 
to cover up its purposes and hold the 
fire burning and smothering within 
when it is not pleasant or profitable 
to let it out. This child will be intel- 
lectual, scholarly and independent, 
but perhaps not very successful in 
- financiering and making bargains. 

No. 22 has a fairly balanced head; 
there are not many extremes in this 
child. There is a clear-cut Mental 
and Motive temperament; there will 
be endurance, hardihood, determina- 
tion, thoroughness and clearness of 
intellect, and also a positive will. 

No. 23. This is a delicate, refined, 
polite, gracious and influential person, 
not much given to appetite. There 
will be refinement and artistic taste, 
but not so much power to grasp duty 
and effort and make itself master of 
the situation. 

No. 24. Here we find a child that 
must be very nearly a year old. One 
of the healthiest, heartiest, and most 
vigorous and vital persons that we 
meet. Will enjoy life, not because it 
is laughing now, but because the 
temperament and constitution are 
such as to make it take life on its 
sunny side. It will want all out of 
doors for breathing room, and there 
will be no pulmonary difficulty in that 
house on its account. Then the full- 
ness of the cheek outward from the 
mouth indicates that there ought to 


How To StTuDY STRANGERS. 


—_ ee 


be a provision market not far of. 
The form of the head is interesting. 
Across the eyebrows the forehead is 
prominent, and all the facts that are 
within reach of the eyes or the tele- 
phone will be nutrition for it, but the 
upper part of the forehead is not so 
large. No. 20 hasa very differently 
formed forehead; is the philosopher 
and thinker, and this one is the ob- 
server and talker; will see every- 
thing, and have a jolly something to 
say about it. See how high the head 
rises at the crown! That child will 
always feel ‘‘I am here; the place is 
not lonesome.’ We find here inde- 
pendence, self-reliance, determina- 
tion and will power that stand up 
for its own rights and interests, and 
for the interests of its friends. The 
faculty of Cautiousness is rather 
small, and there will be a tendency 
to rashness; will take chances, run 
into danger and difficulty, but will 
work through it and over it. The 
temperaments of the parents of that 
child were so developed as to give us 
a specimen of health such as we 
rarely meet with. There is business 
talent and love for property, there is 
energy and a high temper when 
excited. 

No. 25. This child is delicate, 
sensitive and thoughtful. Will be 
scholarly and manifest policy, smooth- 
ness and prudence, anda good degree 
of integrity. This is a well-balanced 
head and face, and it is quite possible 
its friends may think it handsome ,an 
opinion which probably will not be 
cured by time, that is, in twenty-five 


years. 
No. 26 is of the Mental type; ex- 
citable, sensible, ingenious, eco- 


nomical, prudent, honest, witty and 
agreeable when not provoked, but in- 
clined to sting with sharp words when 
provoked. 

No. 27 is younger than some of the 
children in the group, but it is a wiry 
organization, and will endure about 
as much accident and abuse as falls 
to the lot of mankind, and will man- 
age to come through, if not un- 


PABY’s DAY IN A PICTURE GALLERY 


scathed, at least unconquered. ‘That 
child will be active; not as quick as 
a cat, for thatis rather a high stand- 
ard, but people will use that phrase 
in respect to it. Will be a nimble 
worker, a rapid talker, and will stop 
when it gets through. It has a good 
memory, considerable taste and re- 
finement, is frank, self-reliant, will 
earn success and deserve it. 

No. 28. This child is different 
from all who precede it. It has a 
very delicate temperament, a white 
skin, a fine quality, and is not tough 
and enduring. The head is narrow 
and high. Compare this face and 
the form of this head with No. 7, 
20 or 26. This child will be the soul 
of frankness. Will make straight 
lines, will understand the Multiplica- 
tion Table and the Ten Command- 
ments, and incline to square every- 
thing by the rule of equity. Con- 
scientiousness, Firmness, Veneration, 
Benevolence and _ Spirituality are 
large, but the selfish propensities, 
located along the side-head, and 
which, when large give breadth to 
the head, are not strongly developed. 
In this child there is a good deal of 
St. John, as we read his character— 
peaceful, gentle and unselfish. 

No. 29. If the reader can take a 
magnifying glass and throw a strong 
light on this child’s face and head it 
will be noticed that forward of where 
the hair covers it the head is rounded 
out. In the middle and lower part 
of the forehead it is exceedingly full. 
This child will see everything there 
is to be seen and remember it. 
Will remember places and never 
get turned around. Will be good 
in figures, good in music, and 
good in mechanism. Is a natural 
imitator and will learn to do any- 
thing it sees done. Is not very 
strong in Acquisitiveness, Secretive- 
ness or Destructiveness, but is strong 
in Self Esteem, Firmness and Ap- 
probativeness. Will be ambitious, 
but not selfish, and will be intel- 
lectual, scholarly and philosophical. 

No. 30. When this picture was 


261 


taken the child's attention was 
awakened by something that pro- 
duced astonishment. The eyes are 
broadly open, and the perceptive 
intellect being active and excited it 
makes a bright, intelligent but rather 
an astonished looking countenance. 
The mouth is slightly open, but older 
people sometimes open the mouth 
when astonished. This will be a 
bright scholar, industrious, sprightly 
and rather excitable in the way of 
anger and pleasure, because the tem- 
perament is favorable to excitability, 
just as kindling wood burns faster 
than a couple of big sticks. 

No. 3t has a narrow head, it is 
flattened on the sides. There is very 
little policy or greed for gain and not 
much mechanical ingenuity. 

No. 32. We venture to call hima 
boy. He believes in himself. He is 
clear-headed and quick to see and to 
know. He will be quick witted, 
have a good memory and a straight- 
forward, confidential method of deal- 
ing with people whom he likes. 

No. 33. This child has also dark 
hair and a predominance of the mo- 
tive temperament. They look nearly 
enough alike to be twins and yet 
twins sometimes show the blonde and 
brunette type in marked contrast like 
the parents. This child should not 
be hurried in his acquisition of knowl- 
edge nor should he be excited. He 
will not need prompting and exciting 
to awaken his attention and interest. 

No. 34. Ilere is a well-balanced 
face and head. The light complexion, 
and especially the light blue eye, 
would indicate refinement and _ in- 
tellectuality and sprightliness rather 
than toughness, hardihood and en- 
durance. The head seems to be 
large, and I suppose the parents of 
this child were educated, that their 
minds were active and that the child 
israther old ofitsage. Intellectually 
it has breadth, scope and intensity; 
a good memory, thinking power, Con- 
scientiousness, Firmness,  self-reli- 
ance, decidedly strong prudence, with 
a good degree of economy. 


262 


How To Strupy STRANGERS. 


No. 35. This shows the mental, 
motive temperament. A very posi- 
tive nature, knows what it wants and 
will go for it. Not satisfied to wait 
for somebody’s opinion to ripen and 
give permission for that which might 
be desired. Would incline to go for- 
ward and try experiments, take its 
rights and use them. Will be ambi- 
tious, honest, straightforward, spright- 
ly and well balanced in intellect. 

No. 36 has a head wide at the top, 
and shaped like that of Fig. 193 
onsipage®§ 237, which we. call. “The 
Student.” If this child can be -so 
kept back that it will not become 
feverish in the brain and nervous sys- 
tem, and can be permitted to learn by 
observation and not by direct and 
earnest instruction, it will learn as 
much as it ought to know and as 
fastas it ought to learn. ‘Thisis one 
of the kind who is apt to be preco- 
cious and know too much for its age 
and so induce nervous excitability 
that will prostrate its health and 
shorten its career; but such a brain 
as that, or such a mind as inhabits 
that brain, will have a career some- 
where, even if the first session is 
short. We mean that if this child is 
treated by half a dozen cousins and 
aunts with loving enthusiasm and 
talked at, questioned and made old 
before its time it may early wear out, 
and if pampered on rich food and per- 
mitted to be eating half the time dur- 
ing the day, it will have dyspepsia 
and become nervous and quite un- 
settled, but if it can have simple 
ood = Wand yas: permittedi to eat 
only three times a day it will have 
appetite enough. This child should 
neither go to school very early nor 
have all the picture books and play- 
things that often surround childhood. 
Its head is shaped too much like that 
of Edgar Allen Poe. It is wide at 
the top and there is a wonderful de- 
velopment of the reasoning and the 
planning powers, great imagination, 
poetic fancy and Spirituality. There 
is too much Caution here to enable 
the child to live comfortably in such 


a worldas this and the terrors of dark- 
ness and danger should never be 
talked about in its presence. The 
moral and religious organs are 
strongly developed, but the head is 
not broad enough through the ears 
for the upper development. There is 
not a brighter child in this group, but 
there are many who have more of the 
elements of healthy endurance, hard- 
ihood and the ability to grapple suc- 
cessfully with the rough achievements 
of life. 

No. 37 is a young candidate for 
fame and for fortune and has a fair 
degree of harmony with more stability 
thanforce. It will not be a very hard 
child to manage. 

No. 38. The little face serves as 
an outlook for the one belowit. A 
brilliant little girl, sensitive, not very 
enduring and liable to be precocious. 
means for exciting this child should 
be avoided as much as possible. 

No. 39 has a substantial organiza- 
tion but is very combative, and I am 
surprised not to see the hand 
clinched. This child will not need a 
big brother to go to school with for 
the sake of protection. Boy or girl, 
this child will fight its own battles. 
It will keep its own counsel although 
it has a wide open eye which is in- 
duced by skillful treatment in the 
artist’s gallery, andit must be remem- 
bered that it takes no small amount 
of skill to interest children and get a 
pleasant look in the pictures. This 
child is fond of property, fond of 
mechanism, fond of mirth, has an ex- 
cellent memory and good reasoning 
power and will make a good scholar. 
Will be firm, ambitious, hopeful and 
will begin to hustle pretty early in 
life. If the funds. are short ;and 
scarce this candidate for success will 
try some means tosecureit, He will 
be ingenious and a great worker. 

No. 40. Thisis atough child. It 
will recover from illness and injury, 
will pick itself up when it falls and 
while the tears evoked by pain may 
still be shining, it will smile through 
them in pursuit of the fun that is still 


BaBy’s DAY IN. A PICTURE GALLERY. 


263 


to be achieved. ‘There is a good deal 
of ready common sense, will take ad- 
vantage of circumstances in its 
methods of playing. If it cannot 
climb high enough to reach some- 
thing from a chair it will get a hassock 
and put that on top and manage, not 
to fall, will balance itself on its own 
center and entertain itself. Half a 
dozen blocks and as many corn-cobs 
will be tools enough to keep its mind 
satisfied. 

No. 41 is a calculator and will 
manage to plan in such away that 
somebody else will do the drudgery 
while this one holds the purse strings 
or the net to catch the fish. In all 
plays and games there will be no lack 
of a managerto run affairs accord- 
ing to schedule or usage. Here is 
prudence and policy, intelligence and 
ingenuity, Imitation and Agreeable- 
ness. This child can persuade others 
by Agreeablenessand command them 
by Self-esteem and Combativeness; 
will run its own machine and want to 
call something its own, and if it lived 
onafarm there would be one calf, 
chicken, pig or kitten that would be 
claimed and petted. The sense of 
ownership is strong. 

No. 42 hasa narrow head, broadest 
at the base and running up rather 
high. When people begin to use 
subterfuge, deception and jokes that 
are concealed, this child will look in 
amazement at the whole business. It 
will call a spade, a sfade, and it will 
call black, d/ack and not use indirect 
phraseology. It will use the word 
hard for firm or indurated, and if it 
becomes a writer people will know 
what it is talking about. There will 
bea straight line from premise to 
conclusion. We find hereabruptness, 
lack of policy and sometimes a lack 
of prudence but nolack of integrity 
and no lack of determination and 
self-reliance. Its memory will not 
forget and when it tells anecdotes 
will be right as to time, place and cir- 
cumstances, andif it ever should be 
tempted to tell a lie it would be open, 
manifest and straightforward. This 


child will bea good scholar and an 
influential citizen, but will always be 
as Straight as a line. 

No. 43 1s a different type. Re- 
fined, delicate, somewhat immature. 
Head rather broad than high. Will 
use policy and indirect methods of 
reaching results; will be ingenious, 
imitative and not very devout, but 
rather strongly inclined to take care 
of number one. Napoleon said, 
‘Providence is on the side of the 
heaviest cannon,” and this child will 
believe in the means within his own 
reach, and not cry for mother or 
sister to help until personal means 
have been exhausted. 

No. 44 is very different from No. 
36 and No. 43. This head is high at 
the crown, and rather narrow. 
There is but little prudence, very 
little policy and about as headstrong 
a spirit as can be found. Conscien- 
tiousness is well developed, but the 
lines of its life will be so straightly 
drawn as to be unaccommodating. 
Compromise will not belong to its 
career. It will regard compromise as 
fraud or cowardice, or a cross be- 
tween the two, as it frequently is. 

No. 45 has a roundhead. Espe- 
cially brilliant in memory and observa- 
tion, and will be a good linguist; a 
good literary scholar and have a fair 
development of morality and a strong 
sense of ‘‘me and mine;” will be an 
ardent lover and a good contender for 
the achievement of rights and in- 
terests. This person will buy more 
with five dollars than most persons 
would be able to get. When these 
brilliant blue eyes look tenderly and 
anxiously upon a person who wants 
to sell goods, there will be a disposi- 
tion to accomodate the price to the 
wishes of the buyer, and this person 
would also make a fine salesman. 

No. 46 is going to be a large, 
strong, substantial person. The 
temperament is favorable to endur- 
ance, being rather dark. The breadth 
of the head is ample for its height, 
and its vital system is sufficient to 
sustain the brain and the framework 


264 


How To STuDY., STRANGERS. 


ee 


in the labors of life. There will be 
massiveness, endurance and tough- 
ness and great vital recuperation. 
As a scholar the child will not be as 
brilliant as sound and broad; should 
not havea snappy, impatient teacher, 
but one who will calmly and ac- 
curately explain subjects and the 
pupil will take it all in, digest it and 
make the most of it. He will make a 
good lawyer, a good minister, a good 
speaker and sound thinker. 


NO.047 «3.1 ELereniS.a asinal aden. 
cate child with a narrow head 
andwathe, Cars. ADretty, (nig wap, 


It is sensitive and should not be 
rudely or unwisely treated or man- 
aged, Should be warmly clad in cold 
weather, carefully and properly fed, 
and if treated wisely, may weather 
the struggle of existence to mid- 
life. 

No. 48 has a different head. See 
how broad it is above and about the 
ears and how low down the ears are. 
This child will live in spite of much 
misfortune; will conquer the diseases 
incident to childhood and get overa 
hard cold. Contrast this head with 
No. 28 and compare it with Nos. 7 
and 24! Here we have the mechanic, 
the trader, the hard worker and the 
defender of self-interests. There is 
not a great deal of Caution—there is 
more force than prudence and if it 
ever gets into a fight it will not mind 
being hurt some, but let No. 47 or No. 
28 be assailed they will offer com- 
promises of peace. If this child were 
left an orphan it would find a home, 
earn a living, make friends and rise 
to distinction in spite of misfortune, 
and when it is old enough to dicker 
with knives, tops or other childish 
property, it will make money out of 
the school children. It will buy a 
knife and find that it cuts well, and 
on the strength of the fact that some 
knives, on trial, do not cut well, will 
double its money. 

No. 49. This dark-haired, bright- 
eyed, plump little candidate for fame 
and fortune will work its own pas- 
sage; will be high-tempered and 


when crossed or the gate is shut in 
its face it will jump like india rubber 
for redress. People will learn to con- 
ciliate this child; to lead rather than 
drive it; to persuade its judgment 
and taste rather than to contravene 
by authority. Memory is one of the 
marks of progress and success, Criti- 
cism is another, and knowledge of 
character is another, ‘This child will 
read strangers; will like some and 
dislike others, young as it is. 

No. 50isaharmoniouschild. Every 
feature of the face seems to be well de- 
veloped and it does not take much 
imagination to see eighteen years in 
that youngster, and it is likely that. 
some of its relatives will think it 
handsome hereafter. The hair is 
combed like a boy. He will want to 
dress in style, and he will have taste 
as to what style is. He willbe clean 
to.a fault,and exact in referencesto 
the proprieties of. life. Will make a 
fine scholar, a good reasoner and 
speaker. Has a fertile imagination 
and faith enough to accept whatever 
is generally believed, especially in mat- 
ters pertaining to faith. The child 
behind is~ pointing with its finger at 
the region of Ideality and Spirituality 
in this head, which is full in that 
region. This child will be wonder- 
fully teachable and the best scholar 
in the school if its health can be 
properly cared for. 

No. 51 has a good head and espe- 
cially an intellectual head. The ele- 
ments of reverence, faith and sym- 
pathy are not quite as strong as in 
Nos. 50 and 36, and decorum will be 
its mode of manifestation. It has 
enough of the selfish elements to be 
mindful of itsown rightsand interests, 
and will have courage enough to de- 
fend them. It should be trained in 
the physical methods to develop 
bodily vigor and have sleep enough 
to rest the brain. About half of the 
children thus far discussed on this 
group require an extra amount of 
sleep. There are a few here who will 
not take a great deal and who will not 
need two-thirds as much asthe rest. 


Bapy’s DAY IN A PICTURE GALLERY. 265 


No. 52 attracts attention from the 
extreme fullness of the middle part of 
the forehead and that means histori- 
cal memory; the ability to snatch the 
truth before it is fairly ripened and to 
rememberit forever. This child wants 
to hear stories and will listen to the 
reading or convérsation as soon as it 
can grasp them. It will be a thinker; 
is old of its age although its physi- 
ognomy is not ripened like Nos. 24, 
50 and 7, but when this child is 
twenty-five years old that nose will 
have gotten into shape, the lips into 
something besides infantile form and 
the general constitution will be 
ripened and rounded into 150 or 160 
pounds and his word will be law. The 
child will be a kind of master in its 
Israel. It is a little like a winter 
apple; it will ripen as time advances. 

No. 53. This child will be the 
talker of the party. The words will 
flow like oil and pleasantly. Here is 
large Approbativeness which will give 
a tendency to flatter people and to 
say agreeable things in a very oily 
and honeyfied manner. This child will 
be popular, the leading star of the 
party, but not the most intellectual 
and not the most logical. No. 46, 
right over its head will weigh the 
logical topics and sit in judgment on 
the matters which are strong and 
weighty. This one will tell a funny 
story, will make bright common con- 
versation and will be the one to talk 
to a bashful boy who has not been 
much in society and has small Lan- 
guage. Thischild has large Language, 
the eye stands right out and the whole 
countenance is a speaking one. The 
front half of that head, including the 
eyes, is like the mother, giving lo- 
quacious brilliancy, and the middle 
and the crown sections of the head 
are like the father, and the middle 
section of the face is like the father. 
There is a better combination than 
blending of the two parents in this 
child. It has inherited by sections, 
It has the will-power, the conscien- 
tiousness, the ambition and the energy 
of the father, and the tastes, the 


memory, the conversational ability 
and the availibility of mind belong- 
ing to the mother. 

No. 54 has been beckoning to me 
from the top of the card to himself. 
This isa bundle of solid happiness. 
There is strong vital power and 
when he goes to the table and they 
ask him what he wants he will say, 
‘T want dinner; what do you sup- 
pose I came to the table for?” And 
if they say, ‘‘Well, what do you 
want?” he will answer, ‘‘I want din- 
ner.” And he will not care so much 
what it is as long as he can dine on 
it. That is to say, he is a hearty 
feeder, and he has the powers of 
bodily life amply and heartily de- 
veloped. He looks as if he were 
thoroughly healthy and as if he had 
no notes to pay, or else had plenty of 
money with which to pay them and 
as if he had no unfulfilled desires. 
He will take life by its smooth handle, 
and yet he is wide awake about know- 
ing. There are few children in this 
group who are more in earnest about 
finding out than he is, and there are 
few who will know morethan he does 
about what is true. He belongs toa 
healthy, solid, but perhaps not to a 
very highly-cultured stock. If he 
wants to be a mechanic he can work 
at it, and if he were a blacksmith he 
would like to shoe iron-gray horses 
that were heavy and strong and not 
extra quiet. He will always be proud 
of the fact that he is able to master 
the situation, and if another boy 
wants to play roughly with him he 
says, ‘‘Come on; pitch right in, do 
your best; this is football,’’ and he 
will laugh if he gets hurt. Contrast 
this face and temperament with Nos. 
9, 34, 36 and 50. _ Life tastes good 
to him and he would like to get two 
days of it at once. Hewill be a 
great worker and will want good pay, 
but he will be a high-toned, moral 
fellow, although not extra delicate in 
his way of administering affairs. I 
fancy that No. 53 has taken a liking 
to him, for in the group 53 looks asif 
admiring the smiling boy, and as 


266 


these pictures were all taken sepa- 
rately and afterward ingeniously 
laid together and the group thus 
copied, we will not encourage the 
boy to believe that he has made a 
conquest. 

No. 55. Now we come to the pre- 
siding bishop. Is not that a self- 
poised face? It looks as if he knew 
the whole business, as if he had made 
up his mind about it and was pretty 
well satisfied with what he sees and 
with himself. We find here health, 
a good degree of strength and the 
elements of happiness. No. 54 will 
take care of himself—he would pick 
up a living. No. 55 mzy wanka little 
more assistance, and will avail him- 
self of aid embodied in the means of 
civilization. I fancy he would liketo 
have an elevatorto take him up stairs, 
although he might walk down stairs. 
No. 54 would be likely to try his speed 
going up while No: 55 would wait for 
theelevator, andif he(No. 54) gotup 
as soon as the elevator, or a little 
before, even though he were all out 
of breath, he would feel that he had 
won a glorious victory. No. 54looksas 
if he would liketo buckle in and run 
a race against the elevator, or a street 
car, but No. 55 wants books, and if 
there was an opportunity for a good 
education he would get it and know 
what todo with it. He is ingenious, 
cautious and fond of property, but 
he will want to get it by running a 
bank, an insurance company or a 
manufactory where he could co-ordi- 
nate the labor of others and preside 
over the whole establishment. He 
would like to see Superintendent 
printed under his name, or Colonel 
printed ahead of it.. We advise the 
parents to see what they can do to 
make him a benefit to himself and a 
blessing to the world, but they should 
not be in a hurry about it. He should 
have time to ripen and he will ripen 
fast enough; he will be strong rather 
than precocious. 

No. 56. This head is a little out 
of shape and so are several of the 
others. Infancy often shows a dis- 


How To Strupy STRANGERS. 


parity in the two sides of the head, 
sometimes because all the members 
of the family hold it on one arm, and 
the skull being thin the weight of the 
brain puts the head a little out of 
shape, but when the child gets on its 
feet and uses the brain and all the 
functions then it cames into shape 
again. The right side of this head 
seems to be considerably larger than 
the left side and it roofs up toward 
the back part more slanting on the 
left side than on the right side, but 
there is Firmness and Self-esteem, 
there is memory and judgment and 
there is fair talking talent, but not 
excessive. 

Our friend, Mr. Sackett, of Harvard, 
Ill., took all these pictures in one day, 
and has, in making up the combina- 
tion, put some of his best speakers 
and thinkers in front. We have 
noticed that where a college picture 
is taken some of the foremost pupils 
like to get on the front seat. ; 

No. 57. This elegant adjustment 
of the little girl’s hair we imagine is 
the fancy of the mother or the sister 
rather than of itself, but we can see in 
the face and in the shape of the head 
a tendency to show style when she gets 
to a point where style is invited, and 
she may perhaps forestall style and put 
it on before it is needed. She is a 
bright girl, has a good memory, reads 
character like a book, has politeness 
and agreeableness and is decidedly 
positive in spirit. If the parting of 
the hair is followed backward it will 
be noticed that the head rises in the 
region of Firmness and Self-esteem 
and she will demur to that which 
does not please her and she will do it 
in a snappy kind of way. She will 
say: ‘‘I do not want it that way; 
girls do not wear their hair that way; 
I will have it this way.”’ She will be 
attractive, sensitive, nervous and 
liable to exhaust her vitality rapidly 
in the school or in the party. She is 
not going to be an idler for there is 
not a lazy element in her composi- 
tion. In fact, there are not very 
many pictures here that look as if 


CONTENTED INNOCENCE. 


267 


laziness were a part of their nature. 
The fact that on September 20, 1894, 
on ‘‘ Babies’ Day,’’ so many mothers 
managed to get to the studio, shows 
that either in the mother or the artist 
there was not much laziness or negli- 
gence. 
' No. 58. We think this boy is worth 
raising. He has an uncommonly well- 
made face, and for so young a child 
his head seems to be large and well 
balanced. That is to say, the differ- 
ent parts are about equally developed. 
He will be a thinker, a scholar and I 
think a lawyer, and perhaps a goy- 
ernor. He could be a mechanic, a 


FIG, 273. 
merchant ora banker, and he will be 
boss of the job somewhere, and will 
be a master of men. He is cautious, 
prudent and shrewd and yet straight- 
forward. His moral development will 
keep him upright and just; will be 
liberal and sympathetical, and a kind 
of central figure, not merelyin his own 
family, but wherever he may move. 
He will probably be the valedictorian 
of his class, or the stroke-oar in re- 
gattas. I fancy his parents will know 
enough to bring him uprightly, especi- 


ally if they study hygiene and physi- 
ology and learn the principles on 
which mental science is based. 

Fig. 273. Here’ we have beauty 
unadorned, health without alloy, hap- 
piness without care and contentment 
without conditions. Note the satis- 
faction in that eye, the hearty, healthy, 
robust and loving expression about 
the mouth and the plumpness and 
vitality of the entire bodily structure. 


_See the philosophic repose of those 


arms, repose without somnolence. 
Here certainly are conditions that be- 


long to long life, and to uninterrupted 


health and the happiness which comes 


CONTENTED INNOCENCE, 


from health. Here is a large brain. 
This boy will be an_ observer 
and thinker and will have a will of 
his own. Will be witty, ingenious, 
skillful, provident, economical, ener- 
getic and thorough. Doubtless par- 
ental love, as a leading faculty 
embodied in the mental constitution 
of our readers, will be satisfied that 
for a baby, six months old, this isa 
full pattern that needs little help, 
responding to all that can be wished 
for, and supplying a_ substantial 


268 


How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


foundation for all that is desirable 
and hopeful in human nature. 

The artist’s cute device of laying a 
mirror in front of the lounge to 
represent water is quite picturesque, 
reminding us of Milton’s description 
of Eve when first she saw herself re- 
flected in the lake which mirrored the 
beautiful, blue heavens. 

**That day I oft remember, when from sleep 

I first awaked, and found myself reposed 

Under a shade on flowers, much wondering 
where 

And what I was, whence thither brought 
and how. 

Not distant far from thence a murmuring 
sound 

Of waters issued from a cave, and spread 

Into a liquid plain, then stood unmoved 

Pure as the expanse of Heaven; I thither 
went 

With unexperienced thought, and laid me 
down 

On the green bank, to look into the clear 

Smooth lake, that to me seemedanother sky. 

As I bent down to look, just opposite 

A shape within the watery gleam appear’d, 

Bending to look on me: I started back; 

It started back; but pleased I soon re- 
turned ; 

Pleased it return’d as soon with answering 
looks 

Of sympathy and love.’ 


Fig. 274. Roy Taylor. Thisis the 
picture of a boy when he was only a 
year and seven months old. He is 
endowed with wonderful executive 
energy and a tendency to be always 
on the alert. He has a large brain, 
a quick intellect, an inquiring spirit, 
excellent memory and artistic taste. 
He sees pictures in the carpet, on the 
wallpaper, in the clouds and in the 
curling smoke from the chimneys and 
always has it right, for it looks to 
others as it does to him after he has 
pointed it out. He has also a very 
fine development of the faculty of 
Calculation. Between the eye-ball 
and the outside of the base of the 
eye-brow about where the little curl 
of hair shows, is an indication of 
large Calculation. He is noted for 
mental arithmetic and since he has 
become older than the picture repre- 
sents, he teases his friends to state to 
him difficult problems—fractions, and 
ne always wants something hard. If 


an easy question is asked him he 
speaks contemptuously of it and says: 
‘‘Oh, that is easy; give me some- 
thing worth attending to.”’ 

The crown of his head is high, 
showing Self-esteem, Firmness and 
Conscientiousness large, his base of 
brain is massive, and with his excit- 
able temperament he is one of the 
greatest workers. He does not want 
an easy task nor a short one, and in 
his plays he contrives the ways and 
methods that have in them the most 
possible effort and labor, and if some- 
body points out an easier way he 
says, ‘‘I know that, but there is not 
work enough in that; I want all the 
work Licane vetwestle- has “been 
brought up without a cradle and with- 
out being rocked to sleep. When 
six weeks old he was quietly laid in 
his crib and although he cried a little 
at first, it was less the second and 
still less the third time, and in a 
week the whole business was ended, 
and ever after when the time came 
for him to take his rest he was laid 
in his crib and he went to sleep when 
he got ready and there never was 
a whimper. Then he would sit at 
the table and eat his oatmeal and 
milk while others were eating other 
things, and when some visitor asked 
him if he would not like something 
else he said: ‘*‘When I am twenty- 
one I am to have food like the rest, 
but now what I have is just right for 
little boys.” He has been fed rightly 
and in many other respects treated 
differently from most children and 
has given less inconvenience to his 
friends in chose respects than chil- 
dren otherwise trained. The idea of 
laying a child in its crib and having 
that end it, whatever else may 
interest the mother or the nurse, 
saves a world of work and worry and 
is a great blessing to a child. Most 
mothers and care-takers of children 
will remember weary hours of getting 
children to sleep and then stepping 
with muffled tread for fear of waking 
them up. The lack of nerve and wise 
consideration required to train a 


My First GREAT-GRANDSON, 


child, once for all, to go to sleep 
when necessary, without rocking and 
cuddling, saves a child and the whole 
family much time, wear of patience 
and unhappy conditions of disposition. 
To be half an hour rocking a baby to 
sleep when the weary mother has a 
meal to prepare for a hungry husband, 
and more hungry schoolboys who 


269 


inconvenience ‘to the parents, a 
source of ill-temper and unhappiness in 
the children, and, what is worse than 
all, it is a means of undermining the 
health of the children while yet sen- 
sitive and immature. Iam told that 
in England children eat apart from 
the older members of the family. 
They have a child’s dining-room and 


FIG. 274. 
think they cannot wait a minute, 
works mischief with the happiness of 
the household and tends to create the 
impression that a baby is a visitation, 


a bother, a nuisance! With any 
healthy child this can all be 
obviated. 


The habit of giving children any- 
thing to eat or drink which they may 
fancy or cry for is a source of great 


ROY TAYLOR, MY FIRST GREAT-GRANDSON, 


assistants to care for the little ones. 
Their food is prepared, and when it 
is proper for the children to eat their 
early supper it is given to them and 
is of a simple and nutritious charac- 
ter, adapted to a growing child, and 
then they can retire early and sleep 
enough. If children could be rightly 
fed until twelve years old it would 
greatly decrease their early mortality, 


CHAPTER XXXII. 


A GRANDFATHER’S FIRST FONDLINGS. 


NO es in human experience 
is so utterly unselfish, con- 
siderate and patient as parental love; 
nor is the love of young confined to 
the’ human race. Instances are 
numerous in which bird and beast 
have risked life and sacrificed it in 
defense of their young, but this love 
ceases in the lower animals when the 
helpless, infant state is passed : 
‘‘The young dismissed, to wander earth or 
air 
There stops the instinct and there ends the 
care; 
The link dissolves, each seeks a fresh em- 
brace, 
Another love succeeds another race. 
A longer care man’s helpless kind demands; 
That longer care contracts more lasting 
bands.” 
—POopE. 

Accordingly, we love our grand- 
children with a double fondness and 
tenderness—we magnify their excel- 
lencies and loveliness, as a double 
lens magnifies its object of vision. 
Children’s children are extra dear 
because we have two love-lenses to 
magnify them. 

In this grandfatherly face we seem 
to see a doubly sanctified satisfaction, 
a peaceful serenity that needs noth- 
ing to complete it. When we re- 
member that he weighs 250 pounds, 
and has a 24-in. head, we appreciate 
the calm, massive, and considerate 
content. How his fatherly arms 
grasp, and his glad eyes rejoice in his 
children’s children! We may fitly 
quote and apply to him Burns’ epis- 
' tle to his friend, Tom Moore, since 


both have shown skill in the use of 
the violin: 

‘* Hail be your heart, hail be your fiddle, 
Lang may your elbuk jink and diddle, 

To cheer you through the weary widdle 

Of worldly care; 

Till bairn’s bairns shall kindly cuddle 
Your auld gray hair.” 

If these children develop such a 
brow as his, such memory and prac- 
tical talent and such a tendency to 
study the length and breadth of mat- 
ters of interest, and have such a 
forceful side head, they will not then 
need his or any sheltering arms to aid 
them in the pathway of success. The 
older boy, Roy, Fig. 276, has a broad 
side-head and a large base of brain 
like the grandfather. The younger 
boy is less noisy and executive, but is 
poisedonhisowncenter. He quietly 
considers what he desires and waits 
for an opportunity to achieve it. 
Each of the boys has excellent memory 
and clearness of observation and 
judgment. The older boy has also a 
high crown. Heis full of vim, power 
and push; a bundle of earnestness 
and excitability, reminding one of 
old Dr. Beecher’s definition of elo- 
quences Locre on fire. sane be 
younger boy, Malcolm, 277, is placid, 
patient, and though very persistent, 
isquietabout it. He willsubside when 
forbidden or when strongly opposed, 
but he will keep in mind the purpose 
he has, and when possible, go back 
to it and quietly carry it out. The 
older one would take the citadel by 
storm. What needs to bedoneat all 


A GRANDFATHER'S FIRST FONDLINGS, 


needs to be done with a rush and 
done now, and he is inclined to meet, 
grapple with and master opposition. 
The younger one takes his time, 
makes a spiral circuit of the moun- 
tain with an easy grade and reaches 
the top. The older boy inclines to 
go straight up like the Mt. Washing- 
ton railway, employing the shortest 
line between two points. There 


271 


also the basis for the use of patience 
and steadfastness on the part of those 
who would be their ‘‘ guide, overseer 
and ruler.”’ 

When these pictures were taken, 
Roy was four years and four months 
old, and Malcolm two years and seven 
months old. Roy appeared in Fig. 


274, and the picture was taken at one 
year and seven months, 


FIG. 275, MATHEW TAYLOR AND HIS FIRST GRANDSONS, ROY, FIG, 276, 
AND MALCOLM TAYLOR, FIG, 277. 


seems to be in them the constitution 
or temperament which warrants 
ample size and strength of body and 
brain, and the consequent talent and 
purpose which lay a good foundaticn 
for faith and hope in the results, and 


SIDNEY WILLIAM MILLER. 

Figs. 278, 279. This is a boy of 
Minneapolis. In one picture he looks 
asif he were making a discovery, and 
in the other one as if he had succeeded 
and was happy over it. We cannot 


272 How To STuDY STRANGERS. 


call it happiness on stilts, or happi- 
ness with wings, but happiness with- 
out either. 
wings. 


He will make his own 
In his day the wings of 


FIG. 278. SIDNEY W. MILLER. 


SIDNEY W. MILLER. 


FIG. 279. 


transit for traffic and talk are pro- 
vided. In the early days of his great- 
great-grandfather, seventy years ago, 
Minnesota and a thousand miles far- 
ther East was a howling wilderness, 
and people drove from the Eastern 
States to Ohio with an ox-team, and 
thought they had reached the land of 
sun-down. A letter required sev- 
eral weeks to reach Ohio, and the 
postage was twenty-five cents. Min- 
nesota was discovered, railroads and 
telegraphs built and all ready for this 
boy, and he has just now found out 
that he lives in Minnesota, and Min- 
neapolis at that. Phrenology says of 
this boy that he has a fine intellect, 
that he has one of the acquiring and 
retentive memories, and that he grinds 
his own breadstuff on which to feed 
hisimmortal mind. He will hunt for 
facts and know what they mean and 
put them into shape. He will make 
a leader and a teacher, not merely of 
a class in aschool-house, perhaps, but 
he may strike for older game and lead 
the fathers of the children. He has 
a broad head. Force of ‘character is 
well marked and prudence and policy 
are also well developed. Hehas ambi- 
tion enough to crave the highest and 
best and work for it. He has large 
Conscientiousness and Hope, and he 
will be easily led in the pathway of 
righteousness, if his surroundings are 
favorable; but he will make a racket 
and it will mean something, and when 
he takes ‘‘the stump” he will win 
voters, and when he casts the hook 
or the net the fish will respond. He 
will have more friends than he can 
shelter at once, and he may have to 
**stack them out.” 


FIG. 280. BESSIE AND GLADIS 


CRONKHITE, 


These faces are a beautiful study. 
The six-year-old girl has a real live 
doll in her baby sister. What a fine 
face! How well proportioned! Ad- 
mirable in all its parts; nothing weak . 
in thought, or expressive of slender 
health. Whata fine upper forehead! 
How many questions are coiled up 


SISTERLY MOTHERHOOD, 


273 


there to bother her elders and the 
wise ones. She will make a good 
student, and will want to attend the 
high school before she is old enough 
to get into it; would make a fine 
teacher and a good writer. ‘The 
reasoning intellect is masterful. 
Knowledge of character is also a 
ruling trait. Then she has taste for 
beauty, for wit, poetry, and music, 
and the moral region of the head is 
amply elevated. What a sincere 
face! How truthful and just, and 
what a godsend to the little one to 
have such amotherly monitor; young 


Fig. 281, Gladis. This is a good- 
looking baby; full of interest, wants 
to know it all, and is looking and 
listening for it, and with such a head 
and such a forehead, she will follow 
in the footsteps of her sister and will 
be a perpetual interrogation point, 
and the sister will answer most of the 
questions. What splendid Imitation, 
as well as reasoning intellect. Fine 
Language in both the children; the 
eye is full and liquid. See how broad 
the baby’s head is above and about 
the ears. She will wear out shoes, 
carpets, door-latches and stairs. She 


FIG. 280. 


BESSIE CRONKHITE, SIX YEARS, AND HER 


SISTER GLADIS, FIG. 281, SIX MONTHS OLD. 


enough to sympathize with infancy 
and womanly enough to beckon in- 
fancy onward and upward and regu- 
late and control the young mind 
wisely and well. One would not 
think, without remembering, that 
some bright and beautiful day their 
pathways will separate. Somebody 
will institute the dividing line, and 
while the little one will be glad and 
the elder happy, there will be pen- 
siveness and a shadow mingling with 
the sunshine, 


will be wonderfully witty, hopeful 
and enthusiastic; will love everybody 
except those who offend her. She 
will be an economist; will be a free 
talker, but a wise one, and will hold 
her tongue when it is not wise to say 
anything. Caution will keep her out 
of harm’s way, and Friendship will 
win for her much attention. The 
picture reminds us of the lines: 

** In childhood’s happy, morning hours, 


The smile of love. like Mayday flowers 
Shall gild its opening years.” 


274 


Fig. 282. This is a bundle of sun- 
shine, of health, hope and happiness. 
She will incline to take an optimistic 
view of life and duty. Will expect 
success and be willing to earn it. 
Her breadth of head will give her in- 
dustry, force of character and a 
tendency to be master of circum- 
stances. Will be willing to put effort, 
skill, talent, tact, push and persist- 
ency into everything desirable and 
attainable. She has a good memory 


of forms and faces and of things 
generally. Will show artistic talent 
There is 


and fine mechanical skill. 


FIG. 282. 


caution and watchfulness, but not that 
painful solicitude which, like a 
shadow, follows and darkens the life 
of many people. She rejoices in the 
full moon and hopes for it until it 
comes. Her twoyears have promise 
of seventy-eight more. Toa physi- 
ologist there is nothing that would 
indicate weakness of lungs, weakness 
of heart or weakness of digestion. 
With her the phrase ‘‘Give us this 
day our daily bread” will be uttered 
with unction and faith, and there 


How To StTupy STRANGERS. 


will be a willingness to put forth 
works with faith. The physiological 
conditions are rarely better repre- 
sented than here, and the intellectual 
and the emotional elements will ena- 
ble her to take rank among the best, 
and she will hope for success through 
ample, earnest and hearty endeavor. 
If the water for the family were fur- 
nished from a town pump, she would 
want to accompany the one who went 
for it and would try to do all the 
pumping, and she will apply the 
same spirit to all the labors of life, 
with a willingness to contribute the 


HELEN P. SACKETT, AGE TWO YEARS. 


requisite effort for the coveted suc- 
CESS. yy . 

If this girl could have a medical 
education it would be to her a pass- 
port to success in the way of business 
and as a means of benefiting mankind. 
She would carry hope and cheer to 
the bedside of the sick, and her mag- 
netic touch, her hopeful words and 
especially the tone of her voice would 
be a benediction and an encourage 
ment to the desponding invalid and 
to the expectant friends. Besides, 


PHRENOLOGICAL MARRIAGE ADAPTATION, 275 


her practical talent, her thorough- 
ness, her energy, her ingenuity, her 
force of character and her sympathe- 
tical temperment would make _ her 
successful in the healing art. 


TRAER CONRAD, 


Figs 283, 284. This boy is two 
years ten months old, weighs thirty- 
two pounds and his head measures 
in circumference twenty and three- 
eighths inches. These measurements 
are large for the age, and the brown 
hair, the dark eyes and the vigorous 
physiological manifestations show 
good inheritance and a strong hold 
on life, with a promise of excellent 
intellect from the length of the front 
head, measuring largely from the 
opening of the ear to the forehead, 
and indicating clearness and vigor of 
thought, and power to master what- 
ever belongs to the realm of scholar- 
ship. His perceptions take notice of 
phenomena, his memory treasures it, 
and his strong reflective organs will 
comprehend the principles involved, 
hence he would become a good writer 
or teacher, and make himself useful, 
widely known and respected. 

He has good moral development, 
shown by the amplitude of the top- 
head, and strong social feelings, 
shown by the great development of 
the back-head, and force, executive- 
ness, ingenuity and skill as well as 
economy from the fullness of the 
side-head. From the letter received 
with the pictures we learn that the 
boy was named in honor Of Dr. Traer, 
who, while lecturing on Phrenology 
in Iowa in 1886, suggested the pro- 
priety of the pairing in marriage of 
the parents of this boy. He told 
them that they were well adapted 
to each other in marriage. They 
were total strangers and formed part 
of a group of persons who were 
invited to come forward to the plat- 
form at a lecture. They became 
acquainted and were married a year 
later. They have two boys and two 
girls; the boys resembling the mother 


and the girls resembling the father. 
This boy has almost exactly the same 
profile outline of his mother’s head 


. 


FIG. 284.—TRAER CONRAD. 


and combines within his make-up the 
union of English, French, German 
and Hollandish stock, 


CHAPTER XXXIII. 


PRECIOUS TREASURES, 


IGS; 285, 286, -Helen We Von 
Volkenberg. Hereisa strong 
character. A healthy face, harmo- 
nious in its development, indicating 
constitutional vigor and long life. 
The head is large and amply devel- 
oped in the upper side region. Mirth- 


FIG, 285. 


fulness, Ideality, Cautiousness and 
Approbativeness are large. She feels 
neglected. She has not been cour- 
teously or cordially treated, and she 
has done something which she thinks 
may displease her papa. She is 
weighing the subject with earnestness 
and anxiety; her face is fixed as 
marble and she seems sad, but not 
crushed. 

Fig. 286 exhibits a different mood. 
The clouds no longer lower; the pos- 
sible storm has blown over and the 


FROM GRAVE TO GAY. 


genial sun comes out rejoicingly, and 
her friends have proposed to her a 
visit to the candy store and she has a 
lively recollection of favors to come; 


FIG. 286, 


and so we have in this a good physi- 
ognomical transition. This girl will 
be a student and a solid thinker. 
She will show excellent memory; a 
taste for art and for mechanism; will 
be ingenious to do anything that 
needs to be done, from cooking a 
dinner to trimming a hat. 

Fig. 287. This picture is entitled 
‘“The ‘Judge’ at Three.” This self- 
nominated candidate for fame and 
fortune appears to have weighed 
anchor and is looking for the prom- 


PRECIOUS TREASURES, 277 


ised land with less anxiety about it 
than Columbus and his men had in 
their hunt for the unknown. This 
boy looks as if he were pretty sure 


its fire-crackers and banners. He 
may eat heartily when he has nothing 
else to do, but he would rather have 
a gun, a drum ora dog than a dinner, 


FIG. 287. 


of his cause; that he sees the game 
he is after and is bound to be a suc- 
cess. He has a nervous make-up. 
He is inflammable, intense, positive, 
plucky, enterprising and willing to 
take chances. He will accept and 
absorb knowledge, especially of the 
aggressive and enterprising sort. He 
will look out for roller skates, the 
bicycle, the boat, the fast horse, the 
balloon aud the Fourth of July, and 
all that glorious word means, with 


‘““THE ‘JUDGE’ AT THREE.” 


unless he could manage to make the 
claim sure upon all. He has much 
of the artist, the dramatist, and of 
the orator, and there isa great deal 
of good in him if it can be regulated 
and guided, but rough treatment, in- 
justice and coldness might spoil him. 
He will want a good many shoes, will 
wear out a good deal of clothing, and 
will incline to ‘‘ tear a passion to tat- 
ters,” if not his clothes. Life with 
him is on a high key. He looks as 


273 


—— 


if he wanted tosay, ‘‘ Hip, hip, hur- 
rah!” and yet we do not get an idea 
of coarseness. If he has a good 
chance for culture he will take it 
rapidly, but he should have wise and 
gracious associates. He will never 
submit to meanness and injustice 
without a struggle. 

Figs. 288, 289. These pictures come 
from Vancouver, British Columbia. 
The proportions of the head are fa- 
vorable to general harmony of char- 
acter. The head is broad, and he 
will manifest prudence, policy, the 
desire to acquire, the capacity for 
machinery, and he has a tempera- 
ment which would relish metallic sub- 
stances. He would prefer four quar- 


FIGS. 288, 289. 


ters to a dollar bill. Thesilver would 
seem to him more substantial—not 
liable to be blown away or burned by 
alighted match. Hewillmend things 
with iron or other metal. Would 
work wood out of carriage-making 
and put iron inits place, and would do 
the same in bridges and buildings, 
and if he were to become a mechanic 
he would want to do something in the 
way of machinery, plumbing or manu- 
facturing silverware; things that are 
not easily broken. He has the spirit 
and disposition which will give him un- 


How To STupDY STRANGERS. 


bending stability. There is some ten- 
dency to be contrary and to hunt for 
a chance to differ from others. He 
is not easily driven and not very 
easily coaxed. He will have to be 
consulted as to what he would like or 
prefer, and people who have to deal 
with him get into the habit of finding 
out his preferences. He will empha- 
size the word ‘‘no,” and if he utters 
a threat it will not be very noisy, but 
those who know him will expect it 
will accur. He may have been un- 
willing to sit for the pictures, as he 
has somewhat of a sulky expression. 
He will show strong affection when 
aroused and concentrated, but he is 
not very mellow or pliable in spirit. 


A. FRANKS, AGE FOUR YEARS. 


Figs. 290, 291. Thisisa specimen 
from Illinois. He looks brave; he 
has abroad head and is going to need 
more guidance thanassistance. The 
front view shows breadth of head. It 
seems rounded out above the ears. 
The side view also re-impresses the 
thought. He has large destructive- 
ness and combativeness, giving force 
of character and courage to struggle 
against difficulty and opposition, He 
has decidedly large secretiveness, 
which is shown in the fullness in 
both portraits, about one-third of the 


PRECIOUS TREASURES, 


way from the top of the ear to the 
top of the head. He can look calm 
and yet be anxious. He can tread 
with noiseless step when detection 
would be damaging. He can play a 
borrowed character if the play re- 
quires it. He has large acquisitive- 
ness; he will be wide awake for the 
dollar and he will make money in 
almostanything. Intheearly mining 
regions in the golden West the meth- 
ods of washing for gold were not 
complete, and the gravel and sand 
that had been washed were thrown 
into great heaps as the men worked 
onward. Some years later the China- 
men, who were willing to do more 
work for a given compensation than 


. 


279 
though its appearance would indicate 
it. He does not to-day carry the 
countenance that would indicate his 
desire to use such a weapon, but 
whoever assails him and arouses his 
fire will find him loaded with the 
power of self-defense. He is not in- 
clined to assail, but it will be un- 
wholesome for his equal in strength 
to assail him. He has a fine intel- 
lect; he will reason and think. He 
has mirth and the sense of amuse- 
ment. He has the power to imitate, 
and will make a good talker. 

He would makea good mechanic 
and he will be a business man. He 
will make every dollar and every half 
dollar tell, What a back head! 


- ~ 


FIGS. 290, 291. 


others, went into the gold regions 
and washed over these heaps of sand 
and gravel that had already been 
washed by the Americans, and they 
made a fine thing of it. So this boy 
will be able to follow other people’s 
administration and gather up by econ- 
omy what they by carelessness had 
left ungarnered. 

He would make a fine surgeon. 
He has the requisite ingenuity, and 
will have the nerve to use the knife. 
The reader will not consider the im- 
plement that is shown in his side 
pocket as being a dirk handle, al- 


DONALD GREENE. 


How long from the opening of the 
ear! Friendship will make him want 
a long dining-room and an extension 
table, and he will make money 
enough to furnish the means to 
entertain. His Firmness is enor- 
mous; from the opening of the ear 
to the top of the head in a direct 
line the distance is great, and the ear 
islow down. He has a large middle 
lobe of the brain, and is likely to be 
tough, enduring and long-lived, and 
will be one of the most skillful, effi- 
cient and reliable ¢haracters to be 
found. He is worth raising. 


280 


Figs..292, 293.—We have here a 
good study of physiognomy; the law 
of expression is admirably illustrated. 
In looking at these faces one would 
hardly suppose they could in repose 
look alike. 


ence in disposition between people 


There is as much differ- 


How To StTrupyY STRANGERS, 


tented, and the other one exercised by 
the deepest sadness? Is it wondered 
why Serenity can be calm and happy 
when Sadness is suffering intense 
sorrow at hisside? The photographic 
processes are a marvel. If nota 
mystery they are an astonishment 


TWIN BROTHERS, 


who are good-looking as there is in 
the looks of these two boys as seen 
here. Left entirely to themselves, 
in their normal state they would look 
very nearly alike. The one in nor- 
mal condition is serene, and appears 
bright, intelligent, thoughtful, cau- 
tious, ambitious, steadfast, thorough 
and prudent. The other, judged by 
his head, would give us about the 
same result, and of the two he is 
perhaps the stronger character. 
Does the reader wonder how two 
pictures could be taken, one looking 
perfectly placid, restful and con- 


292, SERENITY, AND 293, SADNESS. 


and yet a most wonderful triumph of 
science and art. These two boys 
were seated and were alike happy, 
and the artist or his assistant had 
something to exhibit to the boys at a 
distance which attracted and riveted 
their attention, and just when this 
was accomplished and the operator 
was ready to take the picture, by a 
concert of purposes a person was in 
behind and suddenly pinched Sadness 
and we see the result. The snap- 
shot was taken just as the face came 
into instantaneous sadness, and Se- 
renity did not know what was going 


Cupip's DREAM. 


on and did not have time to move or 
wink his eye after he heard the cry of 
his companion until the sitting was 
completed. If one thinks of this and 
the difficulties which seem to surround 
it, the wonder of photographic art is 
manifested. The poor little fellow 
did not have time to shift the grip of 
his hands, possibly it intensified it, 
nor did he have time to move his 
toes, but he put on the physiognomi- 
cal expression which in the picture is 
as fixed as time. To have made this 
experiment perfect a picture should 
have been taken of the two boys in 
their normal state, and then after- 
ward one of them manipulated for the 
abnormal expression. As we have 
them now one awakens our admira- 
tion and the other one arouses our 
pity. But something must be sacri- 
ficed to science and art. 

Fig. 294.—If we were to say that 
this is a perfect organization, that in 
temperament, constitution and har- 
monious proportion there is nothing 
to be desired, we should have this 
consolation at least, that we have no 
idea who her parents are, or what 
friends of hers might suffer in feeling 
‘or feel happy and flattered with the 
description we give. Most of the 
children brought before the public in 
this series are utter strangers to usin 
name andresidence. Many are rich 
in promise to the community and to 
their own friends and_ relatives. 
Some of them lack constitution and 
the elements of endurance and 
power. Some of them lack sufficient 
brain development on which to predi- 
cate fame and fortune. Some are hard 
to manage, some are mellow and plia- 
ble. Someare not as healthy as they 
oughtto be and may probably join the 
angel-band before they have reached 
maturity, but this child appears to 
be pre-eminently fortunate in having 
a physiology above criticism. Look 
at those plump shoulders! How 
much health and beauty they bear! 
And look at that deep chest! What 
copious breathing power! And then 
the face corresponds with it, indi- 


28r 


cated by the fullness of the cheek 
outward from the nose, and the mar- 
velous health and vigor are sustained 
by one of the best vital temperaments 
we ever find. Then the head is 
large and finely formed, indicating 
the mental temperament. 

We find in this child brilliancy of 
talent; language that is copious, ele- 
gant and ornate; memory that is un- 
failing, and the faculty of criticism 
which will be generally right, with 
moral sentiment enough to stand 
erect in the realm of temptation and 
be master of its own fate and for- 
tune. She is wonderful in ambition; 
she has steadfastness, integrity, 
courage and determination enough to 
carry this eminent endowment with 
skill, acceptance and moral worth. 


CUPID’S DREAM, 


FIG. 294. 

Every loving mother and every 
proud father having the opportuni- 
ties to give such a child its proper 
place and environment would rejoice 
in calling her daughter. Yet the 
mystery of human life shows that the 
weak and the wanting awaken in 
parental affection a degree of tender- 
ness having no touch of pride to mar 
it and no element of ambition to per- 
vert it. The little and the least in 
innocent childhood touch parental 
love more tenderly and completely 
than a glorious child like this, who 
needs nothing but guidance. 


282 


How To StTupDY STRANGERS. 


FIG. 295 —-OWEN L, CROSSLEY. 


This young spectator of the good, 
the pleasant and the witty looks as 
if he had found everything in the 
world as he would have it. He ap- 
pears as if he had not yet come in 
contact with any of the reverses and 


FIG. 


OWEN L. CROSSLEY. 


295. 


contradictions of life. We do not 
know that he was born in the merry 
month of May, when all nature is 
glowing with beauty and promise, but 
his expression would indicate that the 
skies he first saw were bright, the 
earth beautiful and the friends kind. 
His attention seems to have been 
awakened and concentrated, and he 
is pointing at something pleasant and 
desirable with his tongue, as the set- 
ter dog points, and always has his 
eye and his attention on the bird he 
has sighted. This little fellow has 
health that will last him eighty years 
if his countenance can be trusted. 
Those little plump cheeks look as if 
they would hardly yield to the pres- 
sure of the finger, showing signs of 
good digestion and also plenty of 
breathing power. The crown of his 
head is very high, and he will want 
his plans carried out. <A child witha 
head like that will acquire a potent 
mfluence with his friends and nurses. 
He will not peaceably yield to be 
tucked into his clothes as if he had 
no bones in his arms. If they hold 
his apron up and ask him if he can 


put his two little hands in at once he 
will think it is fun and not object to 
being dressed, but if they undertake 
to force him into his clothes he will 
resist. He has large Conscientious- 
ness, and ought to be honest and 
upright. He ought to be enterpris- 
ing, energetic, frank and watchful, 
decidedly moral, but not timid. He 
will be a good scholar, a good talker 
and an energetic business man. 

Fig. 298.—S. H. This subject is 
an interesting study. The tempera- 
ment is quick as a flash and the mo- 
tions rapid and accurate. The brain 
is large for the size of the body; the 
Mental temperament is preéminently 
indicated. The organ of Mirthful- 
ness is decidedly strong, and, with 
such a temperament, keen asa razor. 
Mirthfulness and Ideality are on the 
upper and outer corner of the fore- 
head and are finely indicated. The 
eyes are large and open, indicating 
wonderful facility in language. The 


FIG. 296. S 


H——. 


top head shows strong moral feeling. 
The head is high and broad at the 
top and not very broad at the base. 
This child gives in this picture prom- 
ise of brilliant talent for language, 
literature, for artistic skill, mechani- 
cal ingenuity and strong moral senti- 
ment, 


CHAPTER XXXIV. 


CHARACTER 


STUDIES NUMBER Il. 


ELLA WHEELER WILCOX. 


This gifted writer, who has been 
called the ‘“‘Song Bird” of the 
Northwest, is a native of Wisconsin. 
Her family were in reduced circum- 
stances at the time of her birth, 
though possessed of much intellectual 
vigor and ambition. Heradvantages 
for early education were exceedingly 
meagre, but her literary talent showed 
itself at the age of eight years in the 
composition of both verses and prose 
stories. At nine she was a local cele- 
brity, one of the products of this 
period being a novel in chapters, 
headed with original couplets, which 
is stillin the author’s possession. At 
fourteen she became a _ contributor 
‘to the New York Mercury, the Wav- 
erly Magazine and the Saturday 
Evening Post. ‘Two years later the 
proceeds of her pen were a financial 
aid to her parents. Her verses at- 
tracted immediate attention. At the 
age of twenty her name was known 
throughout the West, and her poems 
had been commented on by the East- 
ern press. ‘‘ Poems of Passion” was 
the first published work which gave 
her international fame. This elicited 
a veritable storm of censure and praise 
in almost equal proportions, and ex- 
tended over two continents. Her 
principal poetical worksare: ‘‘ Poems 
of Passion,” ‘‘Poems of Pleasure,” 
‘The Beautiful Land of Nod,” ‘‘How 
Salvator Won, and Other Recitations,” 
‘*An Erring Woman’s Love.”’ 

The books in prose are as follows: 
‘“‘Sweet Danger,” ‘‘ Was it Suicide? 
and Other Stories,” ‘‘ Adventures of 


283 


Miss Volney,” ‘‘A Double Life,” 
‘‘Men, Womenand Emotions.”” The 
last named is the youngest of these 
children of her brain and is expected 
to create a furor. 

Mrs. Wilcox has been for many 
years a resident of New York City, 
where her personal attractions have 
completed the social conquest for 
which her remarkable talents had 
paved the way. Her domestic life is 
characterized by great practical be- 
nevolence, boundless devotion to her 
husband and to the memory of her 
lost child. 

The following phrenological analy- 
sis was made from a personal exam- 
ination, Mrs. Wilcox having been 
presented asa stranger and without 
giving any intimation as to her iden- 
tity. This is the verbatim report of 
the stenographer: 

You have a strong character. You 
are like your father in your disposi- 
tions. You may have your mother’s 
intelligence, her tact, her sensitive- 
ness, her sentiment; but when it 
comes to the real work of life, you 
wield power in your father’s spirit 
and name. It is favorable for a 
daughter to resemble her father, if 
the father and mother are equal in 
their characteristics and capabilities, 
and it is, in the same family, better 
for the son to resemble the mother; 
then both sexes are in spirit blended 
in each person. The daughter gets 
the courage, pride, ambition and en- 
thusiasm by inheritance from the 
father, and the son gets the gentle- 


2384 


How To StuDY STRANGERS, 


ness, the pliability, the instincts and 
intuition which belong to the femi- 
nine; the daughter carries those by 
virtue of being a daughter, and the 
son, by virtue of being a man, has 
force and executiveness enough. 

You have a strong tendency to be 
firm and determined; and when you 
think you are in the right you are 
plucky and brave. You have ambi- 
tionina marked degree; that gives you 
enterprising enthusiasm to do some- 
thing that is worth mentioning. You 
do not like tobe inconspicuous. You 
have sometimes thought that women 
who are veiled as they are in the 
Orient, only having a place to peep 
through to see where to go, and not 
to be seen, must find it very undesir- 
able; it seems to you very unnatural. 
You like to manifest yourself. You 
would like a position where there was 
elbow room for mind and body, for 
power and for will. 

You are headstrong. Your Firm- 
ness is large, and that tends to give 
that disposition. Your Conscientious- 
ness being strong, makes you feel that 
whatever is right has a right to be. 
Then, when you get started, your 
Approbativeness tells you to win suc- 
cess and make yourself and what you 
do noted and conspicuous. If you 
were on the stage you would work 
according to the audience you had; 
and if they werea cold, frozen kind of 
people, who had no _ enthusiasm, 
though they might have intellectual 
sagacity, you would not think much 
of them. You would like to have the 
audience boil over; you would like to 
have the people rejoice when pleased. 
You will risk their frowns and hisses 
if they will only give you credit for 
what you do that is laudable and de- 
serving; you will run the risk of the 
mistakes. 

Your Self-esteem is well-developed ; 
you believe in yourself; but you are 
not so much inclined to lord it over 
other people as you are to demand 
your own rights and interests. From 
a little child you have always been 
inclined to repel undue domination. 


You should as a child six years old, 
do a great deal better and would be 
dressed quicker if they would flatter 
you, tell you to have on your little: 
this and that, instead of pulling and 
hauling you. You have enough of 
the masculine independence in you 
to make you resent and resist any- 
thing that seems like coercion. 

You have large Combativeness ; 
that gives you courage to do a good 
many things that another person in 
your circumstances might hesitate 
about doing. With your large Caution 
you are watchful; and like a man who 
rides a circus horse, you keep balance 
for the sake of caution, and you keep 
up motion for the sake of safety. A 
person cannot stand ona horse when 
he is still; when in motion he can 
keep his equilibrium. 

You are good in executive work. 
As long as you can be doing some- 
thing you are not bashful; when you 
stop und they make a wall flower of 
you, look at you, you begin to be 
embarrassed. 

You have strong Friendship. You 
have strong Love. If you were a 
writer you would be a strong writer. 
You would put in a great deal of im- 
pulsive earnestness. If a thing should 
be said, you would say it strongly be- 
cause it was true; and you would ex- 
pect approval. If you were a public 
speaker you would be brave in your 
statements. You would make very 
strong general statements; and if you 
had occasion to make them specific 
you would be definite and earnest. 
You win friends more by the strong 
things you do than by avoiding that 
which offends. Some people glide 
along as an eel swims through the 
grass near the water’s edge; he goes 
through without making a ripple at 
the top of the grass; nobody knows 
he is there; but the pickerel goes 
through as straight as an arrow and 
he makes the reeds tremble because 
he hits them. You are more like a 
pickerel than like an eel. You get 
there, but you do not care so much 
who knows you are coming. 


CHARACTER STUDIES, 285 


I suppose you have always felt 
circumscribed by the fact of sex. 
You have felt that if you were a man 
you could take more elbow room and 
do a great deal of good, and do it in 


are restricted; if they have wing and 
power enough to rise above the fences 
they are all right. 

You are remarkable for your power 
of affection as a friend. 


You would 


FIG. 00.—ELLA WHEELER WILCOX, 


a manly, strong way; but to be 
obliged to prune your conduct because 
you are a woman does not suit you. 
There are some women who have 
courage enough to carry themselves 
as women without feeling that they 


be loving as a lover or wife. You 
would be motherly. You would like 
to train boys rather than puny, tender 
girls. You are better qualified to 
drive a strong horse that will go 
somewhere than you are to coax one 


286 


that is timid and does not know 
whether he can go or not; conse- 
quently, a brave, plucky boy who 
thinks he could do almost anything, 
you could teach to be manly. If you 
were a teacher you would like to 
teach a boys’ school, because boys 
have courage, pride, will-power; and 
you would manage to harness it and 
get it to work in your interest. You 
would not quarrel with it. If you 
wanted to control a young man six- 
teen years of age, a younger brother, 
you would say: ‘*Now, Johnnie, 
there is in you the making of a good 
deal of a manif you will only carry 
yourself wisely for the next six years. 
It is convenient, and it would attract 
the desire of most boys, perhaps, to 
do as you propose, but twenty years 
hence it would not be half as good 
for them as to buckle right in and 
grind their axes so that they can hew 
their way through the world. Get 
your education; then if you want a 
yacht you will know what to do with 
it.” So you would send him back to 
his books, Then if you had a brother 
who desired to quit college and 
thought he would not return after 
vacation, you would send him back 
with a double-headed interest in it 
by telling him that ‘‘it doth not yet 
appear what you shall be,” but if you 
are faithful in this you shall be suc- 
cessful in that. ‘This is the way to 
be master by and by. 

We very seldom find a person who 
has as much force of character, as 
much ambition and enterprise, as 
much will and determination along 
with as much prudence and integrity. 
It isa rather interesting combination. 
You are bound to do something, and 
to do it emphatically. You are not 
one of the kind to scud along under 
the shadow of the fence and keep out 
of the way ofresponsibility. You take 
the middle of the road. 

You have hope enough to expect 
that which you need. You have faith 
to believe that which ought to be 
shall be; consequently you work to- 
ward success with more effort than 


How To Stupy STRANGERS, 


most people do. There are people 
who stand ata distance from duty and 
effort, and wonder and wait, doubt 
and hesitate, till the time for success 
has gone; the tide has turned; they 
cannot catch any more fish till the tide 
comes back again. If youhad a boat 
and knew how to sail it; if you hada 
team and were accustomed to use it, 
you would get a good deal out of both; 
a good deal of distance without loss 
of time. If you had duties that re- 
quired enterprise and energy, and were 
trained to the performance of them, 
you would get as much out of life as 
almost anybody could. 

You have large perceptive organs; 
these give you quickness of apprecia- 
tion. Individuality is large enough to 
give you a sense of what there is 
around you. If you were a writer you 
would be a good descriptive writer. 
You would describe scenery, you 
would describe conduct, you would 
appreciate motive, and you would have 
the skill and tact to make what you 
thought readable. You remember 
facts. You gain something from 
everybody you meet. Your Language 
is large; that enables you to express 
wellwhat you know. You appreciate 
music. You enjoy the poetical. You 
have constructive power, the ability 
to weave thoughts into proper form, 
give expression to ideas and make 
them acceptable and interesting. 

You have a good degree of the 
sense of value, the idea of property 
and profit. If you were accustomed 
to work: for the public you would 
manage to get good compensation, 
good reward for what you would do. 
You have the faculty of taking your 
own part, asserting your rights and 
maintaining your interests. You have 
the power also to conciliate people 
who have power and influence, and to 
get them so they will work in your 
harness and pull at your end of the 
rope in the path of progress. Forex- 
ample, if you were a lecturer you 
would get invitations; if you were a 
concertist or a writer you would get 
employment. People would want 


CHARACTER STUDIES 


287 


what you could do, what you could 
say and think, and they would let you 
name the figures, or they would name 
those that you would be willing to ac- 
cept. You do not have to tease for 
a hearing or make an effort for a po- 
sition. 

You get your strength of character 
from your father; your courage, for- 
titude, ambition and your conscious- 
ness of power come from him, and 


with your feminine sympathies, per- 
haps inheritance in part, you are able to 
harness these forces so as to make 
them acceptable. It is like making 
lemonade with lemon juiceand sugar— 
people think it is better than either of 
the ingredients separately. By all 
means speak or write either prose or 
poetry, and give your courage charge 
of your convictions and you will make 
a high and an indellible mark. 


—_—_—-———__+@+_______—__. 


CHAPTER XXXV, 


ernie Liss iL | NGS 2, 


EDGAR WILLIAM NYE.—[“ Bid] Nye.” | 


As a writer this gentleman needs no 
introduction to American readers, 
although the first two-thirds of his 
name are notso familiar to the average 
eye or ear as the well known monosyl- 
lable “ Bill.” 

Mr. Nye was born near Moosehead 
Lake in Maine, though he moved from 
there while very young, and, as he 
says, “ lived in the West among the 
rattlesnakes and Indians,” until he 
grew up. He practiced law for about 
a year, but according to his account he 
managed to keep the matter very 
quiet, so that only afew people ever 
knew much about it. 

However, he was afterward a Justice 
of the Peace for six years, and his suc- 
cess on the bench was quite pro- 
nounced. Many interesting anecdotes 
are related of his career as a judge in 
the town of Laramie. 

There can be scarcely a doubt that 
his keenness and penetration of mind, 
his quaint literary style, and marvelous 
familiarity with all phases of character, 
are the outgrowth of lessons learned 
in that primitive Western atmosphere, 
where all the springs and fountains of 
the heart gushed forth without restraint 
—where men and women knew little of 
conventional disguises, and could be 
studied as they really were. 

Mr. Nye’s home is on Staten Island, 
where he ownsa large house, about half 


a mile from the landing at St. George. 
He has a beautiful wife, and four chil- 
dren which are divided equally as 
to sex. 

The humorist is about forty-three 
years of age. He is rather loosely 
built, large boned, six feet in height, 
and straight as a plumb line. Those 
who can read between the lines of his 
writings will find a great deal of phil- 
osophy in what he says. Like most 
men of his profession, he is character- 
ized by gravity of countenance rather 
than by an expression of mirth. This 
is due to the influence of Secretiveness, 
which, aside from the intellectual cog- 
nizance of incongruity, is the chief 
factor in the sense of humor. 

Another peculiar feature about his 
work is the manner in which he always 
makes himself the target of his ridicule. 
No shaft of sarcasm is ever directed 
where it will cause pain to others. In 
this way he is enabled to give his fancy 
a much wider range thanif he pursued 
any other course. He is also saved 
from the danger of falling below a par- 
ticular standard of literary polish. 
He never writes under a strain. He 
has made for himself an original path, 
and it has led him to wealth and fame. 
But he deserves his success, for he has 
earned it. If he has received honor 
and riches, he has given healthful 
pleasure in return, 


288 


~ 


The following phrenological descrip- 
tion was dictated to a stenographer, 
Mr. Nye having been introduced to me 
in the consultation room simply as 
“Mr, Edgar,” without giving any further 
hint as to his name or occupation: 

You have a fine quality of organi- 
zation which gives you susceptibility, 
and you have a pretty good frame, but 
you are not one of the tough sort. 
You are more active and sprightly than 
hardy. Some men, liké some horses, 
havetoughness without measure. Some 
men, like some horses, have speed with 
considerable toughness in that direction, 
but we do not call the speedy ones 
hardy; they cannot keep on flesh and 
work hard. 

You have what we call the Mental 
Temperament. Your head measures 
22% inches, and if you had as much 
hair as people generally wear it would 
be called a 23-inch head because it 
would measure that. Such a head re- 
quires 175 pounds to carry it. Wejust 
had a subject with a 23-inch head who 
weighed 123 pounds. Shewas 1g years 
of age, so it took our best efforts to 
teach her how tocarry such a head with 
suchabody. Wetoldherto sleep twelve 
hours every night if she could. If you 
sleep eight hours it will answer because 
your head and body are well balanced. 
The larger the headin proportion to the 
body the more sleep a person requires. 
You rest fast, you work fast and think 
fast. You areintense in your life. You 
are not what we call a moody man in 
your thoughts and conceptions. The 
vision you get of the outward life and 
inward life is such as can be obtained 
through a clear plate glass. 

You have a critical mind, power to 
know the difference between one thing 
and another, one shade of thought and 
another, one term of expression and 
another. You have Constructiveness 
large, and that may be employed in 
diverse ways besides the use of tools 
and the management of machinery. A 
man who is a painter will get in a group 
of horses like those in the picture of 
“The Horse Fair,” or a group of men 
like those in “The Declaration of Inde- 
pendence,” and he will arrange them in 
such a way that they will be harmonious 


How To StTupY STRANGERS 


and look easy. A man who has good 
Constructiveness will pose a subject for 
a photograph ; he will arrange groups 
of anything, in a front window for in- 
stance, and make them look harmoni- 
ous and easy. 

Your Ideality is large; that gives 
you a sense of the beautiful, elegant, 
ornamental and decorative. You have 
large Acquisitiveness; that gives you 
an appreciation of the dollar or value 
side of life. It always seems to you 
that anything that is worth having for 
anybody or for any animal should not 
be wasted. Strings are too good to be 
lost; you want some place to put them 
so you can find them when you need 
them. You have a place on your desk 
for pens and other things, a certain 
place where you will know just where 
to reach for them; so Constructiveness 
and Economy work together. If you 
wanted a house you would contrive just 
how you wanted it; you would plan 
the rooms, would know just how many 
you wanted and how large the rooms 
were to be before you decided about 
the general size of the house. 

Your sense of music is pretty good. 
You enjoy the harmony of sweet sounds 
and are pleased with the musical exe- 
cution of those who have good voices 
and know how to use them, You meet 
people sometimes and say, or think it, 
‘What would I accept as compensa- 
tion for living on the same ten-acre lot 
with that voice.” 

Imitation is large enough in you to 
copy sounds and voices. If you were 
engaged in earnest conversation with a 
person and were telling of a dialogue 
about some matter between two people 
you could imitate their voices so that 
the person would know right away 
whom you were imitating, if he were 
acquainted with them. 

You appreciate the droll and funny 
side of life as well as the dramatical, 
zesthetical, mechanical and economical. 
You appreciate, also, the prudential side 
of life. You are not cunning but you 
are judicious. Sometimes you silence 
inquisitiveness by utter frankness. 
Sometimes if persons ask you ques- 
tions about something they have no 
business to know anything about you 


CHARACTER STUDIES 


289 


just answer them squarely, and you 
will do it so plainly that they do 


would be more likely to bluff a man in 
this way: Ifa man came to you and 
said, ‘‘ When is Miss Jones to be mar- 
ried?” you would say, ‘“‘ Well, I have 


not believe it to be sincere. We 

knew a man once who asked 
FIG. 00, 

a young lady when she was to 


be married, and she replied, “‘ Next 
Wednesday, if that will suit you.” He 
concluded that she was not to be mar- 
ried before Christmas, but she was 
married the following Wednesday. You 


EDGAR WILLIAM NYE—[‘‘S777 Wye.” 


been thinking of that myself for three 
or four months, but I suppose when she 
gets ready she will announce it.” You 
may have an invitation to her wedding 
in your pocket; but you have told the 
truth—you had wondered about it: 


290 


How To Strupy STRANGERS 


What you say sounds so frank that the 
man thinks you do not know. A man 
who has a fair development of Secre- 
‘tiveness and a pretty good share of 
Mirthfulness rather enjoys toying with 
topics in that way, especially where in- 
quisitive people meddle. You would 
enjoy the thought of a person remem- 
bering it and finding out how he had 
been bluffed. 

Your Firmness is large; it is more a 
steady strength of character than it is 
obstinacy. Yours is not asudden spurt 
of contrary obstinacy; it 1s more of a 
steady pressure of persistency that does 
not get angry and boil over. Instead 
of saying to a man, ‘Mind your own 
business, and do not interfere with my 
affairs,” you would quietly shake your 
head, as much as to say, “You are not 
going to find it out; you are not going 
to be my master in this matter; I am 
going to get the best of you by follow- 
ing my own course.” Firmness some- 
times is like a screw which works 
silently and steadily, and sometimes 
it is like the crashing blows of a 
sledge hammer—then it makes more 
noise and gives more ot a shock; but 
the screw goes on and does not let up. 
That is like your Firmness. It is in- 
tellectual determination; there is a 
moral sense that comes in, a persistency 
that helps it, as well as a feeling that 
gives obstinacy; but it is obstinacy 
tempered by other faculties. It is not 
boisterous, neither is the force of the 
screw, but it is sure. 

Approbativeness is larger in your 
head than Self-esteem, consequently 
you.care more for the approval of others 
than some men. You mingle with 
people who deserve your confidence 
and respect on terms of equality. You 
do not stand on a pedestal like aschool 
teacher before the pupils—you come 
down ona level. If you were teaching 
school you would not stand on a plat- 
form, you would be on a level with the 
pupils; and you would lay your hand 
on a little girl’s head and assure her 
‘that you were her friend, and though she 
-was bashful and sensitive you would 
help her. . In other words, you do not 
keep people away from you; you donot 


have a spirit that repels people; you. 
do not feel that you can make more in 
the world by pushing through people, 
keeping them down and back. You 
try to win your way among men who 
are your equals more by real skill than 
by brusqueness, even if you had a right 
to be brusque, if rights go in that direc- 
tion. If you were a judge on a bench 
you would lean forward to listen to 
what might be said to you to make sure 
that you had really gotten the right 
conception of it, and if you heard it 
rightly you would be clear and sharp in 
your response, but you would not be 
rough in your demonstration. You 
would say to a lawyer who was pushing 
a point: “Brother Smith, can’t you 
avoid pushing that any further in that 
direction? Is it necessary to insist 
upon that point?” That would be 
your way of telling him that he could 
not go any further in that direction. 
‘‘You have said enough.” Some men 
would say it that way, but while you 
cut off his progress and he feels re- 
proved, he does not feel insulted. You 
know what to say to censure and re- 
prove a man and accomplish what you 
wish, but you utter it in such a way 
that he feels nobody else will see it, 
and if others do not see it he does not 
care much, because he has tried the ex- 
periment and he did not know whether 
he could carry it through or not; but 
anywhere he might chance to meet you 
he would treat you with curved lines 
instead of straight ones. In other 
words, you want to evade an overt 
manifestation of authority; you want 
to accomplish what you wish without 
saying sharp things. Youtryto mould 
people first—if the horse will move at 
the sound of the voice you will not hit 
him. You like to have men come to 
the right line of conduct without rais- 
ing your voice or saying anything 
sharply. 

You would make a fine practitioner 
in medicine; you would treat people 
with kindly sympathy that makes them 
feel that they are pretty near to you. 
You know there are some men we 
respect highly in every way, but some- 
how we never feel that we are within 


CHARACTER STUDIES 


touching distance of them; we accept 
their assistance or what they say, but 
they are not brothers exactly. You 
treat people in such a way that they 
feel pleased to have you near them. 
For instance, there are some men who 
practice dentistry, and when they come 
to examine the mouth of the patient 
there is a recoil, a sense of—lI wish I 
could avoid this. You have a tempera- 
ment that makes it easy for people to 
submit to necessary inspection and not 
feel uncomfortable or nervous about it. 
There is about as much difference in 
the moral and intellectual prejudice as 
in the physical. 

You inherit pretty liberally from your 
mother, and she may probably have 
strongly resembled her father. The 
nose is masculine, but the other parts 
of the face, except the cheek bones, 
have as much of the feminine. The 
development of the head is more likely 
to come from the mother. 

You are social, loving, affectionate, 
susceptible. You have Combativeness 
and Destructiveness enough to make 
you spirited and energetic. You work 


291 


fast and hard when you have occasion 
for it. You love truth for its own sake; 
you love honor because it is honorable. 
If we could give you a little more Self- 
esteem we would do it. If we could 
give you a trifle more of Veneration 
we would. Perhaps a little more hope 
would keep you on the sunny side of 
the fence, where the grass gets green 
earliest. 

You should have had a good educa- 
tion. You would have made a fine 
speaker or writer. You could have 
done well in the scientific world, in the 
mechanical or artistical ; and you would 
have done very fairly in the commer- 
cial. You would make a good editor 
with the practice and culture that is 
requisite. People would learn to know 
your writing. If you were on one of 
the large dailies you would write for 
what is called the humorous column, 
and a man who read an article of 
yours day before yesterday might not 
know the name of the one who wrote 
it, but when he took up the paper he 
would hunt for your nom de plume if 
you used one. 


CHAPTER XXXVI. 


CHARACTER STUDIES, No. 3. 


GEN. MARSHALL C. WENTWORTH. 


HAT the reader may fully appre- 
ciate the history and condi- 
tion of the following examination, it 
is proper to state that in the year 
1879 we received two photographs of 
a gentleman for phrenological anal- 
ysis and also of a lady (without a 
name), with a request that a written 
statement be made of the gentleman 
and an opinion of the adaptation of 
himself and the lady for marriage. The 
work was dictated to a reporter and a 
typewritten copy sent. During the 
year 1893, I learned that this description 
had been made, and solicited photo- 
graphs from himself and wife and per- 
mission to publish them. 
The reader now has before him the 


description then given of Mr. W. and 
his presumed intended, but who had 
been his wife for nearly nine years, and 
also a brief biography of him. 


M. C. WENTWORTH AND LADY. 


(Described from Photographs, January 
22, 1879.) 

‘*¢ You have a very fine quality of or- 
ganization. The hair particularly is 
as fine as that of a child, and we 
judge the skin to be of a similarly fine 
quality; and you have constitutionally 
more harmony than falls to the lot of 
the majority of men. You are intense 
in your mental life, your feelings are 
exceedingly keen, are particular to have 


292 


How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


everything as nice as it ought to be. 
You always do your best in everything 
you undertake, and are not satisfied 
unless you secure ample success, not 
only in a pecuniary sense but in the 
work that you do. In some of the old 
temples of antiquity there were niches 
in which statues were set, and they were 
so high up that no critic could see any- 
thing except the front. When the 
temples were thrown down by time and 
decay, it was found that these statues 
were as carefully cut, and all the ana- 
tomical outline as faithfully portrayed in 
the back of the statues as in the front. 
And there is a legend that when the ar- 
tists were making these, they were told 
that there was no necessity for cutting 
the back of the figures nicely, because 
they were utterly out of sight, they 
would never be seen by mortal man. 
The reply of the artists was, ‘The gods 
will see them.” Now, we believe that 
you want to do things as nicely as they 
can be done if ‘‘none but the gods see 
them.’* And you will excuse us for say- 
ing that we think you are a little whim- 
sical on some of these topics; that you 
sometimes take more pains than there 
is any necessity for; that you exact of 
other people more particularity, nicer 
work, and they sometimes grumble 
when your back is turned because you 
are sO capricious about niceness, or old 
maidish, as they sometimes call it. 

You inherit pretty largely from your 
mother, and we shouldthink that she was 
from Welshstock. You have her fore- 
head and her back head, and her features 
in the main, except that the nose is a 
little too large for the mother, but, 
being a man, you have a right to in- 
crease the size of that. 

You are quick in your intuitive judg- 
ments, sharp in your sense of what is 
right and true. Your first opinion of 
matters and things is generally your 
best. If you were driving a team and 
it got frightened, or the harness were 
to break going down hill, you would 
seem to know exactly what to doat the 
very first flash of thought. If things 
got mixed up and out of order, you 
have an intuition to judge what is best 
to do under the circumstances, and 


you come to results readily, and rarely 
have occasion to regret your opinion or 
decision. 

You gather knowledge rapidly. You 
would acquire scientific information 
easily. You could become master of a 
fine style of composition in literature. 
There is a certain exactitude in your 
cast of mind, a certain criticism which 
knows what it doesn’t want, and is sat- 
isfied when it gets the right thing. 

You are a first rate judge of human 
character, and enjoy biography almost 
better than any other kind of reading, 
for if it be well written it involves 
philosophy, history of affairs, and mat- 
ters that have more or less logic in 
them, and it is that which you like par- 
ticularly and above all—the delineation 
of human character, motive and pur- 
pose. If you were to undertake that 
literary branch, namely, biography, 
you would excel in it. 

You have faith in things spiritual, 
you have reverence for whatever is 
venerable and elevated and refined. 
You have firmness enough to give you 
perseverance. 

You have caution enough to make 
you watchful, guarded and prudent. 
You are-a good manager in financial 
matters, but you always carry yourself 
in such a way as not to give the im- 
pression to people that you are illiberal 
and grasping. 

You are ambitious to be respected. 
You would suffer if you were degraded 
or disgraced, and if people were to 
come about your house in a way to 
bring discredit upon it, you would be 
more troubled about it than most men. 
You feel in duty bound to live in the 
community jn such a way as not to in- 
cur the disapproval of the better class 
of people. 

You have a fair share of self-esteem. 
You appreciate your Own worth and 
talent, have a desire to carry yourself 
in an influential way. With your large 
brain, you ought to be master of the 
situation; with that fine quality of or- 
ganization, and that intuitive sense of 
truth, your mind ought to be very in- 
iuenHe in the community where you 

ive. 


CHARACTER STUDIES. 293 


— 


You have large social organs. You 
are fond of children, fond of friends, 
and very fond of woman; are capable 
of winning her affection, and of carry- 
ing yourself in a way that will be con- 
solidated into abiding affection, 


With your large brain and your ample 
size and weight, you ought to take and 
maintain an excellent rank. You have 
body enough to support your brain 
admirably, and your brain, measuring 
twenty-three inches, is large, and with 


FIG. 3. 


You have a great deal of power 
when you get it aroused, but you are 
not one of the kind that is quick to 
wrath, or inclined to wrangle. You 
have more thoroughness and severity 
when provoked than you have of the 
tendency to warm up and take sides. 


GENERAL MARSHALL C. WENTWORTH. 


this fine quality you ought to make 
for yourself a good name and a good 
place in the community, 

You ought to have studied for a pro- 
fession. If you had been educated to 
medicine, you would have made a fine 
lecturer on the subject. If you had 


294 How To StTrupDY STRANGERS. 


x 


nner 


been educated to law, you could have 
taken a good rank in that field. If you 
had been educated for an editor, you 
would have written vigorous articles, 
and those which would have an influ- 
ence in the community. 

You have smooth methods. You are 
capable of taking hold of life by its 
smooth side, and of commending your- 


THE LADY 


whose likeness is sent without name, 
evidently inherits strongly from her 
father’s side. That wideness and 
strength of face between the eye and 
the mouth, that height of head from 
the opening of the ear upward, show 
that the father’s constitution is more 


FIG. 4. MRS. M. C. WENTWORTH. 


self to the favorable regard of men who 
have thought, and respectability, and 
culture. 

If we had you back to fifteen, we 
would say, by all means become a 
classical scholar, educate yourself as 
well as may be, and enter one of the 
learned professions. 


largely represented than the mother’s. 
She is a strong character, not naturally 
so fine in quality as the gentleman, but 
there is a certain dash and daring, a 
certain straightforward earnestness 
which will co-operate with his fineness 
and susceptibility admirably. Her hair 
is stronger, her temperament is rather 


CHARACTER STUDIES, 


favorable than otherwise. She has 
excellent development of the vital and 
muscular systems. We think she is 
strong and straightforward, energetic, 
thorough, enterprising, proud-spirited, 
ambitious, honest, prompt, practical, a 
goodtalker, knows what she is about, 
balances herself on her own center, 
and is capable of moving in society with 
ease and influence. We see nothing 
in the temperament and constitution, 
general build of head or expression of 
face of this lady which would render 
her otherwise than a good match for 
the gentleman whose likeness accom- 
panies hers. She is not one of those 
weak women who need petting and 
fostering, but she can take hold of 
duty, and if we may use the term, trot 
in double harness with her husband, 
and keep up her end of the evener, or 
doubletree. And she is not one of the 
women that want an advantage, that 
want along end of the evener. She 
inherits enough from her father nat- 
urally, so that she is able to take her 
position and fill it, and carry her duties 
strongly and independently, and when 
she finds out what is the best way to 
accomplish a desired purpose, she 
weaves it into her plan, and does not 
compromise or modify—she doesn’t feel 
the need of protection and _ support. 
She could go out into life and earn her 
living. She could find a place in a 
store, or in a school, and make her own 
mark, find a place to work, and make 
friends, pay for her seat in the church, 
buy what she needs and pay for it, and 
carry her head up, and win respect- 
ability and confidence. 

She is a woman who would be likely 
to have healthy, vigorous boys, and if 
they take after her, they will be worth 
raising. We think, so far as we can 
judge from the appearance and the 
temperaments and constitutions of the 
parties, there would be congeniality, 
provided, of course, the woman had a 
fairshow. If a man were to undertake 
to manipulite everything that she had 
occasion to do, to supervise her in all 
respects, and try to keep her a kind of 
underling, she would, perhaps, make it 
sultry for allthe crowd; but, as we said 
before, if she has her rights and in- 


295 


terests and duties, she will fill her sta- 
tion, and fulfill her duties without help, 
without much assistance or counsel. 
She is a strong character, and we see 
no reason why she should not be thor- 
oughly worthy.” 


BLOGRAPHY. 


GENERAL MARSHALL CLARK WENT- 
WORTH, son of William H. H. and 
Mary (Clark) Wentworth, was born 
in Jackson, N. H., Aug. 16,1844. His 
father was of English and his mother 
of sturdy Welsh stock. Marshall 
worked on the farm, and walked four 
miles and back to attend the public 
school, but by the aid of his mother, 
who had been a teacher, he acquired 
a great desire for knowledge. He was 
intelligent, alert, keenly attentive to 
and anxious concerning everything 
transpiring in the country, and de- 
voured with avidity all information he 
could secure regarding the great sub- 
ject which at that period overshadowed 
all else—the preservation of the Union. 
April 27, 1861, before he was seventeen 
years old, he enlisted as a private in the 
Fifth Maine Volunteer Infantry. This 
was a fighting regiment, did much 
active service and won high honors. 
Marshall was never absent from 
the regiment during his three years’ 
service, participating in its many 
memorable engagements. When his 
term of enlistment expired our soldier 
re-enlisted, January, 1865, in the First 
New Jersey Cavalry, and served until 
June, 1865, the close of the war. At 
Five Forks he received a wound in the 
foot from which he still suffers. He 
had offers of promotion and promise of 
a commission, but preferred to remain 
in the ranks with his companions, who 
said, “A braver soldier never fired a 
gun.” 

He returned to Jackson, and mar- 
ried, May 30, 1869, Georgia A., daugh- 
ter of Captain Joshua and Martha 
P. (Meserve) Trickey, and here they 
commenced their long and pleasant 
career as’ host and hostess. They 
worked personally, early and late, taking 
pleasure in the thought that success 
must come to honest, well directed 
labor, Their ambition was to intro- 


295 


How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


duce every pleasant and esthetic feature 
of home-lite into their establishment 
in such a manner that people of the 
highest culture would experience de- 
light at finding every want anticipated, 
and artistic harmony prevailing in their 
surroundings. ‘They were the origina- 
tors of the new system of artistic houses, 
decorations, and effects in mountain 
hotels, and the lovely village of Went- 
worth Hall and Cottages at Jackson, 
N. H., realized their high ideal. In 
the Winters of 1884, 1885 and 1886, 
General Wentworth was manager of 
the Laurel House, Lakewood, N. J., 
where he made many and permanent 
friends. 

He was quarter-master general on the 
staff of Governor Charles H. Bell from 
1881 to 1883, and a member of 
the Republican Electoral College in 
1884. 

He has the superb physique, the 
courtliness and grace of manner and 
kindness of heart which were charac- 
teristics of his ancestors, possesses a 
winning magnetism, and is kind and 
courteous to all; the patron and the 
servant, the acquaintance and the 
stranger. He is ever foremost in 
public improvement, and has an en- 
thusiasm which carries others with him. 
He was the chief promoter of the cen- 
tennial celebration of the settlement of 
the town, and the founder of the public 
library. The development of his hotel 
interests has been a wonderful boon to 
Jackson. With far-seeing sagacity he 
discerned the opportunity and way, and 
convinced the most conservative that he 
was right, and placed the care of guests 
upon the highest plane. By the enlarged 
facilities he has given his townsmen, by 
the employment he affords to hun- 
dreds, by his liberal and extensive 
generosity, he has accomplished much 
good, and is a public benefactor; by 
his unvarying courtesy to his guests he 
has won the title of “prince of land- 
lords.” The sunny spirit and practical 
intelligence of his excellent wife have 
borne their part in hissuccess and been 
most important factors in the house- 
hold economy. Their natural culture 
has been broadened by extensive travel 


in both continents. Their hostelries. 
have been visited by many distinguished 
and cultivated people, and who comes 
once will be likely to come again and 
again. 

Desiring something relative to his 
relations with the hotel ‘‘ Raymond ” 
at East Passadena, Cal., I wrote to 
Gen. Wentworth asking about the 
facts, and received from him a frank 
letter from which I make some ex- 
tracts. 

‘““Mrs. Wentworth is a most extraor- 
dinary woman. Her intuitions are 
remarkable. She appears to know 
everything that it is necessary for her 
to know in all times and places intui- 
tively. She has been my guiding star; 
is brave, honest and true, and never 
did a thing in her life that she 
did not believe right and true. 
I need not tell you about her char- 


acter, because you know that, 
having examined her phrenologi- 
cally. In our business we have 


worked together, hand in hand, heart 
to heart, mind to mind. Every suc- 
cess I have attained to and all pros- 
perity which has come to me has 
been through her. 

“‘In the Autumn of 1891 Mr. Wal- 
ter Raymond (of the excursion firm 
of Raymond & Whitcomb), who owns. 
‘The Raymond,’ at East Passadena, 
Cal., engaged me to manage his hotel 
for the term of two years at a hand- 
some salary. At the end of the first 
year he made a contract with me for 
an additional three years. I take with 
me to California all my employees, 140 
in number. I take them from New 
England and find it one of the sources. 
of my success, There is no pleasure for 
Mrs. Wentworth and I except in doing 
the highest class of work. Keeping a 
hotel is a high calling. People who 
travel leave behind them elegant 
homes, with all that that word means 
in the way of comforts, decorations, 
artistic effects, and so forth, and the 
hotel man who can supply these things 
to them so that they will not miss 
them has accomplished a_ great 
work, ’ 


CHAPTER XXXVII. 
CHARACTER STUDIES. No. 4. 


By Rev. 


OU have a large head, measur- 
ing as it does 23} inches in 
circumference and 15 inches from the 
opening of one ear to that of the 
other, over the top. We suppose a 
man who carries a brain as large as 
that ought to weigh 180 pounds as a 
rule; as you weigh 175 pounds and 
are not very tall, we willcall it a bal- 
ance between head and body. The 
chief temperament in your case is the 
Vital. The Vital temperament is 
made up of the nutritive system which 
manufactures food into sustenance 
for brain, bone and muscle. There 
are many persons who lack this tem- 
perament, they have not much vital- 
ity, they lack power to execute. We 
once had a man under our hands 
whose head measured 24 inches and 
he gave his weight as 125 pounds. He 
might have been pre-eminent asa book- 
keeper, he might have served his day 
and generation admirably in that 
business, but he could not stride 
through the mountains and buy tim- 
ber by the forty acres to be used in 
large enterprises. He could not pros- 
pect for iron and copper among rug- 
ged regions. But he could keep ac- 
counts in a rolling mill, ina foundry. 
The bookkeeper does not care, it 
makes no difference to him whether 
it isa trip hammer he is writing about 
or a bank-note printing press ; it is 
iron in both cases. 

Your Motive temperament is fairly 
developed, you are not lacking in 
bone or muscle. We judge that you 
are more like your mother than like 
your father, because you have com- 
paratively small features. You have 
a long body which gives room for the 
Vital apparatus ; you have small feet 
and rather small hands ; you sit tall 
and stand short ; these are indications 


(Dictated to a reporter, the subject being a 
total stranger with no hint as to his name or 
pursuit.) 


B. B, TYLer. 


that a boy resembles his mother. Now 
with your large active brain and your 
good body you have abank of vitality 
on which you can draw for supplies 
and your drafts will be fully answer- 
ed and honored. In other words, 
when you want to work with the 
hands or with the brain there is some- 
thing somewhere that comes to the 
rescue and brings the steam ; it does 
you good to work, you think it is 
wholesome. 

You have broad cheekbones which 
indicate large lungs. You have a 
pretty broad face outward from the 
mouth which means good digestion ; 
those are a part of the Vital machin- 
ery, to make blood and aerate it. You 
have a fine quality of organization. 
As I draw my finger carefully across 
the forehead it seems like satin 
instead of like canvas. Therefore 
the quality which you have, 
and the susceptible nature, as 
well as the strength of character, 
show that you are acute as well as 
masterful. Some menare like agreat 
sledge-hammer, they have wonderful 
power but they do not do very smooth 
work. 

You have large Perceptive organs 
which give you the ability to gather 
knowledge and appreciate its pecu- 
liarities. The Perceptive faculties as 
we study them take into consideration 
the sample existence of things. One 
faculty, Individuality, sees things as 
things, without knowing what they 
are for, but it recognizes. The organ 
of Form studies the shape; if itisa 
rose, an acorn, if it is something long 
and sharp, something broad and 
square, Form tells what the thing 
looks like. ‘Then the faculty of Size 
takes into account magnitude, weight, 
bulk, density. Color gives us pleas- 
ure in the harmony of beauty, shades 
and tints. Order comes in and says 
how the things shall be arranged , sees 


297 


298 


the apples on trees and other things 
on the ground; regulates everything, 
and expects to find it there when it 
comes back. Calculation counts, 
sees the multitude and the infinitesi- 
mal. Then Eventuality is well de- 


How To StTupy STRANGERS. 


You are a chronological man. You 
like to hear a man say, ‘‘In the year 
1833,’ such a thing happened. If he 
says it was the 18th of October, it 
makes it all the better. You are very 
likely to putthe dates in. If you had 


FIG. 4.—-REV. B. B, TYLER. 


veloped, that remembers the history 
of things. Locality remembers places; 
where you have been, where you want 
to go; it is a geographical faculty. 
No two things occupy the same place 
at the same time, consequently one 
must be in one place and another in 
another place; Locality takes account 
of it. Time, periodicity, chronology, 
is another fact of human life; beyond 
this life if there are no clocks, no 
sunrise or sunset to keep tally by, we 
may have an unvarying sweep of light, 
life and joy, and we will not care to 
have it cut up into pieces. If we do 
not need to sleep we shall not need 
the night. But Time is large in you. 


letter-heads you would have printed 
on them 18g , then you would put the 
three or the four in when the time 
came; so your letters would all be 
dated, whatever else they might con- 
tain. ‘These are footprints in the 
sands of time. You like to fix the 
day. To you it seems a part of the 
truth. If a man can say, ‘‘On the 
6th day of October, 1850, I sailed in 
the sloop Mary Jane from Boston for 
New York,” you are ready to believe 
all the rest of the story; if he re- 
members so much why not all? 

You do not like to open a book and 
have it commence with, ‘‘ Once upon 
a time,” such a thing happened. 


CHARACTER STUDIES 


299 


Henry James used to say, ‘‘On a 
sultry Summer afternoon in the month 
of August, 1837, a solitary horseman 
might have been seen climbing the 
western slope of the Alps.’’ When 
he gets all that fixed, he may imagine 
as much as he likes afterward, itseems 
to you as if he knew about it. In 
other words, you are a Statistician, 
dates, places and time seem to 
be pleasant to you. An English 
clergyman will write a letter and 
date it at such a “‘ Rectory,” naming 
his parish; somehow it looks as if he 
belonged somewhere. They speak of 
the Duke of Bedford; that locates 
him. Now, these things to a person 
who does not study mind as we do, 
at first sight, may not seem important; 
but when we come to take account 
of what has been, where it happened, 
by whom it was done, all this data 
that the Perceptives take in is no 
mean part of literature and knowl- 
edge. 

Then your Comparison is large. 
You compare one fact with another, 
one thing with another, one man with 
another; therefore you are a critic. 
You hold each fact in the thought, 
and you try it by some yard-stick, 
some scale of measurement or estima- 
tion. If you know what a diamond 
is, and another stone is presented, 
you take the diamond for the means of 
criticism, to see whether the other is 
a diamond or not. We see the differ- 
ence between apples; when we want 
an apple, and it is very important we 
should have a good one, we take one 
out of the number one pile; those in 
number six pile may do for the boys 
who have but a penny to buy with. 
They are all apples and may have 
grown on the same tree, but there is 
a difference in them; and Comparison 
takes account of the difference. 

You have large Causality. You 
ask questions, and you do not feel 
satisfied till they are answered. You 
make an effort, and you did when you 
were a child, to tell the why as well 
as the what. I suppose a milkman’s 
horse knows every house in the whole 


row as well as the man does, and he 
insists upon stopping sometimes after 
the customer has dropped out; but 
he does not know what they go there 
for. The dog also knows all about 
the what, but he does not know what 
the transaction is for; the reason he 
does not get hold of; but he knows 
the facts and places as well as the 
master does. 

You are a good judge of strangers. 
You appreciate motive, character, 
and disposition. You have a sense 
of what people are; it is instinctive; 
it is possessed more or less by the 
lower animals. If a man comes in 
with a frown on his face, his dog is 
demure and waits for any orders that 
may be given. If the man comes in 
with a smile on his face, the dog 
smiles too. He knows the mood. I 
have sometimes thought a dog knows 
when he is lost and wants a master, 
which man out of twenty to make up 
to; he will hit the right one. You 
have the spirit which leads you to try 
to make what you say and do accept- 
able to people; it is the faculty we 
call Agreeableness. You are not 
often mistaken in a stranger; then 
you have the power to make yourself 
acceptable ;' and when you are among 
total strangers it is easy for you to 
see who would be a pleasant travel- 
ing companion, and you would move 
up and give him a place beside you; 
and you would find him a delightful 
person to talk to, and he is pleased 
also with you. 

Benevolence makes you pity a good 
many people who might think they 
did not need pity. You pity people 
because they do not know any better; 
because they do not behave as well 
as they should. People may have 
plenty of money, a good education, 
and they might wonder why you took 
the trouble to be sorry for them; but 
you are sorry for them if there is any 
reason for it. 

Your power to copy, conform. adapt 
yourself, to do as others do, 1s well 
marked. You could go to Spain, or 
any other foreign country, and learn 


300 


How To Stupy STRANGERS, 


readily to do as well-behaved people 
there do. You would take on their 
ways of expressing astonishment by 
shrugging the shoulders, lifting the 
eyebrows; you would do it uncon- 
sciously. Imitation is an educator. 
A little girl watches to see how her 
mother handles the baby, and she 
goes through the same ceremonies 
with- her doll. A boy watches to see 
his father drive the horses, and he takes 
two chairs and harnesses them and 
plays horse; and the mimic method 
he adopts is the fun of it; and in that 
way he learns to do the work of life. 

You have a good development of 
Hope, and are inclined to look on the 
favorable side. If people come to 
you with their troubles and feel that 
their prospects are dark, their hearts 
are almost broken, you have some- 
thing like this to say to them: ‘‘ ‘It 
is always the darkest just before 
day.’ ‘It is a long road that has no 
turning.’ ’’ You would have some 
comforting words to make a_ person 
feel that they were not clean gone to 
despair. In regard to your own 
affairs, you shake off trouble a little 
as a bird shakes off the rain, so it 
will not soak in. 

Conscientiousness renders your 
mind firm in its sense of righteous- 
ness. You believe in duty and obli- 
gation. If you give a person to un- 
derstand that you think this cr that, 
that you approve or sustain any line 
of action that is under discussion, you 
feel in duty bound to do so, espe- 
cially if it comes to grief and somebody 
loses. You probably in your time 
have offered to pay in such cases, 
where a man had lost by acting upon 
your advice or approval. He might 
have said when you offered to pay it, 
‘‘Oh, no; I was not obliged to take 
your suggestion; you were honest in 
it; I do not blame you.” But you 
would feel as if you ought to pay it; 
and if you were wealthy you would 
always insist upon doing it; so no- 
body could ever say that you had 
ever taken tacitly responsibility, then 
slipped out from under it. 


You would wield justice if you were 
on the bench, but you would temper 
it with mercy. You would sometimes 
suspend judgment and give a boy who 
ought to know better and do better a 
chance to try again; by suspending 
his sentence you would give him an 
Opportunity to reform, but it would 
be with the understanding he could 
be called in again for tnis at any 
time. If people will try to do right 
hereafter you will try to forgive them 
for the past; but you feel the full 
weight and enormity of whatever is 
wrong in others as well as in yourself. 

Your Self-esteem is not quite as 
large as I would model it if I could. 
If you had a little more of that calm, 
cool selfhood that can rise above crit- 
icism and censure and not suffer too 
much I would give it to you. You 
are more sensitive about what people 
think, say and feel relative to you than 
most men. You do not want a child 
to move away from you, as much 
as’) tO, esayi # aLedo Want Gaknow. 
about it.” If a dog acted asif he 
were afraid of you you would wonder 
if you had made a motion that made 
the dog think you were ready tostrike 
him or kick him. If you became 
vexed with your horse and gave him 
one or two sharp cuts with the whip, 
and found out afterward his harness 
was tangled in some way and that he 
was not to blame for not responding, 
you would feel conscience smitten; 
then your Approbativeness would 
come in and you would feel that you 
must apologize to the horse; so you 
would get out of the wagon, fix the 
harness and pat the horse till he felt 
that his master was really his friend; 
then you would get into the wagon 
when it was settled and go on your 
way rejoicing. To be approved is a 
great fact for you. If you had a lit- 
tle more Self-esteem it would be bet- 
ter for you. I think it has grown, 
responsibility has probably developed 
it; but all your life you have been a 
little short on that, the power to as- 
sume or adopt a mandatory method 
when it is required. 


CHARACTER STUDIES, 301 


You sometimes take a soft method 
of righting wrongs when a mandato- 
ry, stearn method would be a means 
of grace to the other man, and easier 
for yourself if you had the material to 
work out in that way. You have the 
organs which give force, economy, 
prudence, ingenuity and taste well 
developed. Combativeness and De- 
structiveness give people the cour- 
age to meet difficulty, and severity 
to punish that which deserves it, 
and to control affairs though others 
may have to suffer. For example, 
Destructiveness is necessary in the 
de itist though he may be gentle, po- 
lite and kind. He may tell a little 
boy when he gets fairly hold of*a 
tooth that he will not pull it till he 
gives him notice, he only wants to 
see how it is; he need not be afraid 
that he will pull it till he gives him 
notice;and when he isready, he says: 
‘Now,’ and he gives the boy a slap 
on the shoulderat the same time, and 
that shock is a part of the general 
shock and the boy does not know the 
tooth is out. That is merciful sever- 
ity. A surgeon has occasion to do 
the same thing sometimes. We 
are obliged to do some things that 
give our children pain sometimes as 
a means of reformation. I suppose 
when a person sends a child into a 
dark room because he is in discredit 
the parent may suffer more than the 
child. A man or woman who has 
Destructiveness and Conscientious- 
ness will have a steady hand in the 
administration of righteous judgment, 
even though the sympathies and af- 
fections may pull the other way. 
‘‘Whom he loveth he chasteneth and 
scourges every one whom he re- 
ceiveth.”’ 

If you had been trained as a _ busi- 
ness man you would have been very 
efficient; you would have been thor- 
ough and earnest in starting for 
the field of work, and you would have 
pushed the cause you had in hand. 
You would not get tired as soon as 
most men; as long as something re- 
mained to be done you would feel the 


strength requisite to do it; but when 
you got through and had _ reached 
home, taken your seat at the table, 
you might feel hardly able to replen- 
ish the inner man. In other words, 
you have the energy to work up all 
your steam when the occasion de- 
mands it; therefore you are a good 
worker, a willing worker. 

You have the elements of economy, 
financial wisdom. You could manage 
to geta good deal of comfort out of a 
small income. You could manage to 
make a small, poor farm do more to 
support a little family than most men 
who are blessed with such an inherit- 
ance. If you were used to farming you 
would mow closely and rake cleanly; 
but you would not rake the hay for 
yourself toeat; you would want a tight 
roof to keep it nicely till cold zero 
weather had come, then every spear 
of grass so saved would be carefully 
and generously fed to the hungry 
stock waiting for it. You economize 
that you may have wherewith to give. 

You have large Constructiveness. 
You would have made a good me- 
chanic if you had been trained to it; 
a good engineer. You take an inter- 
est in what people are doing. If they 
are sinking great flat stones twenty 
feet below the surface of the street on 
which to build piers to put aten-story 
house on, you like to watch them; 
you appreciate the durability of sucha 
structure; and when you see the build- 
ing after it is finished you know what 
it is built upon. You enjoy music. 
You enjoy mirth. You appreciate 
your food. You enjoy physical life 
better than most mendo. You enjoy 


society. You are an ardent lover. 
You arefond of pets. Youarea good 
friend. You put your palm into that 


of another man and look him in the 
eye as if you felt he was a brother 
beloved. You can impress people 
who are not related to you with the 
feeling that you are nearer to them 
than most men are. Somemen shake 
hands with us as if the hand were a 
wet rope, and we do not adhere to 
them except with aversion, The fam- 


302 How To STuDY STRANGERS, 


ily circle like you. You are welcome 
to your young people, and though 
your hair is white people do not think 
that you are old; and when you have 
lived twenty years longer, if you main- 
tain your health, you will have an en- 
thusiasm that will make _ people 
feel that you are not as old as 
other men of the same age. You 
get this from your mother, the vital- 
ity, the mirthfulness, the sympathy, 
the affection, the friendship and the 
domesticity, and probably you get 
your economy from her. I think 
her bureau drawers were full of rolls 
of linen and cotton cloth that might 
be wanted in the _ neighborhood 
somewhere in the case of sickness if 
notin the houseat home. The poor 
people missed her when she got 
through; the rich could do without 
her, they would mourn in the ab- 
stract, they would not mourn as the 
poor would. 

You ought to be aman who can be 
useful. I can hardly think of a place 
that an organization like yours could 
not gointo and fill well. If you were 
at the wheel of a ship ina storm, and 
knew how, you would hold out well. 
If you were a quarryman the granite 
would seem more lenient under your 
blows than under some lighter ones. 
You might have been a good builder, 
a good architect. You have such an 
admiration for a house that is con- 
trived to be handy and convenient 
and solid, you cannot help studying 
architecture when you are in a house 
that is well appointed. 

You are not a stranger a great 
while to people who’ might be ac- 
quainted with you. You are ap- 
proachable, available, you can make 
yourself useful to most people. You 
would do well in literature. You 
would do decidedly well in science, 
you would make an impulsive and 
earnest speaker. You would never 
induce an audience to feel that you 
were a kind of a professional saint at 
a distance admonishing another class 
of beings. They would think you 
were an elder brother who had . come 


to help them. You would be more 
acceptable to people than you would 
if you hada high crown of head, a 
hard physiognomy, and said things in 
a more mandatory way. 

You area clear thinker, anaccurate 
and definite writer. You would do 
well in the lecture room, at the bar, 
in the pulpit or in the school room. 
Your earnestness of character would 
back up your intellectual work. 


BIOGRAPHY. 


BENJAMIN BUSHROD ‘TYLER was 
born near Decatur, Ill),. April’ 5, 
1840. His parents were native Ken- 
tuckians, the father tracing his an- 
cestry to England and the mother to 
Ireland. The religious training of 
both was according to the theology 
of the Presbyterian Church; but in 
early life they united with the Bap- 
tists in Kentucky, and Mr. Tyler was 
ordained to the Gospel ministry 
by the Baptist Church, in Fayette 
County. 

The Tylers left Kentucky at an 
early day, and located in Sangam- 
mon County, IIl. 

Under most favorable domestic in- 
fluences the subject of this notice was 
rained in early life, and at the age of 
nineteen years, under tlie instruction 
of his father, he was induced to be- 
come a Christian, and was accord- 
ingly baptized by him in the Sangam- 
mon River on Aug. 1, 1859. Young 
Tyler immediately turned his atten- 
tion to acquiring an education for the 
Gospel ministry, and entered Eureka 
College, Illinois, the following month. 
He had spent two years at the col- 
lege, when the war of the Rebellion 
broke out, and it became necessary 
that he should leave school and turn 
his attention to some means by which 
he might accumulate funds, and so 
return to college. But he never re- 
turned. His marked ability in per- 
suading men to become Christians 
was immediately so apparent that his 
brethren generally decided that the 
education he had already received, in 
view of the constant success attend- 


CHARACTER STUDIES. 


303 


ing his ministrations, was sufficient 
for an introduction to the life work 
for which he seemed specially adapt- 
ed; and accordingly, on Sept. 4, 
1861, at the State Convention of Dis- 
ciples at Eureka, the young man was 
regularly ordained to the Gospel 
ministry. 

In December, 1862, Mr. Tyler 
was married to Miss Sarah A, Burton, 
the daughter of a prosperous mer- 
chant in Eureka. Of this alliance he 
says: ‘‘A better wife a preacher 
never had.” : 

In 1864, Mr. Tyler was engaged as 
pastor of a church in Charleston, 
Coles County, Ill, In 1868 Mr. 
and Mrs. Tyler made a tour through 
the Eastern States occupying four 
months. 

In 1869 Mr. Tyler located at Terre 
Haute, Ind., and continued until 
1872, when Mrs. Tryler’s failing 
health suggested the propriety of 
going South; hence, in that year on 
the first of May, he commenced his 
labors in Frankfort, Ky., continuing 
in this work until April, 1876, when 
he was called to the First Christian 
Church, Louisville, Ky. The pas- 
tor’s work here, during the six years 
he remained with it, was, by reason of 
heavy mortgages on its property, 
largely of a business character. 

After Mr. Tyler’s resignation of the 
pastorate in Louisville, he madea visit 
in May, 1882, to the Church of Dis- 
ciples, then located on Twenty-eighth 
street, New York, and subsequently 
accepted an invitation to become the 
pastor. Consequently, the Twenty- 
eighth street property was sold anda 
new and better located edifice was 


erected on West Fifty-sixth street, near 
Eighth avenue. This was completed 
and occupied in 1883, since which 
time to the present Mr. ‘Tyler has 
been the pastor. The title D.D. 
was conferred on him in 1892, by 
Drake University, located at Des 
Moines, lowa. 

Dr. Tyler has for years been the 
regular correspondent of the Christian 
Standard, published at Cincinnati. 
He is alsoa member of the Interna- 
tional Sunday School Lesson Com- 
mittee. He is prominent among the 
leaders of the Christian Endeavor 
work, is a member of the Board of 
Managers of the American Bible 
Society, and of its Committee on 
Versions. He is president of the 
Chautauqua Union of New York city. 

Dr. Tyler’s natural endowments for 
his life work have been ample. In 
physical proportions he is about 5 
feet g inches high and weighs 180 
pounds. His voice is of great power 
and he controls its wide compass with 
excellent skill, suiting its inflections 
judiciously to the nature of histheme, 
and uttering every articulation with 
great distinctness but with little ap- 
parent effort, so that one seldom tires 
in listening. 

Itis only on extraordinary occasions 
that any manuscript is before him-- 
he is fluent in the use of language, 
and often excites strong emotional 
contrasts in his audience by transla- 
tions from the gay and humorous to 
the sober and serious in his own sym- 
pathies. Under his pulpit ministra- 
tions in New York it is seldom that a 
week passes without additions to the 
membership of the church. 


M,C. T. 


CHAPTER XXXVIII. 


CHARACTER STUDIES. 


No. 5. 


FRANCIS MARION CoopPER, M.D. 


OU have a tendency to be men- 
tal in your make-up. You have 
a delicate organization and capacity 
for thought and sentiment and sym- 
pathy, rather than physical power. 
Your temperament is first Mental in 
a high degree, with a fair share of 
the Motive Temperament. You need 
more of what we call the Vital, nu- 
tritive system, to give you bodily 
vigor and stamina. We find men 
who have brawny muscles and stout 
frames, who are very broad in the 
back and also broad in the cheeks, 
and who have a strong and intense 
bony structure. Your organization is 
of the lighter type. We see the Per- 
cheron horse, sturdy, strong, slow, 
heavy and enduring; the lighter ani- 
mals in that great family are slim, 
alert, sensitive. susceptible and 
speedy. You are more like the quick 
horse that takes the light wagon and 
makes rapid progress. 

The upper section of your head is 
strongly marked; your life finds its 
chief outlet or source of power in the 
higher intellectual facilities, and in 
those which constitute the esthetical 
and take into account the realm of 
imagination and beauty and wit, 
prudence, morality, dignity and am- 
bition. You enjoy the sublime and 
the grand, and are sensitive to all 
that is delicate and harmonious and 
elegant. And it is as natural for you 
to ignore and repudiate the rude, 
boisterous and rough in manner and 
usage as it is for a well-kept grey- 
hound to leap out of a circle of muddy 
mastiffs, and thus clear himself of 
bad company. You have often won- 
dered, when you have seen men en- 
joying what they call sport and amuse- 
ment, to see how rude and base and 
low their tastes and desires are. 
Even in the selection and use of their 


food they are coarse and groveling 
and sensual. Your interest in food 
would find the channel of gratifica- 
tion in the use of that which is deli- 
cate and fine with less of it, such as 
venison steaks rather than the over- 
fatted beef or pork that is coarse- 
grained, gross and tough. Your 
temperament. reminds us more of 
rosewood than it does of oak. The 
fiber is finer; the susceptibility is 
more delicate than we ordinarily find; 
in fact, if you had more of the Vital 
Temperament, if you had a larger 
amount of nutritive power, so that 
you could broaden out and take on 
bulk and momentum, and thus your 
large and active brain could be sus- 
tained and nourished amply by more 
of the Vital Temperament; in other 
words, by a better stomach and a 
better pair of lungs, life to you 
would be broader, perhaps not so 
high, and probably more intense, be- 
cause you would still retain your 
excellent mental make-up, and all it 
needs is the Vital to give it adequate 
support. Your type of temperament 
is a little like the steel that consti- 
tutes the cutting edge of an axe, 
which alone is too light to fell the 
forests, and it needs the Vital Tem- 
perament to give it backing, just as 
the steel edge of the axe needs the 
three pounds of iron behind it to give 
it momentum. It does not add sharp- 
ness to the axe; it simply adds moment- 
um to make the sharpness effective. 
You ought to be known mentally 
for strong Causality and Comparison; 
these give you the tendency to ana- 
lyze whatever is before you, and also 
the tendency to synthesize and put 
together facts and principles and 
comprehend their laws and relations; 
while the large Comparison gives you 
power of discrimination and criticism. 


304 


CHARACTER STUDIES. 


You have large Mirthfulness which 
renders your mind wakeful to all that 
is witty and worthy of being cher- 
ished and retained. It is not the 
rough, low sport that roars and re- 
joices in the coarse, but it is rather 
that sense of the brilliant and the 
scintillating which gleams and is full 
of beauty and brightness but does 
not descend to coarseness. 

Your Ideality gives you a poetic 
sense; you have not quite enough of 
the Perceptive intellect to make it 
easy and natural for you to gather 
statistics and to put facts into rhyth- 
mic form. You appreciate poetry 
better than you could concoct it. 
You have the sentiment but not the 
manipulating faculties that measure 
it and organize it. 

Your Constructiveness is large in 
the sense of invention and imagina- 
tion, rather than in the sense of 
mechanical, practical skill. You have 
the faculties which would enable you 
to get a general idea of what you 
wanted, and let some skillful me- 
chanic take your thoughts and realize 
them in forms. And when he got it 
realized to his comprehension, when 
he gotit builded, you could then see 
where it might be improved; and the 
second one he would make better 
than he would the first. Your lan- 
guage is more compact and accurate 
than it is voluminous. Your sense of 
Tune seems to be rather strong, a 
feeling that lifts your thought up into 
the realm of the harmonies of sweet 
sounds; and your appreciation of 
time as connected with music will be 
better than in connection with dates 
and the incidents of life. 

You appreciate the good things of 
the table, are prompt to recognize fine 
flavors and odors; and if you had oc- 
casion to relate yourself to food prod- 
ucts and culinary matters, you would 
be a good guide and supervisor of 
whatever belongs to the table com- 
forts. : 

Your back head is strong. You 
have large Self-esteem, which gives 
you dignity. You may not be domi- 


395 


nating; you will quietly manage to 
work things to suit you and as they 
ought to be. You have a good degree 
of Continuity; hence there is an in- 
tensity of feeling and purpose in the 
planning and executing of that which 
is needful. You are fond of home 
and home associations, and it would 
be a pleasureand prideto youto make 
a nice home. You would makea place 
homelike for others; if you were 
keeper of a hotel, you would manage 
to keep the house in such a way that 
people would think it wasa good place 
to stopat. You express and manifest 
a friendly sympathy to an extent that 
would lead people to feel that you felt 
an interest in their welfare and were 
trying to do everything to make their 
time and their stay acceptable. And 
if you kepta mountain summer resort, 
or a watering-place resort for pleasure 
seekers to go, they would stay with 
you longer than they anticipated. 
They would propose to stay four days, 
and stay fourteen, because of your 
tendency to make it friendly and 
homelike. 

Your fondness for children would 
make the little ones cluster around 
you and come to your companion- 
ship. 

You love life, and are inclined to 


hold on and prolong it; for a man 


with a delicate structure like yours, 
you are likely to live to a longer 
age than most men who are stronger 
absolutely. The feeling that life is 
worth having leads oneto be tenacious 
in respect to it. 

You have strong Acquisitiveness, 
the desire for property, the tendency 
to look out for whatever belongs to 
your rights and interests in that re- 
spect and not have them overlooked 
and forgotten. 

You have Secretiveness enough to 
conceal that which it is not best to 
express, and to be judicious in your 
statements and in your dealings with 
mankind. You sometimes say noth- 
ing and look interested and bow your 
head to the recognition of what peo- 
ple are saying without responding to 


306 . How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


A cyanea aaa EIN ST oy TR TREC TETRIS TN” ry Wenig coe a anes gg 


it or committing yourself; and if they 
ask you what you think about it, you 
say, ‘‘We will talk about that after I 
have thought about it a little more;” 


FIG, ; 


and perhaps they will never renew the 
conversation, though you are ready to 
talk about it, but not particularly 
anxious to do so. You could keep 
on good terms with men who were 
of diverse dispositions and diverse 


tastes and spirit by taking men as they 
are and adapting yourself, as far as 
you may, to each man and not con- 
tradicting where it is not necessary 


FRANCIS MARION COOPER, M.D. 


You do not break with them or have 
acontroversy. And, although youmay 
be firm and even headstrong in 
your wishes and will, you do not gen- 
erally allow your personal opinions to 
controvert the opinions and purposes 


CHARACTER STUDIES, 


—— — ——— — 


of others, unless duty absolutely 
demands it. And so you could have 
customers, if you were a professional 
man or a dealer in goods, of every 
shade of political opinion, and you 
would not be ventilating your political 
opinions in such a way as to prevent 
a man from buying a bushel of salt of 
you or ten yards of cloth if he could 
do it and you had it suitable for his 
wants; but you would join the church 
that you preferred, you would vote 
with the party that you approved, you 
would subscribe for and read the paper 
that you believed in; you might sub- 
scribe for other papers; but your 
opinions, political, religious and scien- 
tific, are your own; and, at the same 
time, you carry yourself and your 
Opinions in such a wayas not to make 
war upon other people. 

When we come to take hold of the 
higher elements, your Conscientious- 
ness is one of the corner-stones of 
character; you love the truth because 
it istrue; and you feel conscientiously 
bound to do whatever is right and to 
avoid whatever is wrong; but you are 
not so much inclined to harass other 
people who do not want to agree with 
you as many whom you meet with. 
And while your Firmness is uncom- 
monly strong, your Conscience and 
Caution, located in the neighborhood 
of Firmness, aid you greatly in sus- 
taining your opinions and holding 
yourself calm and serene, even in the 
midst of the ‘‘contradiction of sin- 
ners.” And we can fancy we see you 
following a line of business with men 
who differ with each other as widely 
as men can differ and be peaceful. 
Your eyes will snap and you will attend 
to your business and hear what they 
say and smile occasionally and let the 
thing go off by default; it is not your 
argument; you are not involved in it, 
nor do you chip in nor talk about it 
with them; and if a man should ask 
your opinion, you would say, ‘‘ I have 
as much as I can do to take care of 
that which Iam responsible for; we 
shall not quarrel about what we think; 
we will vote as we please, and we will 


307 


go to church where we please, and it 
is nobody’s business outside of ours;” 
and a man will-say, ‘‘ Yes, that’s so.’”’ 
And thus you would evade it, though 
you would not shirk tostate and defend 
opinion if necessary. But we are 
speaking of aman being in a position 
where it is not necessary. Suppose 
you were visiting as a_ physician 
from house to house, you would 
not bring your altar of worship 
into conflict with the necessities and 
duties of daily life; and you would 
try to carry yourself towards those 
whose opinions differ from yours in 
such a way that they would feel that 
you were simply a physician or you 
were simply a merchant, or you were 
a tailor making clothes for them; you 
would fit your enemies justas well as 
you would your friends, and be as 
happy when you had done it up pro- 
perly, because that is a transaction 
by itself. And while you are not in- 
different, you have the reticence and 
the prudence and the self-respect to 
hold yourself aloof from whatever is 
another man’s quarrel, and not let 
these incidental and collateral. opin- 
ions stand in the way of your beinga 
good neighbor and a good friend. 
And yet you select your friends, and 
select the persons that you wish to 
talk with, who will blend with you 
and harmonize nicely; but you do not 
let people pick your pocket nor pick 
your conscience, nor pick your knowl- 
edge and your private opinions. 
Some people carry their opinions 
‘fon their sleeves for daws to peck 
at.’ If men put their ten dollar bills 
on their sleeves, sometimes they 
might get lost. 

A man whom we would not vote for 
may be a good neighbor, may be a 
good friend, may be a good parent, 
may be a good workman, may be 
honest and true, but he may have 
opinions that we think in government 
matters are not as wise as those that 
we approve. So we will work against 
the opinions, not against the man. 

What you need most isan increased 
development of the faculties that be- 


308 


long to the lower range of intellectual 
organs, the perceptives. If your Per- 
ceptives were larger, your eyes would 
be broader apart, and the lower part 
of your forehead would be more 
arched and heavy, and it would be 
easier for you to gather in the inci- 
dental facts of life, and hold in ready 
possession for use, the knowledge 
you have. As it is now, you follow 
the principle, rather than detail; you 
follow ideas, rather than specific lines 
of thought and effort. And in taking 
care of practical matters, you have to 
systemize, theorize, and get the right 
way, and then try to carry it out and 
make it your own affair. It is not so 
easy for you to adapt yourself to in- 
cidental conditions as it is for a man 
who is large across the lower part of 
the forehead. , 

You have large Imitation, which 
gives you the tendency to copy and 
conform, to adapt yourself to circum- 
stances, to do as other people do, as 
far as you can conscientiously. 

You have large Human Nature; 
you judge of character well, andhence 
are rarely mistaken in reference to 
persons who are in your presence for 
the first time. Consequently, when you 
meet strangers and see in them worth 
and talent, you would take the initia- 
tive in getting acquainted with them, 
and they feel that you have somehow 
selected them from a preference you 
had; and they will respond to you 
with the cordiality that is befitting 
the occasion; you do not stand off, 
love andadmire persons at a distance, 
and let them break the ice. If you 
conceived a ‘strong and approving 
Opinion in favor of the persons, you 
are apt to take the initiative and lead 
in forming friendship. If you do not 
so regard them it takes a good deal of 
their presence and their good works, 
and their kindly manifestations to 
make your mind seem mellow and 
pliable and conformatory; but you 
do not need any persuading, you 
need no crowding where you in- 
stinctively see that people are worthy 
of all the respect you can bestow. 


How To Strupy STRANGERS. 


You have large Spirituality; that 
gives you the inventive tendency, a 
tendency to take upnew things if they 
are worthy; you do not get so hide- 
bound in reference to old usages and 
methods as to keep you from seeing 
the worth and merit of something 
that you never heard of before. And 
in regard to inventions and improve- 
ments, you keep your mind open to 
conviction, ready to listen and inves- 
tigate and to appreciate and approve 
whenever there is something to be ap- 
proved. But you are not very likely 
to get drawn into the approval of that 
which is a sham in any type of sub- 
ject. In a good many things you 
stand aloof, because you have not 
yet got the facts on which to form a 
sound opinion; it may take you a lit- 
tle longer to form opinions on some 
subjects or topics than it does most 
men; where the Perceptive organs 
are the means of information you are 
slower in getting it than you are 
where the intuitions and the moral 
sentiments come in. 

Yours is a strong character; it has 
force and thoroughness and courage; 
it has prudence and guardedness and 
policy ; it haseconomy and invention; 
it has wit and humor; it has taste and 
refinement; it has logical and ana- 
lytical power and strong moral senti- 
ment; and your affections towards 
those that you like draw you very 
near to them, and you make friends 
that will stand by you to the last. 

I would give you the hygienic con- 
ditions that belong to the upbuilding 
of body, such, for instance, as the 
wearing of boots to keep the cold air 
from chilling the blood as it goes 
through the ankles to the feet in cold 
weather. If you wear boots the 
space that you would have around 
the ankle bone being filled with warm 
air would keep the blood warm, and 
the free circulation would keep the 
head cool, and be likely to enhance 
your weight and build up your nutri- 
tive system. Then the diet should 
be simple and nutritious, studying 
carefully to avoid extra amounts of 


CHARACTER STUDIES, 309 


carbonaceous material, which the 
system cannot properly convert. 
Wheat, in its entirety, oatmeal, milk 
of the best sort without skimming or 
without diluting; and if I had to be 
responsible for your health I would 
make sugar a scarce article of use 
with you; nor would I permit the use 
of much butter, or what they call su- 
perfine bread; nor would I load you 
with fat meats; I would give you a 
luscious tender steak and stew, with 
the greasy part excluded. And I 
would recommend to you in the eating 
of starch bearing material that you 
manipulate it in the mouth long 
enough to saturate it with saliva, so 
as to secure the digestion of the 
starch, as hundreds of people have 
dyspepsia and suffer from it needless- 
ly for years just from a lack of this 
precaution; and I would expect im- 
provement in your weight and 
strength. 


Dr. F. M. Cooper, the subject of 
the foregoing sketch, is a well-known 
physician, who conducts a sanitarium 
at Emporia, Kansas. He treats all 
chronic diseases, and has had a great 
deal of success in orificial surgery. 
He also employs many valuable hy- 
gienic agencies,.such as electricity, 
magnetism, massage, and various 
forms of baths. Heis not a one- 
sided man, as is the case with so many 
of his profession. He believes in 
combining philosophy with science, 
and nature with art. He has attract- 
ed considerable attention in several 
states adjoining his own, and has won 
his reputation so largely as a result of 
honesty in purpose and intelligence in 
method, that we take pleasure in pre- 
senting him to our readers as a phren- 
ological study. Dr. Cooper has di- 
plomas from several medical colleges, 
and is a graduate of the American 
Institute of Phrenology. 


CHAPTER XXXIX. 
CHARACTER STUDIES. No. 6. 
Lucy STONE. 


HIS woman was one of the most 
earnest, single-minded and di- 

rect) ‘of personalities, © ‘The , very 
thought of righteousness and duty 
was part of her make-up, and when 
she, hungry for education, heard that 
her brother could go to college, but 
she could not, it suggested the ques- 
tion, ‘‘Why not?” She found her- 
self struggling against a public senti- 
ment,on whose current she might float, 
but which she could not stem or con- 
quer. Then she turned within and 
summoned every element of faith, 
hope, courage, persistency and in- 
tensity, which belonged to her char- 
acter, and it was made up largely of 
these elements, and resolved that she 
would overcome the difficulty, she 
would master the situation. But, in 
her native place, Massachusetts, the 
opportunities fora collegiate educa- 
tion for women were not provided for 
one who was born as early as 1818. 
Three-quarters of a century have 


since changed many things for the 
better. 

She haa but one purpose—to know 
something—if possible to know as 
muchas her brother had a right and 
an opportunity to learn. But she had 
to go to a Western State, where peo- 
ple were less ruled by past ideas, and 
where newer, braver and more radical 
opinions prevailed than in Massachu- 
setts. Why could she not have lived 
six weeks longer than to October 18, 
1893, until classic Harvard had opened 
its doors fully to women ‘‘on golden 
hinges moving.” 

At Oberlin, Ohio, she found a col- 
lege, half a century ago, that would 
take a woman and educate her. It 
was a struggle for her to subsist, but 
she made her mark from the very day 
she entered. Excelsior! was her brave 
motto, and she vindicated it. She was 
among the earliest college-bred women 
in the country, and was one of their 
earliest platform speakers, working 


310 


with such advocates of human liberty 
as Garrison, Phillips, Whittier, May, 
Pillsbury and Foster; her voice was 
heard with no uncertain sound. That 
a woman should makea public oration, 
that she should dare to advocate on 
the platform any cause which had in 
it the flavor of legislative govern 
ment was a disgrace if not a crime. 
In those early days Ihave seen her, 
a slight, short figure, bravely stand- 
ing before a congregation, which felt 
more curiosity and prejudice than sym- 
pathy for her, but every word seemed 
like a cannon. shot, solid, uncompro- 
mising, efficient, hitting the mark 
without apology and without abate- 
ment. She had the faculty of think- 


ing compactly, reasoning closely, and — 


of stating the truth as she understood 
it without wavering and without fear. 
Her career is widely and well known; 
those who have had the rare pleasure 
of her personal acquaintance will, 
without a dissenting voice, say of her 
that she was one of the most thor- 
oughly unswerving persons they ever 
knew in the line of conduct and pur- 
pose in the maintenance of opinions 
which she deemed essential to the hap- 
piness of any class of people, especial- 
ly the downtrodden, the neglected and 
oppressed. Her utterances in those 
early days were not popular. Many 
regarded her as a usurper of preroga- 
tives that did not belong to her. She 
was called a crank, a disturber anda 
fanatic, but she lived long enough to 
see progress made in reforms which 
were dear to her; and when she adopt- 
ed the Woman Suffrage question, in 
1853, it looked as discouraging and 
as unpromising asthe other causes she 
had advocated successfully, and which 
have succeeded in the face of every 
difficulty. Denied a college educa- 
tion in 1841 in her native State one 
vow has to consider and count the 
number of colleges devoted to woman 
exclusively, or open alike to her and 
to men. 

Now, the question is pertinent, 
What conditions, mental and physical, 
embodied in the personality of Lucy 


How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


Stone gave her such power to make 
unpopular truths respected? {f the 
reader will study this face, head and 
temperament, he will find well set and 
earnest features; the face does not 
looked pinched and thin and puny and 
pale, but it looks honest, firm, thor- 
ough, staunch and self-possessed. The 
eye is clear and steady; the face is 
broad outward from the nose, showing 
a healthy lung power and vitality. The 
chin is well set; the upper lip is firm 
and definite. The signs which physi- 
ognomy give to Friendship in the 
face are very strong, and als@ the 
signs of integrity, love of truth for its 
own sake. In phrenological lan- 
guage, we say, she had a good Vital 
temperament, the faculty of convert- 
ing food into nutrition and into brain 
power and life; and but for a local 
trouble, she would probably have lived 
ten years longer, and an intellect such 
as hers, like a lighthouse on the mid- 
night coast, would have continued.a 
beacon for the mariners on the stormy 
sea of progress and reform. 

Her head was broad above and 
about the ears, and there were in that 
development elements of long life, 
hardihood and endurance. She hada 
solid, substantial constitution, and a 
tendency to sustain it in the normal 
way. Sheappears to have had rather 
large Acquisitiveness, which gave her 
a sense of value and economy, so that 
whatever had value must be acquired 
and so administered as to be of ser- 
vice to somebody or something which 
was sentient and needful. The faculty 
of Destructiveness was well developed 
and served to awaken in her that 
steady strength and courage, that un- 
wavering stability of purpose, that 
special kind of moral hardihood which 
leads a person to think and to say, 
‘*Let justice be done though the 
heavens fall;’’ but such a person is 
likely to think justice will not induce 
heaven to fall, but rather that injustice 
will call down condemnation. 

Secretiveness gave her a judicious 
way of managing affairs, and of using 
effectively her power and influence; 


Lucy STONE BLACKWELL, 3I1 


truths that ought to be uttered were 
frankly proclaimed; those that were 


any woman that ever lived. Men 
would listen to her arguments and 


not yet ready for utterance she could her indictments of organized public 


LUCY STONE (BLACKWELL), 


suppress. For instance, she could 
conceal her discouragements; she 
could seem to make light of that 
which was not promising, and had 
the spirit which said ‘‘ Though he 
slay me, yet will I trust in Him.” 
She had perhaps as good courage as 


crime, and though they did not 
accept and follow her counsels, they 
would talk it over when they got away, 
and say, ‘‘ Well, she is the pluckiest 
little human being I ever saw.” 

She had very large Benevolence, 
which made her generous and self- 


312 


sacrificing, and was one of the reasons 
why she felt in respect to a cause she 
loved like saying, with William Lloyd 
Garrison, ‘‘I will not excuse; I will 
not equivocate; I will not retreat a 
single inch, and I will be heard.” 
But the inspiration of such a declara- 
tion in him and in her would be 
through sympathy for people suffer- 
ing a wrong. And the power to 
utter it would come from the strong 
middle lobe of the brain, Destruc- 
tiveness, Combativeness and Firm- 
ness. She appears from the picture 
to have had strong Veneration, as 
well as Firmness and Benevolence. 
The middle line of the top head was 
well elevated. Her Conscientious- 
ness was evidently strong, and she 
had rather large Caution. Her cour- 
age took care of her, and her Cau- 
tion was exercised in considering the 
evils that people were suffering and 
which she wished to mitigate. She 
was anxious and fearful for others, 
not for herself. She was unvarying 
in her friendly regard; her affections 
once enlisted were ever alive. She 
had comparatively little of mere suav- 
ity. If, from a sympathetic feeling 
she were led to utter a truth in a 
softer form than Conscience and 
Causality could approve, she would 
restate itin a way too. definite and 
too fervent to be misunderstood. 

She had a good development of 
Constructiveness, and that gave her 
a tendency to devise ways and means, 
to frame statements on paper or oral- 
ly in such a way as to reach the right 
results. She would have made a 
good business woman if she had been 
devoted to trade or manufactures and 
to the employment of help and deal- 
ing with people at large. She would 
have had a good reputation for integ- 
rity, and for efficient and well directed 
effort. She had an inclination to 
systemize her work, anda good mem- 
ory of what she had done, of what she 
wanted to do and the means by which 
she should accomplish the work. 

Her Language was excellent; she 
talked well, but cared more for the 


How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


strength of her utterances than for 
the smoothness and elegance of the 
diction. People who listen to a plain 
exposition of their faults and im- 
proprieties feel scathed and scarified 
by the truth, and are apt to recoil 
upon the speaker and say that he isa 
scold. Wendell Phillips was called a 
scold because he spoke the truth 
plainly as he understood it, in a very 
direct way; and he had a masterly 
power of statement, yet his language 
was polished and his arguments in- 
cisive. Garrison, Foster, Pillsbury, 
Susan B. Anthony and Lucy Stone 
were often so accused by such people; 
their themes were not popular and did 
not cater to a lax and guilty public 
conscience. 

A portrait of her is before us with- 
out a cap, showing the head was 
high from the opening of the ears, 
that Firmness was one of her strongest 
qualities, and her Conscientiousness 
is nestled up towards the center of 
the head working with Firmness and 
Self-esteem. Her Conscience did not 
settle down next to Cautiousness, as 
we sometimes find it in heads, as 
if Conscience were taking counsel of 
fear. Her question would be, ‘‘ What 
is right ? What is true? What is need- 
full?” Her Hope was well developed 
and she expected success. Spirituality 
was not so strong. Hence she had 
an expectation of desired results, not 
so much through faith as througha 
consciousness that the object of pur- 
suit was right and ought to and must 
finally triumph. 

Another of her strong traits was. 
Human Nature, which is shown by 
an elevation of the forehead just 
where the parting of the hair comes; 
the distance from the opening of the 
ear to that point was long; conse- 
quently she had the intuitive sense of 
character, motive, purpose; she ap- 
preciated an individual’s personality, 
his integrity, his desire for truth and 
his disposition to be right or other- 
wise, and was rarely mistaken in her 
judgment of persons. She had Con- 
tinuity strongly marked; was not in- 


Lucy STONE BLACKWELL, 


clined to drop what needed to be at- 
tended to for something else, but to 
follow out faithfully a line of effort 
that promised success, even though 
it were along and weary way to reach 
it. Her Approbativeness worked 
with her Self-esteem, Firmness and 
Conscience. She had a desire to 
triumph in what she did, but had less 
vanity or sensitiveness of spirit in re- 
gard to the disapproval of those whom 
she considered to be in the wrong, 
and she would pity people who could 
not or would not see the truth as it 
appeared to her. 

She had large Vitativeness, and there- 
fore a strong hold on life; and few 
persons of her weight were able to 
think as earnestly and continuously or 
achieve results that required such 
tenacity of strength and endurance. 

That is a wonderfully strong face, 
full of vitality and vim; it looks cour- 
ageous and calmly brave, yet there is 
not a sour expression init. There is 
a cheerful confidence, a steady self- 
reliance, which expects success accord- 
ing tocorrect means, and that does not 
seek to accomplish right results by 
tricky methods. There are few per- 
sons whose general conversation is 
more clearly definite and unwavering 
than was hers; she talked in straight 
lines. There was no hypocrisy in her 
make-up. She had a calm, soft eye, 
butanhonest, earnest one. Her Ben- 
evolence, Reverence, Firmness or 
Steadfastness were decidedly strong 
and she had the sublime courage of her 
convictions. 

She had a sisterly tenderness, a 
motherly spirit and a strong conjugal 
love. Wifehood and motherhood, 
friendship and affection were marked 
characteristics, and her love of home 
amounted to patriotism. It was not 
merely the habitation where she dwelt 
but the state and the nation she loved 
and sought to benefit. Her face had a 
wholesome, contented, healthy look, 
and was singularly free from marks 
of age. Most people at  seventy- 
five years of age would show lines deep 
and numerous. 


313 


A loving biographer, speaking of 
her death, says: ‘‘ The gentlest and 
most heroic of women _ has passed 
away. A woman who, in her whole 
character and life, most fully em- 
bodied the highest conceptions as 
daughter, sister, wife, mother, friend, 
citizen, no longer lives to disarm 
prejudice and convert even opposi- 
tion into advocacy. For seventy-five 
years Lucy Stone spent her life for 
others.”’ 

Stanton broke the silence at Lin- 
coln’s bedside when he had breathed 
his last by saying, ‘‘He now belongs 
to the ages.” 

To conclude our notice of this 
interesting and remarkable person 
we append an article by her hus- 
band, which appeared in her pa- 
per, the Woman's Journal, of Oct. 
28th, 1893: 


LUCY STONE’S LIFE WORK, 


From ahalf century of unremitting, 
heroic labor, it is difficult to select. 
But perhaps the three most salient 
points in Mrs. Stone’s life work 
were: 

1. Her wonderful series of lectures, 
which began in 1847 on her return 
from Oberlin College, in the church 
of her brother, Rev. William B.Stone, 
at Gardner, Mass., and continued 
with unabated vigor until the birth of 
her daughter in 1857. ‘This earlier 
work culminated in the calling of the 
first National Woman’s Rights’ Con- 
ventions ever held, the great meet- 
ings of 1850 and 1851, in Worcester, 
Mass. ‘These attracted public atten- 
tion throughout the entire country, 
and the report of the convention of 
1850 inspired Mrs. John Stuart Mill 
to write her remarkable article in Zhe 
Westminster Review, on the Enfran- 
chisement of Women, which started 
the agitation in Great Britain, result- 
ing in the establishment, in 1869, of 
municipal woman suffrage in England. 
The National Woman’s Rights’ Con- 
ventions from 1850 to 1855 were 
mainly organized by Lucy Stone, and 
their proceedings were annually pub- 


314 


How To Stupy STRANGERS, 


lished by her in pamphlet form at her 
own expense. 

2. The calling of the convention, 
in 1869, in Cleveland, Ohio, which re- 
sulted in the formation of the Ameri- 
can Woman Suffrage Association. 

3. The establishment of the Wo- 
man’s fournal, Jan. 1, 1870, in co- 
6peration with Mrs. Mary A. Liver- 
more aS managing editor, and with 
William Lloyd Garrison, Mrs. Julia 
Ward Howe, Lucy Stone, and T. W. 
Higginson as editorial contributors. 

In addition to these were her work 
during the campaigns for the woman 
suffrage amendments in Kansas, Ver- 
mont, Michigan, Nebraska, Colorado 
and Rhode Island; her participation, 
from 1853 on, in the annual hearings 
before the Legislatures of Massa- 
chusetts and other States; her active 
part in the preparation of the annual 
meetings of the American Woman 
Suffrage Association for nearly twenty 
years; her contributions to the news- 
papers; her editorial writing for the 
Woman's Journal which continued 


until within about a month of her 
death; her work in the New England 
Woman Suffrage Association, of 
which she was for years the president, 
and in the Massachusetts Woman 
Suffrage Association, where she 
always took the laboring oar; a cor- 
respondence which extended over the 
whole country and taxed her strength 
to the utmost; and the public speak- 
ing before all sorts of gatherings, 
which continued till within a few 
months of her death. Few realized 
how much speaking she did. She was 
in receipt of continual calls to present 
her special subject before women’s 
clubs and other bodies; and even up 
to the last year of her life, few of the 
younger women in her State spoke so 
often on the woman question. Until 
her last illness she hardly knew a day 
of uninterrupted leisure. In addition 
to all this public work, she was the 
best of housekeepers, mothers, and 
wives—the presiding genius of a hos- 
pitable home, which her death has 
left desolate. 13 Wyola Gey 


CHAPTER XL. 
CHARACTER STUDIES No. 7. 


PHRENOLOGICAL CHARACTER OF MARSHALL P. WILDER. 


T is but proper to say that the fol- 
lowing description was dictated 
while Mr. Wilder was a stranger to 
the examiner, he never having seen 
him before or heard him speak. 

Your head, measuring 224% by 14 
inches, is large enough for a man 
whose weight turns the scales at 155 
pounds, fifty-three pounds more than 
you weigh ; and with this large head 
you need to take excellent care of your 
constitution, by avoiding everything 
that is unfavorable and by adopting 
a course of life that will be best 
calculated to give adequate support to 
the brain. 

You have a strongly marked mental 
temperament, with a touch of what 
used to be called the Bilious tempera- 
ment, now called the Motive tempera- 
ment. You have intensity of power 


and feeling, and for your weight you 
are remarkably strong, and you could 
walk with less fatigue than most 
persons under the circumstances. 
There are some people who are soft, 
mellow and pliable and they are easily 
fatigued, there is no grip and not 
much gritin their make up. When 
you are excited and your feelings are 
so awakened that you are in earnest 
about a thing, you talk in such a 
manner that you can make your feel- 
ings felt, and you can make others feel 
that it is their duty to do as youthink 
and say ; and if you had the right to 
command men you would be a 
wonderful man to govern people, not 
by physical power, that does not 
govern very widely anywhere, bnt 
there are men whose word is law, 
their expressed wish is equivalent 


CHARACTER STUDIES. 315 


to a command, and then there are 
other people who will fret and 
fume, but children and_ even 
horses and dogs do not pretend 
to obey them; but people have a 
tendency to obey you, because you 
‘ have an uncommon degree of Firm- 
ness, and when you think a course is 
right and wish to accomplish a certain 
thing, you exert a magnetic influence 
over people, and they incline to obey 
your requests as if they were com- 
mands—as if you had a right to make 
them. You have rather large Self- 
esteem, hence you are independent, 
you rise above the caprices and the 
undue claims of the public, and feel 
that you are superior and worthy of 
respect, and people do not feel that 
you can be waved aside and sct back 
as though you were of no account. 
You have large Approbativeness, you 
highly enjoy the approval of others, 
and are sensitive to the good will of 
those whose good will is worth having. 
You are strong in Conscientiousness, 
you feel in duty bound to be true 
and that your engagements are bind- 
ing, and when you promise to be 
somewhere or to do something, you 
feel that you are bound soul and body 
to the promise. You have large 
Cautiousness, which makes you watch- 
ful, and probably you have larger 
Cautiousness than you would have 
had if you had been six feet high and 
proportioned in such a way as to war- 
rant that size of head. If your body 
had been large enough to wield your 
brain well in the common duties and 
events of life, you might have had 
less Cautiousness, but when a buggy 
drives among ice carts and coal 
wagons it has to be on its guard all 
the time, and so if you had been 
organized like a heavy wagon, I think 
your Cautiousness would not have 
been so active. 

You have Secretiveness enough to 
conceal that which you do not wish 
to express, and you have tact which 
enables you to accomplish results in 
a smooth and easy way and some- 
times in an unexpected way. You 


have a great deal of power over your 
facial expression, you can look sober 
when you are telling funny stories, 
and when a person is telling a story 
that nearly splits your sides with 
laughter, you can control your face 
in such a way as to look grave, and 
you can sometimes make people think 
you are stupid and do not see the 
point, but the truth is you can control 
the muscles of your face and keep 
them under restriction as long as 
circumstances require it. For exam- 
ple, if it was your vocation to be a 
collector for a commercial house, 
you could get a good many men 
to pay you where they would not 
pay most men. You have a very 
steady eye, and it is backed up by 
Firmness, Self-esteem, Combative- 
ness and Continuity and clear cut in- 
telligence, so that when you ask a 
man to pay his bill and you look him 
straight in the eye, he feels that he 
must pay, he does not think that he 
can frame any excuse that will be 
valid, and he thinks the easiest way 
will be to pay. It is, perhaps, a little 
difficult to define just what I mean, 
for when a man, who is six feet high 
and weighs 180 pounds, walks in 
somewhere and asks a man to pay his 
bill, his very presence and manner 
say, ‘‘I have come for the money 
myself and you cannot refuse me.” 
There is some excuse for such a man 
getting his money, but when you 
come in weighing only roz2 pounds, 
people do not think that you are able 
to master them as the other man was, 
and they even feel that they could 
hustle you out if they thought proper 
to do so, but there is a difference, 
‘*Not by my might nor by power, 
but by my spirit, saith the Lord.” 
And so a good many things are done 
that way. 

You have large Veneration, you 
have a profound respect for those who 
deserve it, and you know how to 
carry yourself towards eminent people 
in such a way as to conciliate their 
good will, and it makes them feel that 
you deserve as much consideration as 


316 


they do. You have an easy way of 
expressing your respect for a person 
of eminence, and there is many a man 
who wonders why it is that you have 
such power with him and that he can- 
not say ‘‘No’’toyou. In the first place 
this Veneration is a certain kind of 
magnetism initself, and in the second 
place there is magnetism in your 
methods, and your mentality im- 
presses people with the idea that they 
must think and do as you wish them 
to, you do not have to express anger, 
or make them think that you will be 
angry if they do not do right, you 
apparently take it for granted that 
they will do right, as you expect to 
do, and you do not look for any 
wavering in the course. 

You have the power of analysis and 
criticism which enables you to study 
things in such a way as to make 
shades of meaning very effective, 
and yet they are insidious and 
not brawling. If you wanted to 
make a man feel that he would 
wet ithe:nworstiaton sit) sifpyhe” idid 
not accomplish something that he was 
in duty bound to, you would not speak 
roughly, but you would look him 
so sharply in the face that he would 
think there was powder somewhere if 
he did not do the right thing, and so 
you rule him with your intellect, and 
the moral feelings and _ self-reliance 
come in to back up what the intellect 
thinks, 

You have large Mirthfulness, you 
see the droll side of life, and when 
you feel like it you can be very funny, 
and you can make other people laugh 
without laughing yourself; and it is 
your very gravity sometimes which 
makes the jokes seem so funny. If 
you wanted to assume what is called 
‘“mock gravity,’ you could do that to 
good advantage on the stage. If you 
were to undertake dramatic comedy, 
you would be perfect master of the 
position, and carry your audience with 
you. Your Mirthfulness and Imita- 
tion being large, with enough of 
Secretiveness to give you the easy 
command of your feelings, and the 


How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


———=s 


tact to awaken the wit and the sym- 
pathy of others, your success would 
be easy and complete. Your strong 
social feelings enable you to carry the 
affectionate sympathy of others in 
your efforts to do it, withsuch a keen 
sense of human nature as to make 
your success easy and natural. You 
have large Sublimity, and a very 
keen sense of what is marvelous, 
grand and startling, and you appre- 
ciate the beautifulas well as the grand 
and immense, and your power of de- 
scription is excellent. 

You have a clear sense of the 
meaning of words, and you have the 
power of being impressive in what you 
say. There are two functions of 
Language. One is to give fullness 
in the way of utterance and the 
other is to give incisive persistency 
without much noise; and we think if 
you want to make anything impress- 
ive, you lower your voice, and if you 
had an obstreperous or wilful boy to 
deal with, you would say to him, ‘‘I 
think you had better do this, for if 
you do not I am afraid you will be 
sorry.” And then he would gladly 
do it. 

You have a broad and a high top 
head, and this development gives 
you a sense of righteousness and 
duty, and you can impress others with 
the same feeling, and with the 
idea that ‘‘there is a Providence 
that shapes our ends.” And if you 
had a part to carry that appealed to 
the Sovereign Ruler of the Universe, 
people would feel impressed by that 
presence. In the Episcopal service 
the reader rises and says, *‘ The Lord 
is in His Holy Temple, let all the 
earth keep silence before Him.” And 
if that is rightly said, people feel the 
sublimity of it, but another man 
might rattle it off and the people 
would not think much about it. 
It would not move them in any 
way. Now, you have the power 
of making a thought impressive, and 
you can make it impressive by a vir- 
tual, though mute, appeal to. the 
Higher Power. 


CHARACTER STUDIES, 


You have a sense of finance, you 
appreciate the profit and loss side of 
life, and you are pretty keen in under- 
standing commercial values and com- 
mercial obligations, and you want to 
have a clear understanding of worth 
where you are under obligations to 
people, or where people are under 
obligations to you. If you had duties 
or privileges involved in a contract, 
you would want everything written 
out completely and definitely, and 
you would be accurate in your 
statements and definite in your 
claims, and you would not be 
likely to have trouble with people 
on the score of finance, if they only 
wanted to do right ;—because you 
have a clear sense of the rights 
and duties that belong to finance 
and to financial obligations. 

If you had been educated for 
literature you would have made a 
fine writer, and if you had been 
educated in the direction of poetry 
you would have written poetry, 
and if you had been educated in 
the domain of art you would have 
painted well, and you would put 
your soul into the work you had 
occasion to do. 

You are a good thinker and 
reasoner and a good judge of 
strangers. Your Imitation is large, 
you can personify people, you 
could speak in the voice of 
another so that it would sound as 
though some other person were speak- 
ing. You could carry ona dialogue 
and imitate the two voices so as to 
make it seem quite natural. 

There is a good deal of the dramat- 
ic in you, there is also a good deal of 
the religious element and a wonderful 
amount of determination and dignity, 
but you are not quarrelsome, you gen- 
erally manage to get your rights with- 
out quarrelling and without clamoring 
for them. If you were in business 
anda man owed you something, and 
he were to talk to you about a modifi- 
cation of the amount, you would look 
at him and say ‘‘ Why, you do not de- 
cline to pay me my bill, do you?” 


317 


And that would make the man feel 
cheap and he would not hesitate any 
longer, but some men in your place 
would say ‘‘If you do not pay me my 
bill I will call you before a magis- 
trate.”” And that stirs up ill feeling 
right away, and a man is apt to 
answer to that by saying, ‘‘ Do it if 
you like, I do not care.” But you 
keep cool and collected, and so win 
your victory. 


MARSHALL P. WILDER, HUMORIST. 


You have a large brain for your 
body, and therefore you need to do 
as much as you may to make your 
body sufficient to give your brain 
adequate support. You can do this 
in part by avoiding exhaustive effort, 
use the elevator instead of walking up 
the long flights of stairs, and if you 
take exercise take it on purpose and 
do not exhaust yourself by over 
exertion. Your large brain needs a 
body half as large again as yours is, 
and, therefore, you must do by your- 
self a little as a man does by his mill 
on asmall stream, he has to reserve 
power by shutting off the flow of the 
stream at times, so that when he wants 


318 


to grind his wheat he will have some 
stored up power, as the natural flow 
of the stream is not sufficient to turn 
the mill all the time. And so you 
must rest a good deal and take proper 
and nutritious food that is easily 
converted, and then you will not need 
medicine nor assistance. 


BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 


MARSHALL P. WILDER was born 
Sept 10, 13590;ateGenéya, Nie. 
He was the son of Louis de V. Wilder, 
M.D. 

He is endowed with a large, active 
and susceptible brain, but has a small 
body, standing but about four feet 
high and weighing roz pounds. He 
has received a good education ; has 
been before the public as a ‘‘ humor- 
ist’? about twelve years, and is one 
of the most marvelous story-tellers 
known. He is everywhere received 
with favor, and especially by notables 
in England and in his native land. 
Even Gen. Grant, having once been 
introduced to him, and, meeting 
him on a street corner in New York, 
near the Park, he called a carriage 
and asked Mr. Wilder to take a turn 
in the park with him, and thus de- 
voted an hour. Such men as Mr. 
Beecher, Mr. Blaine, Mr: Depew, 
two presidents of the United States 
and the Prince of Wales have received 
him and treated him with the greatest 
courtesy—not because he is little 
and childlike in stature and appear- 
ance, but because he has wit, grace 
and good-nature, and they feel that 
he is a sunburst of light and joy. 

He has written a book of about 
300 pages, ‘entitled “‘*’The People 
I’ve Smiled With.” It is full of wit, 
pathos and tenderness, showing that 
though his body is small he has a big 
head and a genial heart. No sketch 
of his life and work will at all compare 
with an hour in his presence, under 


How to STuDY STRANGERS. 


the electric influence of his wit and 
humor, and the best part of it is that 
there is no sting in his wit—he makes 
nobody unhappy and he is as modest 
as heis brilliant. A copy ofthe letter 
which Mr. Beecher gave him as an 
introduction to the President will 
give some idea what so capable and 
brilliant a man thought and was will- 
ing to say of him over his own signa- 
ture: 


Décor oA oS0: . 
Mr. PRESIDENT, DEAR SIR: Mar- 

shall P. Wilder desires an introduc- 
tion to you, and since in his English 
career he has been received by the 
Prince of Wales and isa favorite with 
nobles and commoners of high degree, 
he will feel honored if you will re- 
ceive him kindly. He asks nothing 
but the privilege of conferring pleas- 
ure. His entertainments are highly 
laughter-provoking and of an original 
character. He deserves great credit 
for making a brave struggle against 
difficulties that. would have appalled 
others. He is a most worthy and 
respectable person, and his efforts in 
my church on sundry occasions have 
given very great amusement both to 
the children and to the grown folks. 


Yours sincerely, 


HENRY WARD BEECHER. 


And the President, when he received 
the letter, invited Mr. Wilder to come 
forward and take precedence of Gov- 
ernors and Senators that he might 
show his regard for one so cordially 
recommended. 

But one must read his book or hear 
him in public to realize how much 
can be done with so fine and large a 
brain connected withso small a body. 


CHAPTER XLI. 


CHARACTER STUDIES. No. 8. 


[This young lady was presented as a total stranger and described and the work 
completed as here given, without a dream or thought of her history, her effort or her 


hopes.—N. S.] 
FLORENCE ROCKWELL. 


You ought to have connected with 
that large brain of yours—22# by 144 
inches—a_ constitution that would 
ultimately turn the scales at 160 
pounds, and you have time enough 
before maturity to reach the requisite 
weight. If you were to go on the 
stage and could have the ripeness of 
life which 160 pounds ought to bring, 
you would play Lady Macbeth better 
than you would if you weighed, as 
now, only 112. The body is the 
boiler, or officiates as such. The 
brain is the engine, and yet the brain 
is the master of the body. Every 
tremulous thread of the bodily con- 
stitution, every fibre, is under the 
immediate dominion of the brain and 
cannot act without it; and yet the 
body feeds the brain and acts out 
and obeys the mandates of the will in 
all the efforts that bring victory, how- 
ever put forth. So the brain and 
body is a composite establishment, 
interplaying and working, and it is 
called automatic. 

You have a well balanced head; 
that is saying a great deal for any 
head; but it is a large head anda 
healthy head, anda mental make-up 
that is calculated to win victories 
somewhere. It does not make much 
difference where you try it, whether 
in scholarship, in mechanism, or in 
art as portraiture, or art histrionic, or 
art musical, or art terpsichorean, or 
equestrian art. 

Your large Perceptive organs give 
you an open sesame to all the out- 
ward world; you see it and know 
it and appreciate it. You draw pict- 
ures; you would be picturesque if 
you wanted to—that is, you could 


play pantomime; you could suit the 
action to the word in elocution. 

You have large Order, and conse- 
quently you incline to systemize, 
You have large Calculation, and hence 
you are inclined to be mathematical; 
you think by square corners and ina 
way that is demonstrable, and when 
you come to a conclusion you feel 
solid on it; you do not guess at things 
so much as some do. 

You have strong musical talent, 
and you ought to play everything 
from a penny whistle to the great 
church organ. Ithink you ought to 
sing; I mean that you have elements 
of body that would make you a good 
singer. Some people have the soul 
for it, but they lack voice; they can- 
not make the fiddle respond. 

Language qualifies you to express 
yourself easily. Causality is large 
enough to make you take in the why 
and wherefore. Comparison enables 
you to analyze and discriminate and 
see the differences and the analogies, 
and think pictorially on that account. 
You see the scene and then describe 
it. If you were a lecturer and public 
talker you would see the figure; you 
would have the vista of it that would 
spread out like a panorama; some- 
times it would be a moving pano- 
rama. 

You have large Mirthfulness; you 
see the funny side of life and use it. 
Your Constructiveness and Ideality 
enable you to do anything in the way 
of ingenuity. Your hands follow your 
thought and are expert, you have what 
the French call facility. You look out 
for the dollar; believe in a good ex- 
chequer and also in a good cuisine, 
and you would learn to cook, and it 
would taste good in anticipation if 


319 


320 


you were preparing food. Hence 
your well sustained vitality. 

You have large Destructiveness, 
and that enables you to be strong in 
your compositions; there is a bravery 
about it; there is a certain kind of 
executive severity. If you were on 
the stage, for instance, and you had 
to execrate something, it would feel 
execrated. Ifyou reprimand persons 
they feel as if they were reprimanded. 

There is hardly anything that a 
woman can do, ora human being, for 
that matter, that you cannot work at 
to pretty good advantage. 

You have large Firmness, and that 
gives you persistency. You have 
Self-esteem enough to make you self- 
poised and self-possessed, but not 
enough to make you seem to be dog- 
matic. When you know all about it 
you sometimes say it suggestively. 
Another one will say, ‘‘It is so and 
so.”” You do not do it. 

Ithinkif you had a trifle more Self- 
esteem it would not hurt you at all. 

Continuity is not quite large 
enough fora perfect character; but 
sometimes it is a benefit not to have 
too much, because you can make 
transitions from what you are doing 
and thinking to something else that 
may be interjected. For instance, if 
you were recitinga dialogue, and you 
were in earnest talking your point as 
if you had your mind made up about 
it and something else were interjected, 
you could turn right around as the 
play would be written, and talk it 
asif you had not thought of anything 
else fora week. When you come to 
daily life you can do it. If you were 
a teacher and a pupil brought a 
problem, you would be all arithmetic 
for a minute till you got the thing 
straightened, and another would be 
waiting for grammatical assistance; 
then you would become grammatical; 
you would bury the arithmetic and 
the mathematics as if you had never 
known them; then the geographical 
question and the question in history 
or mental philosophy, and you would 
go from one to another and would 


How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


seem to sparkle; and the children 
would think you were very smart; but 
if you had large Continuity, it would 
take you a good while to get into 
arithmetic; and when you got into it 
and another person asked you about 
grammar, it would take you a long 
while to get yourself established in 
that, and the pupils would think and 
tell their mothers, ‘‘I don’t think our 
teacher is smart, for I got the problem 
out before she did.”’ It is only large 
Continuity that makes one do that. 
It takes some time to transfer a loco- 
motive from a platform car to a ship. 

You have the social elements well 
developed. You are a good friend; 
you are a good citizen; you believe in 
home; you would be a good mother; 
you believe in children and know how 
to deal with them; dogs believe in 
you; all pets would talk to you; 
canaries know whom to talk to and 
they recognize them. 

You have strong Conjugal love, that 
is to say, it is a feeling of satisfied 
and centralizedaffection. ‘‘ This one 
and nobody else.” And assoonas you 
were engaged you would like to have 
it understood in the circle where you 
moved that you were engaged, and 
then the conduct would not be 
thought too diffident or too forward. 
or too something else. Besides, you 
would not want to have an extra dis- 
tance established between yourself 
and your chosen companion; because 
if people knew that you were engaged, 
they would think you were pretty 
cool, distant and formal. You would 
want the fact known, and then if you 
wanted to be joyous and jolly for a 
moment, it would not seem out of 
place. And if you wanted to have it | 
appear that everything was settled, 
that would be all right. 

I think you are not much of a hypo- 
crite; there is a good deal of whole- 
some and homelike integrity in your 
make-up. You havea lot of common 
sense. You have always had enough 
of that; when you were a little girl as 
tall as a chair, you were old-fashioned, 
as grandmothers used to call it; you 


FLORENCE ROCKWELL, 


321 


would talk sense and give answers 
that would seem too old for the tree 
they grew on. 

You are not too large in Caution; 
that is to say, the elements of force 


FIG. 3. 


are strong enough to balance the ele- 
ments of prudence, so that you do not 
feel timid nor act timid. 

You have an uncommonly large 
brain, and you look to be pretty 
healthy. If you had more body, there 
would be more snap in your eye, and 
there would be more glow in your 
cheek, or, if you had a 2134 inch head 
with your weight it would scintillate, 


FLORENCE ROCKWELL. 


because it would be fed and nourished, 
and, like a great organ, with enough 
of wind to make it sonorous, Where 
a person’s body is not large enough 
for the brain, there is a little weak- 


Rockwood Photo. N. Y. 


ness in the manifestations, as there 
would seem to be in the playing of a 
great organ if it were not kept up 
strongly—a lack of accomplishment. 

If you wanted to be a scholar in 
history or art or mechanism or com- 
merce, or in domesticity you would be 
at home allaround. We seldom find 
a head as large as that with a person 
no larger than you are, and we sel- 


322 


dom find a head as large and as well 
rounded out and full as yours, and 
there are fewer phases in it which fail 
to respond as fully. A billiard ball is 
supposed to be perfectly developed 
every way for its size. It does not 
care which side it rests on; one side 
is as good as another, and it will roll 
within an eighth of an inch of going 
into a pocket; it does not know that 
there is any danger there, don’t know 
that there is any game in it, but it 
stops when the force stops. That is 
what balance does, 

You take common sense views 
of life; I mean by that reasonable 
views of life; you are not angular 
and eccentric or queer or partially 
insane, aS most people are. There 
are some sharp sides to most people, 
and some flat sides; and so with 
genius and imbecility muddled in to- 
gether, they are eccentric and fill the 
world with astonishment. 

Now, you may Go what you want to 
do in the way of thought and study 
and work and achievement, and not 
fear failure. And I see no reason 
why you would not excel in almost 
anything you might desire to do. 
You may be a musician; you may be 
an actress; you may be a mechanic; 
you could paint well, as you have 
Color and Form large. 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


Florence Rockwell, who was born 
in St. Louis, Mo., is not yet sixteen 
years of age, and has already in her 
short career attained a position and 
accomplished that for which many 
actresses have labored for years. As 
leading lady for Thomas W. Keene 
she has played Juliet, Ophelia, Des- 
demona and various other réles of a 
Shakespearean and classic repertoire, 
to the delight of critical audiences. 
Her success was so marked that she 
_will soon appear as a Star. 

She showed her dramatic talent at 
an early age and was perfectly at 
-home before an audience. Her first 
appearance in public was at the age 
of four years, when she entertained 


How To STuDY STRANGERS. 


* 


the members of the St. Louis Mer- 
chants’ Exchange with recitations 
‘¢ St. Nicholas” and ‘‘ Baby- 

She was in demand for ama- 
teur theatricals, and when twelve 
years old her talent had developed to 
such a degree that it was decided to 
have her study for the stage. She 
came to New York, and the metro- 
politan critics confirmed the verdict 
of her friends. She was placed under 
the tuition of Rose Eytinge, who was 
enthusiastic in her predictions for the 
future. Two years were spent in 
study, and the little girl had grown 
to be quite a big girl when a vacancy 
occurred in Mr. Keene’s company 
and she was offered the engagement. 
She made her debut in Pittsburgh as 
Julie de Mortemar in Richelieu. Her 
success was instantaneous. Miss 
Rockwell takes great pleasure in ath- 
letics and has made a record in gym- 
nastics. She is remarkable for her 
symmetrical physical proportions. 
She is an earnest student, and with 
her youth, grace and dramatic power 
is ‘‘ pronounced a girl of positive 
genius, around whom prophecy will 
delight to gather.” 


EXTRACTS FROM PRESS NOTICES 
Pittsburgh Leader, Sept. 5th, ’9Q3. 


‘* Miss Florence Rockwell is pretty 
and has a gracious stage presence. 
Her expressions in the most trying 
lines are natural, and the lady gives 
evidence of latent genius. She has 
a sweet voice that endears her to her 
audience before she has spoken a 
dozen words.” 


Kansas City Journal, Oct. 8th, ’'9}. 


‘* This girl of fifteen is certainly an 
important consideration in the legiti- 
mate field, although she _ never 
appeared professionally until about 
four weeks ago, when she at once 
assumed the position of leading lady 
with Mr. Keene. Her Juliet is a 
wonderfully impassioned and illusory 
creation. Her reading of the beau- 
tiful lines is informed with a philoso- 


Rev. B. J. RADFORD, 323 


phy, a passion and a general intelli- 
gence nothing less than astonishing.” 


Chicago Despatch, March 6th, ’9?. 

‘*If Miss Florence Rockwell does 
not have her pretty head turned at 
the adulation her youth and genius 
will bring, her coming years will be 
crowned with the laurel wreath of 
brightest success.” 


St. Louis Republic, Nov. 23d, ’9?. 

‘*In Ophelia the unadorned picture 
that the girl presents by itself wins 
applause. It is not necessary for her 
to speak to know that she is lovelorn, 
or later no word is needed to add to 
the proof that her mind is gone. No 
insane laugh of recent Ophelias has 
surpassed that of the creation of Miss 
Rockwell.” 


Baltimore Sun, Dec. 29th, 93. 

‘*Mr. Keene’s marked success was 
shared by Miss Florence Rockwell, 
whose Ophelia was the very embodi- 
ment of girlish feeling and pathetic 


delicacy, particularly in the mad 

scene, ” 

Boston Traveler, Dee. oth, ’93. 
‘*Unquestionably the youngest 


leading lady in the world in tragedy 
is Miss Florence Rockwell, who has 
won the praise of many of the best 
critics in this country in such réles as 
Juliet, Ophelia and Desdemona. Miss 
Rockwell is but fifteen years of age, 
and this is her first season upon the 
stage. Many persons who are in a 
position to judge say that the young 
lady is the coming successor of Mary 
Anderson.” 


Cincinnati Post, Nov. 28th, ’93. 


‘Miss Rockwell as Julie won the 
appreciation of the most critical. 
She is really but a child, and only 
when Julie exclaims that she is no 
longer a girl but a woman, does the 
impulse of genius carry her over the 
line of maturity.” 


Washington Capitol, Dec. 27d, '93. 


‘* Miss Rockwell takes the part of 
Juliet for the first time at Juliet’s 
age. <A child-like, pure lily face she 
has as any little girl making her 
Easter communion, and yet some of 
the great critics have said that her 
work is strong and real and full of 
the true ring of dramatic power.” 


CHAPTER XLII. 
CHARACTER STUDIES. No. 9. 


[A photograph of this man was handed to me for analysis and description. 


It was 


dictated to a stenographer, with no information as to the name or work of the original, 
and is here presented verbatim as then given, the veritable study of a stranger. ] 


B. J. RADFORD. 


This head and face constitute an 
interesting study. The height being 
six feet and the weight but 165 
pounds, show that there is not a 
pound of flesh to spare. Hence, his 
body is muscular but not plump, 
active and strong and_ substantial 
without being weighted with adipose 
material. 

He is a natural worker. Where- 
over he may put forth endeavor it 
counts. If he were a mechanic he 
ought to be a builder of large struc- 
tures, and do something that requires 
breadth and height and strength. He 
would hardly be willing to make bird 


cages or watches, but rather locomo- 
tives, bridges or churches; and while 
he has a wonderful development of 
the Perceptive organs, showing mar- 
velous fullness over the eyes, giving 
the keenest kind of practical criticism, 
he does not deal in light, trifling 
matters. If he were accustomed to 
the use of tools he would want some- 
thing, the handle of which would fill 
his hand like a carpenter's hammer. 
And he would hit where he looked, 
just as his Language goes to the spot 
without any divergence, and makesa 
solid and _ influential impression. 
Imagine him a soldier with those great 
cheekbones, that large nose, that 
high head, and that spirit of courage 


324 How To StupY STRANGERS. 


and thoroughness which animate 
every feature, which show distinct 
and earnest attention and intention. 
Imagine him a worker in the fields of 
heavy industry, the master of a ship, 
at the head of a hundred workers 
anywhere, and it would be easy to 
suppose that he would be the leader, 
the master, the teacher, the director. 
Notice the great fullness along the 
middle of the forehead ; he has not 
only the large perceptive develop- 
ment across the brows, but through 
the middle of the forehead the organs 
which give retentiveness, ability to 
gather knowledge and hold it ready 
to be used whenever it comes to be 
required.’ »Hence he? woulds-as +a 
business man, have fertile resources; 
he would, as a public speaker, be full 
of sound and searching truth, and 
rarely at a loss for a clear and vigor- 
ous method of expressing his thoughts. 
His memory furnishes the material 
that his large perceptive organs have 
acquired; the memory holds it and 
pays his drafts at sight, and, there- 
fore, he seems to know everything in 
the field of his endeavor where he 
would choose to act. There would 
be few men in such a field who would 
be more ready and vigorous and 
clear-headed than he, or more deci- 
sive in his utterances. 

The upper part of the forehead is 
also large. He is a wonderful critic, 
sees the flaws and excellencies, the 
success and the mistakes which are 
interwoven with the conduct and 
works of people around him. He 
would be a good reviewer of books; 
or, if he were a mechanic, he would 
write clear and satisfactory descrip- 
tions of machinery and other struc- 
tures. 

He has the psychological spirit, the 
tendency to read men and understand 
mind and motive, and know how to 
relate himself to people in order to 
become their leader, their teacher and 
their master. 

He appears to have large Language, 
although the eye is not protruding. 
If he were to gain thirty or forty 


pounds of flesh, there would be a fuli- 
ness under the eye which would in- 
dicate that Language was large and 
active. 

His Causality makes him philoso- 
phical, but he is also_ historical, 
scientific, descriptive, analytical and 
biographical. He would enjoy writ- 
ing biographical work; and if he were 
related to such a department of litera- 
ture, he would be invited to write 
biographies, which would be read 
with avidity and pleasure. As a 
preacher he would talk up some noted 
worthy of olden time, and give such 
a running commentary on his daily 
life and walk and spirit that people 
would feel that he had been there and 
known him by sight and by touch. 
He would make a splendid lawyer; 
he has the power of debating, and, un- 
like some lawyers, he would not take 
a circuitous route for the accomplish- 
ment of a purpose. He inclines to 
work in straight lines, as railroad 
men would say, he is an express train, 
and has a right to the track, and 
other traffic is side-tracked till it 
goes by. 

The reader will notice that in the 
upper angle of the temple, the head 
seems to broaden out, and that shows 
a large development of Ideality, and, 
with all the rugged strength of his 
features and expression, hehas a 
sense of the beautiful which some- 
times invites his thought and his lan- 
guage, and he will make some _ beau- 
tiful passages, but they are always 
strong. 

He has large Sublimity, and conse- 
quently enjoys the vast as well as the 
beautiful; and if he were to write 
poetically, there would be strength 
as well as beauty, majesty and power, 
as well as delicacy and tenderness. 

His Cautiousness is influential, but 
not too strong; for hisown purposes, 
Cautiousness has only the tendency 
to keep him awake to all his surround- 
ings. Hedoes not walk or act or 
feel timid or alarmed, but he does 
not cross the street without looking 
to see if something is likely to injure 


Rev. B. J. Raprorp. 


him. He looks at his steps, but he 
makes them rapidily and firmly. 

He has large Self-esteem, is con- 
scious of his own worth, and when 
well assured of the data on which he 


FIG. 9. 


is acting, he moves as if he were 
entire master of the situation. 
Firmness is large enough to make 
him seem overbearing, dogmatical, 
but people who know how much he 
has had opportunity of knowing will 
not regard it as dogmatical. It is 
simply a recitation of well known 
facts. Mendo not apologize when 
they recite the multiplication table; 


325 


they do not appear to reach their con- 
clusions bya suggestive diffidence. 
But every utterance isa blow squarely 
laid on and so, when he feels assured 
as to his premises, his conclusions are 


REV, BENJAMIN J. RADFORD. 


as inevitable as gravity and sometimes 
as heavy. 

Conscientiousness is a chronic at- 
tendant; every movent of his thought 
and purpose must be squared by 
the element of righteouness; and, 
knowing himself to be right, he utters 
his thought or executes his efforts 
with a pushing certainty that dis- 
courages Opposition, 


326 iow To StTuDY STRANGERS. 


His Veneration is large; hence he 
has a high respect for greatness and 
whatever is noble or divine. 

His benevolence is large; it is not 
common to find a man with such mas- 
sive severity of features and expres- 
sion whois so gentle and sympathetical 
as he is. He has enough of his 
mother and other divine facts in his 
make-up that he is sorry for suffering 
and lenient towards ignorance and 
even vice; and he would deal with 
culprits with less rigor than most men 
who are as rigorous about their own 
conduct asheis. Heis broad enough 
to feel that many men are wicked 
largely because they are weak; and 
others go astray and do wrong and 
are culpable from lack of opportunity 
forcultureand improvement. Hence 
he woulddeal with those who have 
onetalent gently. People are afraid 
to dowrong in his presence, and feel 
guilty when they see him if they are 
conscious of having lived below their 
proper privilege and duty, because 
that honest eye and that firm expres- 
sion, and that tall top-head will always 
be areproof to wrong doing. When 
boys, having been in mischief, see a 
policeman, they run; and there are 
men who walk the world who are not 
policemen, in whose presence sinners 
feel ashamed and afraid. 

The side head seemis rather narrow, 
as if his love of gain was not remark- 
ably strong, and as if his Secretive- 
ness were not large enough to give 
any shade of double dealing or dupli- 
city. (4Wejudge, therefore, *tiat- his 
word is uncommonly direct but sin- 
cere and generally accepted. 

He has the element of wit, but he 
would not use itin sarcasm, but rather 
as a plaything; he will laugh with 
those he loves, and pity those who 
are ignorant or too wicked to do their 
best. 

His social feelings are fairly in- 
dicated; his friendship and love of 
home give him a companionable spirit 
and a loyal devotion to country and 
home. 

His dark complexion and his large 


bony structure indicate great endur- 
ance, and we judge from the constitu- 
tional indications that he belongs to 
a long-lived stock and is likely to live 
to old age and do good work clear up 
to the end. 

That isa historical head. Heis a 
fact gatherer and a fact retainer and 
a fact user; and he gathers material 
from every quarter of the world; and 
no fact that has been earnestly elabo- 
rated is uninteresting to him. 

He enjoys traveling; he would be 
a fine geographer anda clear-headed 
scholar in almost any branch of use- 
ful knowledge. His memory, his 
Ideality, Language and Comparison 
give him a decidedly literary turn, 
and he would use it as a means of 
outlet for the expression of his power. 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


Benjamin Johnson Radford was 
born near Eureka, Illinois, December 
23, 1838. Working onthe farm in 
summer, and attending school in 
winter, were the occupations of 
several years until he was about 17. 
His first teacher was an expert pen- 
man, and the youthful Radford was 
ambitious to equal his teacher in this 
art. Those now familiar with his 
beautiful chirography will appreciate 
the success of this early ambition. 
And, indeed, throughout his student 
life, whenever he has met a teacher 
who was remarkable in any depart- 
ment of study, it has been his pur- 
pose to excel in that branch. 

The result of these characteris- 
tics, has been his elevation to a high 
position among his compeers in 
literary, scientific and Christian work. 
The young man continued to work on 
the farm, teach school, and attend 
Eureka College, until the commence- 
ment of the civil war in 1861, when, 
at the age of 23, he had reached the 
senior classin his studies. He en- 
listed in the company of Prof. O. A. 
Burgess, being mustered into the 
U.S. service May 25, 1861, and con- 
tinued in the army until the close of 
the war in 1865. Here-entered Eureka 


REv. B. J. 


College in September ’65, and gradu- 
ated in June, 1866. 

Until the war broke out it had been 
young Radford’s purpose to prepare 
himself for the legal profess‘on; but 
his experiences in the army, together 
with the influence of his matrimonial 
alliance with Miss Rhoda J. Magarity, 
to whom he was married in November, 
1864, changed his purpose, so that 
he decided to turn his attention to 
the Gospel ministry, which was a 
surprise to the companions of his 
youth, for he seems to have been 
regarded by them as greatly lacking 
in the natural meekness and sobriety 
compatible with such a work. And 
itis likewise to be noted, that, even 
after he had undertaken the work, 
with all his studious preparation, a 
venerable elder in the church ad- 
vised him to turn his attention to 
some other calling, as his prospect in 
the ministry seemed to foreshadow 
failure. This now seems amusing, 
in view of the success that has 
attended his labors, as well in the 
pulpit, on the platform, through the 
press and the school-room, in every 
department of moral and religious 
work in which he has been engaged. 
It is in point here to say that some of 
the ablest papers that have appeared 
in religious quarterlies of his denomi- 
nation have been from his pen. 

Prof. Radford has occupied, with 
more or less success pastorates in 
Niantic, Ill., Des Moines, Iowa, and 
Eureka, Ill., his home church, where 
he was located for ten years, teach- 
ing also in the college, two years of 


RADFORD, 327 


which périod he was_ president. 
During his two years’ residence in 
Des Moines, he was also president of 
Drake University. 

In September, 1885, being then 
engaged as pastor and_ professor in 
Eureka, Mr. Radford was unexpect- 
edly invited to Cincinnati, Ohio by 
the late lamented Dr. Isaac Errett, 
the founder of the Christian Standard, 
a weekly religious journal which now 
has the largest circulation of all 
journals of its class west of the 
Allegheny mountains. Prof. Radford 
became associate editor of this paper, 
and so continues to the _ present. 
His peculiar work entitled ‘‘Around 
the World” embraces a review of the 
exchanges, which necessarily calls in 
exercise his varied learning. While 
conducting this department during 
the past nine years he has also been 
engaged in pastoral labor most of the 
time. A small portion of this was at 
Denver, Colorado, but mostly at his 
Eureka home where he is also en- 
gaged in the college as_ professor. 

As a poet Prof. Radford holds no 
mean place inthe literature of our 
day. His book of poems, ‘‘The Court 
of Destiny’? deserves and receives 
high commendation. 

As a tarmer,; soldier, teacher, 
preacher, editor, lecturer or poet, 
the subject of thissketch has had a 
varied experience; and the successes 
of the past, as he is but little past 
the meridian of life, promise more 
abundant results in the future. 

M. C. Tiers, 


CHAPTER XLIII. 


CHARACTER STUDIES. 


N 02 210% 


GEN. BENJAMIN F. TRACY. 


[Examined as a stranger and dictated to 
a stenographer with no knowledge or sus- 
picion of the name or pursuit of the 
subject. | 


We judge that you inherit from 
your mother more than from your 
father, and that gives you, strange 
as itmay appear, more weightthan you 
might have had if you had resembled 
your father. You havea long body, 
and that countsin weight. You have 
good vitality, and this a man is more 
likely to get from his mother than 
from his father, because the feminine 
has to furnish nutrition forthe young, 
and we very seldom finda woman 
who has dyspepsia, unless she resem- 
bles her. father, -. You, .ought to be 
known for endurance. 

You have also inherited the feminine 
type of mentality, as we use the 
terms. That means an _ intuitive 
method of grasping truth. It is a 
little like the ‘‘flash-light photo; ”’ 
they get it, and do not exactly know 
how nor why, only they feel that it is 
true, and it zs true. The best judg- 
ments that some people have are 
those that flash on them, and they do 
not know where they came from, and 
don’t care. Occasionally we find a 
man or woman who have the courage 
of such convictions, and act on them 
with good results. 

Your perceptive organs are large 
and active, and they are formed for 
intuitive action, not so much for 
logical and mathematical action; but 
it is that which the bird does when it 
flies above all the fences; oxen have 
to go around by the road. You are 
quick to perceive; as they say on the 
Sthcels. ty Ollmes Catch One. rcadiiyiito 
that which isafloat, andtakethe hint; 
it does not need much enforcement 
to arouse you. And you may sit 
and be quiet and not seem to notice 


328 


or know, and you will hear all that is 
said, and see how that is done and 
get the run of the whole arrangement. 

Suppose there were some young 
ladies who came in and were talking 
of their beaux or some engagement 
and other things, you will get the run 
of it without hearing much. Your 
imagination and your intuition enter- 
prise a dreamy development into a 
reality; and what you cannot hear 
you supply. If you were pulling the 
rope of politics and were among 
scheming men, all wanting the nomi- 
nation, you would go into a con- 
vention and pretty soon get the 
inkling of what was up and you would 
go to some of your confidential 
friends and say: ‘‘I am suspicious 
that certain plans are being con- 
cocted for the promotion of opposing 
purposes, but we will see how it 
comes out.” In a couple of hours the 
man comes. around and says: ‘‘ I find 
the air is full of it.”” But you would 
get the inkling early; it does not take 
much to tell you which way the wind 
blows. 

Comparison is one of your other 
strong traits. You compare one thing 
with another and so you link fact and 
fact, and by analogies you work out 
results. People sometimes do not 
believe that you are on the right 
track; but if they get acquainted 
with you they find your signs of 
weather for to-morrow and the next 
day are pretty sure. 

Your interest in human nature fer 
seis strongly marked. You seem to 
read strangers as you meet them. I 
had a man under my hands one Satur- 
day night in the year 1851, and I did 
not care to light up, for that was the 
last I was going to do, and he took a 
seat as you are sitting, and said: ‘‘I 
wish you would tell me what you think. 


CHARACTER STUDIES, 


329 


about my head.’ And I saw the 


organ of Human Nature was large, 
located just where the hair and fore- 
I put my 


head unite in the middle. 


Elta 


finger on it and said, ‘‘ You would 
make a good police justice in the city 
of New York. If fifty culprits were 
waiting for examination you would 
look them over after you had taken 
the seat and quietly adjudicate their 
cases; and when they came to be 


developed’ you would be astonished, 
almost alarmed, at the accuracy with 
which you had appreciated them.” 
He arose and said: ‘' That will do. 


GEN. BENJAMIN F. TRACY. 


How much is it?” ‘‘ Oh,” said I, ‘*I 
have said only one thing; I want to 
say forty-nine more.” ‘*That’s 
enough; that is all I care for. I live 
in Chicago. Mr. Fowler is out there 
lecturing. The other night they per- 
suaded me to go on his platform for 


330 How To Stupy STRANGERS, 


examination, and he put his finger 
just as you did and said to the 
audience: ‘This man would make 
a good policeman; he would smell a 
rogue three miles:*”.; Said;he: | My 
name is Pinkerton.” And that was 
old Allan Pinkerton. 

Well, you have a similar trait, and 
you could do some detective work. 
If you were a lawyer, you would talk 
to the detectives; if you were a 
policeman or one of the Police Com- 
missioners and you were studying 
matters, you would give points to 
men which would naturally grow out 
of certain facts, and you would be 
correctly suspicious of certain per- 
sons, 

Your Benevolence is well de- 
veloped. You are kind hearted and 
liberal and sympathetical. I think 
your mother was so before you, and 
if she lived in a country village the 
poor women between sundown and 
dark would come in with a basket 
under a shawl, and your mother knew 
what it meant. And when she was 
gone they missed her. Other people 
missed her, but they did not miss her 
in the same way. You are sympa- 
thetical, as she was; and although if 
people trespass upon you and get your 
ire aroused you sometimes feel indig- 
nant enough to come down pretty 
heavily upon them, yet if the wife of 
the man should come to you and say 
she hoped you would be lenient with 
John, you might do as another man 
did, who let the man go to jail for 
thirty days, and then harnessed up 
his ox sled and put on a half cord of 
wood, a basket of potatoes and a bag 
of meal and flour and a chunk of 
pork, and hauled it around to the 
poor family, and fed the family 
while the man was justly suffering in 
jail for his crime. So he carried his 
justice and his severity in the right 
channel, and then fed the family with 
his kindness till the storm had passed 
over. People think a man cannot 
carry opposite states of feeling, but 
that man did, and you could. You 
could be just to the culprit; you 


could be lenient to his suffering fam- 
ily, and yet see that justice was ad- 
ministered properly. 

I think the middle section of the 
head from ear to ear over the top is 
like your father. You have your 
father’s determination, self-reliance 
and integrity; you are set and de- 
cided, and people who have occasion 
to deal with you, when you come to 
a point of absolute decisiveness, they 
begin to be persuasive; they do not 
give you an ultimatum, because that 
is not the way to manage with you; 
as long as they can keep on the per- 
suasive side they can work you. But 
as soon as they begin to put their foot 
downand say, ‘‘ It is going to be so,”’ 
you remind them it takes two to 
make a bargain always, and some- 
times you will make a man take back 
something else, and get that old 
matter square. You say or think: 
“‘T want to feel that I have no fence 
around me; I don’t want to be threat- 
ened.” There have been times in 
your life when men of calibre and 
strength have tried to weave a com- 
bination around you that would 
coerce you, and they found out they 
had to deal with wrought iron instead 
of cast iron. In casting balcony 
railing, when the pattern is a grape 
vine, inside of that cast iron work, 
which is light, there is stretched a 
wire as large as a lead pencil, a good 
tough wire, so as to hold the pieces 
together in case it got ‘cracked. 
People would find they could not 
break you. There would be some- 
thing to hold the pieces together; you 
would be master of yourself and your 
situation. 

You have rather large Self-esteem. 
You are proud; you are independent; 
you are an exceedingly firm man; 
your head measures 154 inches from 
ear to ear over the top, indicating 
steadfastness and stability. 

Your Conscientiousness is also 
large. This gives you a sense of 
justice, duty and moral obligation, 
and when you feel obliged to do a 
thing by what Joseph Cook calls the 


CHARACTER STUDIES, 


**sense of oughtness”’ that is the 
best bond you can have. If you 
have given your word of honor, 
looked a man in the face and shaken 
hands with him and said, ‘‘ I will see 
to that; you shall not suffer by it,” 
you would stand it when the pinch 
came, if it did cost something. 
You had given the man _ your 
word, and he believed you, trusted 
you. And you would be able to do 
it, and you would accomplish it. 
You might tell him he need not say 
anything about it ‘‘ between us.” 
You would not want other people 
laughing at you about it in case of 
failure. 

Your Cautiousness is large, which 
gives you a disposition to be on the 
watch tower, to be guarded against 
all machinations that may be hatched 
against you. 

I think you are a conservative man 
in your feelings, and you are a pro- 
gressive man in your opinions. The 
feelings and opinions are not the same. 
You would be likely, in dealing in 
real estate, for instance, to be more 
careful about having the papers all 
right and the searches properly done 
and everything safely fixed all the 
way; in writing contracts you put 
everything into the document that is 
good for anything, while the parties 
are all mellow and willing to do the 
right thing; and sometimes these 
rods of wrought iron inside of cast 
iron avail you something—hold the 
business together. It don’t say 
much, but it is there, not known till 
the stress comes. That comes from 
Caution. } 

Secretiveness enables you to say 
nothing when it is not wise to talk, 
and, as men sometimes say, lie low, 
and keep shady. If you were play- 
ing cards for fun and there wasa 
tendency on the part of somebody to 
cheat, to do something that was 
wrong or not according to rule, you 
would put your hand out and say, 
‘*Not quite, John; that won't do; 
this is the second time you have tried 
it; I thought I would stop you now.” 


331 


After the game was ended, you wouid 
say, ‘‘I have played that enough, I 
think, forto-night.”’ That would be a 
rebuke. But your Secretiveness and 
watchfulness would keep you wide 
awake about it. If you were a lawyer, 
they would not spring surpriseson you; 
that is to say, you would seem to get 
an inkling of them before they devel- 
oped them, and then perhaps have 
something ready to match it. 

Your social nature is strong; your 
back head is well built out behind the 
ears. Friendship is especially strong; 
you like to travel in partnership, in 
company; you would like to be in 
partnership in business; you might 
be the boss of the job, but it would 
be pleasant for you to have partner- 
ship in it and talk it over. Even 
though every plan was made by you 
and every decision was made by you, 
you like to have somebody there to 
see and help. This means that you 
are fraternal. You are good on a 
committee; you would be good ona 
jury; you would be good on a board 
of trustees; men would have to be 
pretty smart to get the best of you, 
because you have the _ provident 
Caution, you have the suspicious Se- 
cretiveness, you have the indomitable 
Firmness, and you have such a sense 
of justice that you keep the reins 
pretty snugly in hand; and then you 
have the intuition that gets there 
without being hindered. Your in- 
tuition is a little like quicksilver in a 
man’s pocket whichruns right through 
the meshes of the cloth. 

You have mechanical judgment; you 
would have good planning talent in 
building. You have financial capa- 
bility, but it is not so much a tricky 
mode of manipulating matters as itis 
a wise forethought that plans before- 
hand. I think you would make good 
investments, and you would be wise 
on a finance committee. Your Ac- 
quisitiveness does not lie down low; 
it rises up high in the region of cre- 
ative invention. I think you would 
be able to handle property that was a 
drag on other people’s hands if you 


332 How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


could get margin enough. If some- 
body wanted to unload and was will- 
ing to make a discount to unload in 
order to get money so as not to have 
to goto the wall, and came and urged 
you to take this extra amount and 
load yourself, you would manage to 
divide it with some of your friends. 
If, to save your friend, you had to go 
and consult with one or two of your 
neighbors and agree to divide it up 
among you, you would be the buyer 
and divide it, soas to help the man 
out, and keep him from going under. 
Alla man wants is so many hundred 
dollars, and he has something that 
we can afford to buy ata reduced 
figure and carry it if we are able—he 
is not. 

You have the elements of long life, 
vitality, power, endurance; you have 
a good memory of whatever iuterests 
you; and you carry reminiscent mat- 
ters with more clearness than most 
men. You would, as ascholar, make 
good progress, and achieve desired 
results and stand _ well. You 
would carry science, business or his- 
tory in your head, and be able to co- 
ordinate your knowledge in such a 
way asto make it effective. If you 
were a lawyer, you would have won- 
derful talent in cross-examining wit- 
nesses and the power to do it in such 
a way that the witness would forget 
himself, and feel that you were a 
friend, and he could confide in you 
and tell you everything that you 
asked him about, and your memory 
would enable you to carry a case 
in your mind, and bring it out 
in vivid relief in your summing up. 
Your analytical power would come in 
to enable you to make nice distinc- 
tions. Your logic would aid in com- 
bining the facts of a subject, and 
you would be able to co-ordinate the 
whole into an effective result. 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


Benjamin Franklin Tracy, late Sec- 
retary of the Navy in the cabinet of 
President Harrison, has beena marked 
and most efficient character ever since 


his admission to the bar in 1851, at 
twenty-one years of age. He was born 
in Owego, Tioga Co., N. Y., April 
26, 1830. Was District Attorney of his 
native county in 1853 and re-elected 
in 1856; in 1861 elected to the legis- 
lature; raised two regiments for the 
army in 1862; was Colonelof the rogth, 
which undertook a prominent part in 
the army of the Potomac. In 1866 
was U. S. District Attorney in New 
York, and rendered signal service to 
the Government for seven years. He 
gave special attention to the preven- 
tion of frauds on the revenue by 
whisky distillers, there being in his 
district over five hundred distilleries. 
He prepared a bill regulating the col- 
lection of taxes: on spirits, which in 
one year resulted in securing $50,- 
000,000 forthe treasury, against only 
$13,000,000 collected the year pre- 
vious, the Commissioner of Internal 
Revenue declaring that the sagacity 
and energy of District Attorney Tracy 
saved the internal revenue system 
from becoming a failure. In 1873 
he resigned his office and resumed the 
practice of law in Brooklyn, N. Y., 
and was associated with such eminent 
advocates as William M. Evarts and 
others of nearly equal note in the 
most important trials of the times. 

In 1881 he was appointed Associate 
Justice of the Court of Appeals; in 
1889 he was appointed Secretary of 
the Navy, and filled that conspicuous 
position with eminent ability, and 
commanded the approval of all 
patriotic Americans. During this 
service he lost by fire his house in 
Washington, and his wife and daugh- 
ter perished and his own life was 
barely saved. 

As a lawyer General Tracy has 
been connected with many conspicu- 
ous trials, the latest of which was that 
of the State vs. John Y. McKane in 
1894, for election frauds, which lasted 
twenty-three days and landed the 
accused in Sing Sing prison. Asa 
patriot, statesman, soldier, lawyer, 
judge, citizen and friend, Gen. Tracy 
has sustained a high rank. 


CHAPTER XLIV. 


HUMAN PURSUITS STUDIED PHRENOLOGICALLY. 


THE 


HE learned professions call for 
the best there is in human 
nature and human culture. The 
study and practice of law offer a con- 
spicuous field for the display of talent 
and force in legislation and jurispru- 
dence ; the Ministry and Medicine, 
Science and Literature are equally 
useful, if less prominent in their 
administration. 

The law as a profession may be 
considered under several heads, as 
Criminal, Railroad, Real Estate, Cor- 
poration, Advocates, Counsellors and 
Drawing legal papers. 

Personal success in the aquisition 
of wealth and notoriety in the prac- 
tice of the law in any of its forms 
should not be the whole end and aim 
of its votaries. 

There are two factors, the lawyer 
and the client. The client needs the 
lawyer, he needs law knowledge, he 
lacks it himself, he comes to the 
lawyer, and can afford to pay a proper 
amount for it. The lawyer ought, 
therefore, to have the natural talent 
to acquire the facts and understand 
the principles involved in legal mat- 
ters. He must beinformed in regard 
to statute and common law so as to 
know what the rights of his clients 
are under the law ; and he ought to 
have a good memory to retain this 
knowledge and have it ready at a 
moment’s notice so that he can give 
proper advice in emergencies. 

A man can have a knowledge of 
law in a scholarly way and not have 
very much of the sense of equity. He 
may know what the law is but not 
have a very clear understanding of 
what justice is. It is desirable that 
the lawyer should have moral devel- 
opment to consider justice as a matter 
of fact in the community, and not use 
his talent and his tact to foster his 


PROFESSION OF LAW, 


client wrongfully at the expense of 
other people. The top-head should 
be well rounded and well elevated. 
A lawyer with a low top-head and 
broad side-head is selfish, liable to 


‘be base and unprincipled, to be tricky 


and willing to aid villains in evading 
their proper responsibility. And 
these low-headed, cunning lawyers 
sometimes make more money than an 
honest and much more capable man 
could make in administering justice. 

The Phrenologist, in giving advice 
to persons contemplating legal pur- 
suits, should seek to find a man with 
large peceptive organs so that he can 
take in the facts; he should have 
large Eventuality and Locality and if 
possible, Time, to understand and 
remember data and detail. He should 
have large Comparison, to be able to 
draw nice distinctions where honest 
men might differ ; and a good share 
of Causality, to understand the philo- 
sophical principles involved in the 
subject. With such an intellectual 
and moral development, he will be a 
jurist, not a shyster ; he can bea 
statesmen, not a mere politician. 

A lawyer ought to have Secretive 
ness enough to carry a smooth, 
straight face and not betray his cause 
or his embarrassment if something is 
thrust upon him and his cause that is 
a surprise. 

The lawyer should have rather large 
Cautiousness, to be on the alert for 
whatever may be dangerous to the 
interests of his client or the cause of 
justice. He should have Secretive- 
ness, to be suspicious of people who 
are tricky and unfair, and always 
wakeful to whatever machinations 
they may undertake to spring upon 
the court. 

A lawyer without sufficient Com- 
bativeness will be tame in the protec- 


333 


334 i 
tion of acause ; aman with too much 
Combativeness will keep the court in 
a furor or turmoil; he will anger 
everybody without benefiting his 
cause, and sometimes injure it there- 
by. He should not snarl ; he need 
notbark. A lawyer who always main- 
tains his temper and his equilibrium 
will conciliate everybody, and people 
will be willing that he should succeed. 
There are lawyers whose manners 
are 
people feel a disinclination to have 
them make a point and get ahead. 
Combativeness and Approbativeness 
sometimes make sad havoc with a 
man’s success and reputation. 

Self-esteem should be well devel- 
oped in a lawyer ; then he can stand 
in the presence of the great una- 
bashed, in the presence of able coun- 
sel unembarrassed, and on the whole 
feel that his rights are complete, that 
he has standing in court, that he 
deserves respect, and then he will 
treat everybody as if they were will- 
ing to accord respect to him and his 
purposes. Such a man is rarely 
assailed in an unmanly or disorderly 
way. Everybody feels willing to give 
him credit for correct intentions, and 
he should, at least, deserve it. The 
better temperament and better mental 
and physical development a man has, 
the better lawyer, merchant, minister, 
mechanic, or citizen will he make. 

If young men haveslender physique, 
an unbalanced and erratic mental 
makeup, if they have a poor memory 
or lack ordinary policy and prudence, 
they would better select some busi- 
ness the conduct of which shall be a 
success to themselves if possible, and 
no detriment to the interests of other 
people. A lawyer is a public man 
and should be worthy of his rank. 

I sincerely believe that a man who 
knows enough, and has moral power to 
appreciate duty and truth, can practice 
law in the fear of Godand in the love of 
the human race. Hecan be as clean 
and untarnished in his thought and 
word and work as Infinite Wisdom 
and Truth wishes him to be, and to 


so unpleasant that the whole 


How To StruDyY STRANGERS, 


emphasize this thought, it affords me 
pleasure to refer to a man who fig- 
ured liberally in the law during this 
century, and who resided in Hart- 
ford, Conn. His name was Seth 
Terry, and he was always spoken of 
as ‘‘Deacon Terry.’’ A glance at 
his picture will show that he hada 
massive intellectual developmont. 
His front head is high and broad and 
massive; it also shows a high devel- 
opment of the moral region. He 
was believed to be as honest a man 
as ever lived in that ancient common- 
wealth; but ke found that the way 
law was ordinarily managed, he had 
to come in contact with chicanery 
and all kinds of trickery and unfair 
dealings on the part of those opposed 
to him, and he became disgusted; so 
he quit practicing in the courts, and 
opened on his own account a kind of 
court of counsel. He would meet 
persons who hada disagreement, and 
by mutual consent they would come 
together at his office, and each state 
his case to Mr. Terry, and he would 
examine each party carefully, sit in 
judgment, and decide the question 
for them, and they would accept his 
decision as final, and unite in paying 
such a fee for his services as was 
deemed requisite; and so he practiced 
law as a kind of judicial manager, or 
mutual judicatory. 

Men who study law are as varied 
in their talents and character and 
mental make-up as men who follow 
commercial or mechanical or other 
industrial pursuits; there is likely, 
therefore, to be a grade of lawyers at 
the opposite extreme of the one to 
which we have referred. There are 
some in the opposite end of the scale, 
we know, who are called ‘‘shysters” ; 
they are, in their profession, what 
some men are who do not conform to 
the honorable rules of labor, who are 
called ‘‘scabs.”’ I suppose that men 
who are admitted to the bar are 
technically understood to be men of 
good moral character, as a man who 
is granted a license to sell liquors is 
supposed to be or, at least, is techni- 


THE PROFESSION OF LAW. 


cally required to be, a man of good 
moral character. Aman went before 
the Board of Excise in New York, 
desiring a license for the sale of 
liqnors, and he was told that he 
would have to bring some reference 
as to his good moral character; his 
other requisites appeared to be satis- 
factory. He looked up in astonish- 
ment, and asked, ‘‘ What has a good 


——== 


=, R : 
Veaied 


. 


— Rat 
SS 
TS 


ND WORT OM 


FIG. 308, SETH TERRY. 


INTEGRITY, 


moral character to do with selling 
whisky?’’ and some lawyers, per- 
haps, may have the same idea; they 
might not expect or desire to prac- 
tice law morally. The bad and dis- 
honest habits practiced by this lower 
grade of lawyers have led some 
people to think that a practicing 
lawyer could not be an honest man, 
and that a strictly honest man would 
not practice law. We suppose there 
are honest merchants and honest 
mechanics and honest public office- 
holders—why not honest lawyers? 

A fawyer may be talented, as keen 
as a razor, and yet immoral. If we 
are not misinformed, there are law- 
yers in large cities whose business it 


335 


is, or who accept it asa part of their 
business, to give advice to rogues in 
advance as to how they may commit 
their crimes and evade the punish- 
ment of the law—lawyers, in short, 
who advise villains how to be most 
villainous, and cover up their tracks. 
Hence, if a man wants to take a 
bribe, he is counselled not to accept 
itin the shape of acheck, not toaccept 
it in anything but money, and not to 
accept it apparently himself, but to 
have it passed over to some friend of 
his, who, perhaps, will receive just 
such another or similar service as an 
exchange for his part in this dirty 
work. Lawyers, doubtless, are like 
other people—graded from top to 
bottom. We have no idea that law- 
yers are any worse than other people; 
they may know better than other 
people how to do wrong and avoid 
detection. 

If the people at large, aside from 
lawyers, were to become moral and 
correct in conduct, character and 
purpose, the lawyers would not have 
the temptation offered them that they 
now have to do rascally tricks. Ifa 
man accepts a temptation, there is 
also a tempter, and he is as bad as 
the one tempted. 

Every day, if occasions offer, we 
advise young men professionally that 
they may study law and keep a con- 
science clean and clear, and practice 
law to the honorable end of life. If 
one-half of the accusations brought 
against lawyers for being dishonest 
are true, I know of no field so prom- 
ising as that of the law with strict 
integrity, talent and culture sufficient 
to make one’s excellent character 
available and well-known; an honest 
man among them will count; his 
services will be sought. 

I had a man under my hands for 
an examination, and when I had fin- 
ished, I said to him, ‘‘Sir, what is 
your profession?” ‘*‘Iama lawyer,” 
he said. Ireplied, ‘* You ought to 
succeed well from the description I 
have given you; you ought to be able 
to command respect and keep a clear 


336 


How To StTupy STRANGERS, 


conscience,’’ I said: ‘*‘ Where do 
you practice?” He replied, ‘‘ I prac- 
tice in Springfield, Ill.” This hap- 
pened perhaps ten years after Lin- 
coln’s death. Ilaid my hand on his 
knee and said, ‘‘Then you knew 
Abraham Lincoln?” ‘‘Yes, I knew 
him well.” ‘*What about him as a 
lawyer and asa man?’’ J asked. He 
replied, ‘‘Mr. Lincoln and I were 
not on the same political side; I did 
not vote for him, and what I say has 
no political bias; but I was really 
glad when he was elected. Hewasa 
fine lawyer; he was getting all the 
best practice; he would not take a 
case into court which he did not 
honestly think ought to win, and 
when a client came to him and stated 
his case, if occasion seemed to him 
to require it, he would say, ‘I cannot 
take that case into court.’ ‘Why 
not? I will pay you well for it.’ 
‘Of course, that you are able to pay 
is well understood,’ Mr. Lincoln 
would reply, ‘but I cannot afford to 
take jit.’ °Why?tt* “Becatse]tyou 
ought not to win; you cannot win 
honestly; I cannot try to help you 
win.’ ‘But I will pay you well for 
the work, I want to give my oppo- 
nent all the law he wants, and I want 
you to help me win.’ Lincoln would 
say, ‘You have no money to lose in 
punishing this man; you cannot afford 
to waste $1oo in a case like that. 
Bring the man here to my office, and 
I will see what I can do toward mak- 
ing a settlement without the cost of 
a trial and a judgment.’ So Mr. 
Lincoln would settle more cases out 
of court than he tried. In this way 
he would not smother his reputation 
by trying to help some villain hide 
his crime. The result was that Mr. 
Lincoln got nearly all the good prac- 
tice in that vicinity, and when he 
brought a case into court it was 
tacitly understood by the bench, the 
bar and by the people at large, that 
Lincoln was on the right side and 
that he would get a verdict.” 

Men who practice on that principle 
rarely lose a case, unless it is 


through the stupidity of the jury, or 
by the bribing, through friendship or 
by money, some members of the jury, 
and then a costly new trial may 
rectify it. It may be asserted, and 
perhaps without dispute, that there 
are less temptations for dishonesty 
and fraud in cases before court than 
there is practiced in commercial 
transactions, because before a court 
there is a judge, and the proceedings 
must be in accordance with legal 
forms. The judge often prevents 
questions being asked that might be 
treacherous, and lawyers that want 
to take advantage are often snubbed 
and sometimes rebuked by the 
court, and occasionally they are dis- 
barred. 

I have had a grocer’s clerk tell me 
several lies or misrepresentations in 
regard~to a fifteen-cent scrubbing- 
brush. If a lawyer misrepresents 
relative to a case involving hundreds 
of dollars and also reputation, it is 
not quite so mean as to tell two or 
three lies about a fifteen-cent trade. 
If A. T. Stewart had no other claim 
to memory and respect, he should 
not be forgotten for the fact that he 
established in New York and in- 
directly in the whole country, the 
one-price system of selling goods, 
which now prevails widely; it is now 
the rule rather than the exception. 
It used to be said that a man’s coach- 
man or cook could buy anything at 
Stewart’s on as good terms as the 
millionaire master himself could. 


THE CRIMINAL LAWYER, 


Of course, all lawyers need general 
intellect, and the better it is devel- 
oped the more capable they are. If, 
then, any lawyer requires clear Per- 
ception, a good Memory, Comparison 
and Causality, a criminal lawyer 
should possess these, but we think a 
criminal lawyer should have in addi- 
tion large Conscientiousness to give 
him a feeling of justice and a clear 
sense of moral motive; he should 
also have large Cautiousness to make 
him wary, guarded and careful; also 


THE PROFESSION OF LAW. 


large Secretiveness to make him able 
to trace criminal purposes, and to 
account for various acts of the crimi- 
nal before and after the fact. <A 
lawyer with small Secretiveness would 
have an idea that a person would take 
a Straight line if he wanted to com- 
mit some crime. A man with small 
Secretiveness would have no idea that 
a person who wanted to crack a bank 
or rob a store or commit a highway 
robbery at a certain place, would 
start and go the other way, when he 
set out to do the work, and if it were 
proven that a man was seen going 
down the street at noon in an oppo- 
site direction from which the crime 
was committed, he would have no 
idea that he would slip out at some 
lonely place in the road, and go 
around the mountain or hill and 
double back uptown where he ex- 
pected to meet at a given hour his 
victim or his opportunity for crooked 
work; but a man with large Secre- 
tiveness would be suspicious, and 
likely to think of all such double 
methods. 

A criminal lawyer should have also 
a first-rate judgment of human 
character, should be able to appre- 
ciate the motives and purposes in- 
volved in a transaction. A criminal 
lawyer on either side needs the quali- 
ties that belong to a detective. 

A lawyer who has Human Nature 
large, Secretiveness and Language 
large, will cross-examine a witness 
who is telling a lie, and do it in such 
a manner as to entrap the false wit- 
ness. We are not now speaking of 
modest, bashful witnesses; they are 
sometimes perhaps unfairly treated 
by men who do not know anything 
but the thought of victory. Acrimi- 
nal lawyer ought to have large Firm- 
ness and Self-esteem so as to be per- 
sistent in his line of duty, and com- 
mand the respect of all men. We 
hardly need to add that a criminal 
lavyer on either side should have a 
good memory to hold the knowledge 
of law and also to be able to carry in 
his mind the history of the case. He 


337 


should have good Language to ex- 
press handsomely and definitely his 
thoughts. A court should not have 
to sit all day and listen to an un- 
trained and uneducated man in his 
blundering methods of treating cases. 
Keenness of intellect and culture 
belong to such a profession. Elo- 
quence, ordinarily, and a good mem- 
ory, large Language and a fertile 
imagination are indispensable to com- 
plete results in that noble profession 
—the practice of law. 

It is supposed that a lawyer knows 
if his client is guilty. Some criminal 
lawyers demand to know the whole 
truth of the whole case before they 
will touch it. I have frequently read 
of instances in England where a bar- 
rister would throw up his brief, and 
abandon the whole case in the midst 
of it because he had been deceived 
by the solicitor who had instructed 
him, and this act put a hundred fea- 
thers in his cap of honor. 

Another abuse in the trial of crimi- 
nal cases is the clogging of the prog- 
ress of obtaining a jury for the trial 
and by bringing about a disagree- 
ment of the jury, or taking exceptions, 
and carrying the case to higher 
courts. In this State, cases which 
had been sentenced to execution by 
electricity have been sent to the 
Court of Appeals, and an effort was 
made to carry one case before the 
Supreme Court of the United States, 
and the men who did it were not 
ostentatiously trying to prave the 
man innocent; they accepted his 
guilt, and were trying to baffle the 
law, and make a miscarriage of jus- 
tice through some technical flaw at a 
needless and useless expense to the 
State of many thousands of dollars. 
The wife poisoner, Harris, executed 
in 1893, and Dr. Buchanan, executed 
in 1895, are cases of shameful and 
costly delay. 

Sometimes the indignation of the 
public makes short work of a circuit- 
ous and tardy management in court, 
and takes justice in its own hands; it 
is called ‘‘ Lynch Law.” 


4 


CHAPTER XLV, 
THE RAILROAD LAWYER. 


N this field of practice the lawyer 
] needs especially large Percep- 
tives, because there is involved in 
matters pertaining to railroad con- 
struction and operation a mass of 
detail which requires recognition, not 
en masse, but in detail. Itis a large 
business, hence a man needs com- 
prehensive reasoning power, and es- 
pecially Comparison, to enable him to 
adjudicate conditions, to appreciate 
differences and shades of differences 
between the rule and its execution— 
orders and their fulfillment on the 
part of the servants of the road. It 
requires alsoa first-rate development 
of the organs of Eventuality and 
Locality—the first to remember his- 
torical facts, the second to give him 
an idea of direction and distance. 

He should also be endowed with a 
good development of the faculty of 
Constructiveness, soas to understand 
whatever pertains to the mechanical 
conditions, development and con- 
struction of roads, and all that per- 
tains to switches, turntables, draw- 
bridges, wetc... “lish awereuto <select 72 
boy that was to be educated fora 
railroad lawyer I would get one that 
would make a good engineer, so he 
could understand anything about a 
railroad. JI heard the great Daniel 
Webster make a speech in Boston in 
1848 on a railroad car-wheel patent 
case, and I know the attorneys and 
clients hadinstructed him with models 
or illustrations in regard to the ac- 
tion of a car wheel in the process of 


cooling after casting. After he had 


been so instructed that a boy twelve 
years of age might have understood 
it, Mr. Webster stood up and ex- 
plained it so poorly and made sucha 
mess of it that the jury understood 
it better than he did, and smilingly 
nudged each other in the side while 
he was talking. Mr. Webster had a 


powerful intellect, but his Construct- 
iveness was comparatively small. If 
a son of mine, fifteen years of age, 
with half the instruction Mr. Webster 
had had in this case, had made such 
an explanation of it I would have 
been ashamed of him. If the case 
had hung on Mr. Webster’s statement 
on that point the client would have 
lost it, but the jury knew better about 
it than he did. Mr. Webster, Choate, 
Conkling, and other distinguished 
men, have been engaged to advocate 
important cases because of their high 
reputation—not because they knewa 
special case, but toadd the weight of 
their great names. A good natural 
mechanic with half of Webster’s gen- 
eral ability would have done twice as 
well in a case of- mechanical inven- 
tion. Mr. Ogden Hoffman, who in 
1850 stood at the head of the New 
York bar, had spent some years at 
sea before the mast, and in maritime 
cases he was employed because he 
knew ship matters and the lingo of 
the sea, and sailors respected him ; 
while a ‘‘land lubber” lawyer would 
show his ignorance of seamanship 
and fail to command a seaman’s 
respect or elicit the truth from a wit- 
ness. 

A railroad lawyer ought to have 
also good financial capabilities, be- 
cause large and intricate financial 
conditions are involved in questions 
which they have to consider. A man 
with good financial ability will man- 
age a claim for injuries and get twice 
as much damages for hisclient, where 
they are properly due, as one would 
who had a small development of 
Acquisitiveness. 

While I would give a lawyer in any 
field Benevolence and Friendship and 
Agreeableness strongly marked, it 
might at first thought seem that a 
railroad lawyer should have more 


338 


THE PROFESSION OF LAW. 


sternness than blandness, but we 
think a man will succeed better in 
dealing with human nature to havein 
character a friendly, kindly spirit. A 


339 


mellow and pliable, as if they wanted 
to oblige everybody, and when they 
were compelled to dissent would do 
it in a kind of tender and regretful 


Sarony. 


man who comes into the court house 
like a hedgehog, bristling with quills, 
growling and snarling at everything 
that is said to him, is calculated to 
incur the dislike of every person in 
the court house, from the man who 
opens and shuts the door to the judge 
onthe bench. I have known some 
lawyers who were apparently always 


FIG. 309. CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW, 


LL, D. 


manner, and it has a wonderfully: 
favorable influence on the jury to see 
aman act as if he wanted to be fair 
and just, and as if he were inclined to 
give every just phase of the subjecta 
welcome. The lawyer from Spring- 
field, Ill., who has been quoted in 
reference to Lincoln, said a case was 
being tried in which Lincoln was 


340 


How To StTupDY STRANGERS. 


counsel on one side, and the lawyer 
on the other side was trying to get a 
witness to answer a question, and the 
court objected to it, because he 
thought the other side would object, 
and Lincoln sat thereapparently pay- 
ing no attention, while the judge and 
opposing attorney were squabbling 
over it, and directly Lincoln looked 
around and said, ‘‘Your honor, I 
reckon it would be fair to let that in.” 
The judge said, ‘‘ All right ; if you 
are willing I have no objection.” 

I would make the railroad lawyera 
gentleman in his demeanor ; it would 
serve to make life and litigation 
smoother. The railroad lawyer 
should have large Firmness and 
Self-esteem, so that he can stand in 
the presence of well-paid, able and 
eager opponents, and not feel small 
or act as if hefelt small. I have seen 
a lawyer stand in the presence of legal 
and judicial learning and the sharp 
strife of the subject, and when he got 
a chance to speak he would say that 
he regretted that his learned brother 
on the other side had become a little 
warmer on the subject than was really 
necessary. It reminds me of the 
familiar old school book fable in which 
the blustering wind thought to strip 
a man of his cloak by force, but the 
harder the wind blew the tighter the 
man pulled hiscloakabout him. The 
sun tried to dismantle the man in a 
different way ; he tried by pouring 
his calm and steady rays on the man’s 
back, and soon caused him to take 
off and abandon his cloak. 


THE REAL ESTATE LAWYER. 


A real estate lawyer needs large 
Comparison, and he should havea 
good memory and good practical 
sense; it does not require much 
cunning, but the p-rson should have 
a good development of Caution 
and Secretiveness, and_ especially 
large Continuity, so as to give him 
the patience and perseverance to 
trace titles back perhaps a hundred 
or two hundred years and follow it 
through all the phases of transfer and 


redemption of tax titles, and what- 


ever might be a cloud on the estate. 
In handling real estate nothing is to 
betaken for granted. Sometimes an 
estate is lost by some little techni- 
cality, by failing to have the papers 
verified before the proper authority; 
perhaps the notary did not belong to 
that county, and when that is the 
case, if the notary is not certified by 
the clerk of the court of his county 
and attached to the document, it in- 
validates the whole work. The real 
estate lawyer should have a good 
memory, to hold the laws that belong 
to his own State; he ought also to 
have the ability to hold knowledge of 
the statues of other States. Of 
course if the real estate lawyer is an 
eloquent speaker it is all the better, 
but he can secure respect and success 
without it. 

The late Samuel J. Tilden was a 
railroad Jawyer and a corporation 
lawyer, and he made more money 
than almost any lawyer in the coun- 
try in handling these massive finan- 
cial cases. He was not an eloquent 
speaker; he was diminutive in alti- 
tude, not attractive in appearance, 
but he had a cool, clear head in re- 
gard to mechanical and_ financial 
matters that belonged to the railroad 
business. Mr. Tilden had made a 
bequest in his will to New York fora 
library, but his will was so defective 
ihat it has been seriously modified by 
litigation. It is sometimes said that 
a doctor who treats himself has a 
fool for a patient, and in more cases 
than one it has been proved thata 
lawyer could not manage a case for 
himself one-half as well as he could 
manage a case for another. A physi- 
cian who has a wife or a child alarm- 
ingly ill generally confides the case 
to a man who has no particular 
interest in the person, lest his sym- 
pathy should warp his judgment or 
pervert his understanding. Chancel- 
lor Kent, the great authority on 
surrogate law in this country, made 
his own will, and it was broken in 
court as if made of pipe clay. 


THE PROFESSION OF LAW. 


a 


THE CORPORATION LAWYER, 


The corporation lawyer needs a 
cool, strong temperament, with more 
of business capabilities than elo- 
quence; it requires a legislative as 
well as a judicial mind. Corpora- 


341 


and find out if they have been cor- 
rectly kept. In this State there are 
bank experts, who stand high, and 
are called on by stockholders to ex- 
amine their affairs. The dishonest 
officer of the company, who has been 


Y, 
YY f Wy 
YY YY YY 
yf it 
Wy Yf Uf 


FIG, 310, SAMUEL J. TILDEN, 


tions are based upon a special law or 
enactmentin each case, unless it comes 
under the general law. A legislator 
needs to have a clear sense of the 
force of an enactment which he is 
constructing. A corporation lawyer 
needs to see and follow that which 
has been enacted, and to appreciate 
its application to the case in point. 
He should be good in figures and 
accounts and have a good commer- 
cial education. Some lawyers are 
expert in bank matters—in the ex- 
amination of work of banks and cor- 
porations; will take a set of books 


fraudulently using the funds of the 
concern, takes the hint and escapes 
to safer quarters when the expert is 
expected to come around. 


PLEADERS, ADVOCATES, BARRISTERS. 


The function of this phase of law 
is to take a case which solicitors or 
attorneys have quarried out and pre- 
pared for trial. Inthis form of law 
practice a man needs the literary 
faculties; also perception and a good 
development of the semi-perceptive 
organs. He needs large Language, 
to express his thoughts in a clear and 


342 


easy manner, and if he had a good 
development of Ideality, to enable 
him to embellish his thoughts ele- 
gantly, it would be all the better. 
He should have a Vital Mental Tem- 
perament, so as to bring a glowing 
enthusiasm tothe work in hand. He 
should also have a good memory of 
historical facts, which would enable 
him to state the case as if he had 
been there and seen it all. Daniel 
Webster had a way (if it were in re- 
gard to some lighter matter it might 
be called a trick) of handling a case 
before a jury in such a way as to 
make it seem in an eminent degree 
noble and fair. He would state a 
case before a jury as he thought his 
Opponent would naturally state it, 
and would bring forth some of what 
were considered the strongest points 
of his opponent, and he would begin 
the argument as if he were on the 
other side, and occasionally he had 
his coat pulled by his anxious client 
and told that he was on the wrong 
side. When he had stated his oppo- 
nent’s side of the question pretty 
strongly and frankly, he would say, 
‘*Now, gentlemen of the jury, that is 
the other side of the case as we 
understand it; if you will listento me 
for a few moments I will endeavor 
to present our side of the case,” and 
he would march through his line of 
argument like an army with flying 
banners, and the other side as he had 
stated it would look so slim compared 
with his masterful argument that he 
would thus compel a verdict. 

I remember two lawyers in Hart- 
ford, Conn., who were generally 
employed on most of the important 
cases. One was a clear-headed, 
straightforward man without elo- 
quence or any tendency to make an 
effort in that direction, but he was 
a solid thinker and a clear-headed 
jurist, and when he arose to 
address the jury he would lean over 
the table and point his long bony 
finger at the jury, and in a confiden- 
tial way tell them all about it, and it 
was made so perfectly plain to the 


How To StTupY STRANGERS. 


jury that it was very difficult to dis- 
lodge what he had said. He was one 
of the lawyers that generally had a 
chance to get the right side of cases. 
The other lawyer was.-a tall, hand- 
some, jolly, funny kind of a man; his 
name was Charles Chapman, and he 
generally had a full house when he 
was expected to speak. When Mr. 
Hungerford began his speech the 
crowd would leave the court house; 
everything there would be still and 
quiet, and for this reason what he 
said in his solemn, frank, honest, 
earnest way was impressed all the 
more readily upon the jury. The 
crowd would leave a sentinel at the 
window to give the signal when Mr. 
Hungerford had finished his presenta- 
tion of the case and it was Charlie 
Chapman’s turn to speak, and they 
would come rushing into the court 
house like sheep. Chapman would 
talk to the whole house, and would 
tell funny stories and anecdotes and 
have everybody in the house in a 
laugh, and he would try to ridicule 
and make fun of the opposite side and 
of Mr. Hungerford’s speech. Chap- 
man wore a white vest, and his bushy 
and abundant hair was brushed back 
and gave him a somewhat distin- 
guished look, and he wore a large 
black ribbon as a watchguard, pur- 
posely spread out over his white vest, 
and, taking it all, he made an impos- 
ing appearance. But Hungerford 
generally got the verdict. 


ADVISERS OR COUNSELORS. 


These need large mental compre- 
hension and experience to judge of the 
merits of a case; they need a cool and 
balanced temperament, also Caution, 
to make them prudent. Acounseloror 
adviser should have large Conscien- 
tiousness and should aim to get at the 
truth and the bottom facts in the mat- 
ter. There are a good many Cases set- 
tled out of court, and if one of these 
advisers or counselors of the right 
kind gets hold of a case he will charge 
pretty good fees for advising and 
promoting a settlement, but it will be 


THE PROFESSION OF LAW, 


better for the community and per- 
haps much better for his client that 
the case should be settled out of 
court, 


LAWYERS WHO DRAW LEGAL PAPERS. 


These need good scholarly talent, 
their minds should be well disciplined 


343 


of a contract, and let a dozen law 
students see how much each one 
could modify it in the smoothness of 
its statements without losing any of 
its power or force. We think it 
would be a matter of interest and ad- 
vantage to a business man who has 
not been trained in the law to get 


FIG. 311. WILLIAM M. EVARTS, THE EMINENT ADVOCATE, 


and they should have legal training 
and culture and literary criticism. A 
man who has the requisite talent and 
culture, and is engaged in this line of 
the law, will draw papers that flow 
smoothly and cover all the points in- 
volved, and he will draw them in such 
a way that they will not seem offen- 
sive. Some lawyers draw papers in 
such a way that they bristle with in- 
dignant earnestness, as if one or both 
of the parties were swindlers and 
needed a barbed wire fence on both 
sides of the path. It would bea good 
mode of practice in the instruction 
of law students to give out the frame 


counsel of some clear-headed legal 
adviser in reference to drawing busi- 
ness contracts, especially if he ex- 
pects to have occasion to draw any 
for himself. This would doubtless 
save a good many litigations in the 
business world. 

A friend of mine thought he would 
draw his own will. He had some 
literary capability and training, and 
he said in his will, ‘‘I give and be- 
queath my house and lot,” and when 
he had completed the document he 
went to his lawyer, who was a per- 
sonal friend, and submitted the paper 
to him for approval. The first thing 


344 


the lawyer said was, ‘‘ You must 
devise your real estate ; ‘giving and 
bequeathing’ will convey personal 
property, but will not convey real 
estate in the State of New York.” 
That paid for the consultation fee. 


PATENT LAW WORK. 


In this line of work the lawyer 
needs to be admirably endowed with 
all the mechanical faculties to start 
with. In addition to that he needs 
literary capability, such as is required 
in the man who draws legal papers, 
because that is a part of the patent 
law business; but the core and back- 
bone of his business isthe mechanical 
capability. Some thirty years agoa 
patent solicitor desired rooms in our 
establishment, and in this way we 
learned a good deal about the patent 
business. We remember a _ case 
where a man had invented a printing 
press. He wanted to get a claim 
allowed for an inclined plane as a 
method of making the pressure in 


How To StTupy STRANGERS. 


t 


printing. The patent solicitor told 
him that mode of pressure in printing 
was in vogue in Dr. Franklin’s time 
and that he could not patent it, and 
if he could it would be of no use, as the 
‘* elbow joint,” which had taken its 
place, was much the best. How- 
ever, the lawyer showed himesome- 
thing about his press that could be 
patented, and he got that patented 
and in about six months he sold his 
patent for $5,000. In this case 
the solicitor knew more about 
mechanical construction and more 
about the history of the printing 
press than the inventor did. 

The temperament of the patent 
lawyer should be a calm one; he 
should have perhaps a predominance 
of the Vital Temperament with a 
touch of the Lymphatic phase. He 
ought to. have a good share of the 
Motive Temperament, to make him 
energetic, strong and persistent. He 
ought to be moral, upright, just, 
prudent and self-respecting. 


——$—_—____+9—___ 


CHAPLEER XLVI; 
THE LAWYER IN GENERAL PRACTICE. 


“T “HE practice of the legal profes- 

sion in its most exacting 
demands requires ample bodily con- 
stitution with a large, well-nourished 
brain, and a harmonious, tempera- 
ment. To be astute as a counsellor, 
sharp and clear as a critic in legal 
procedure, and at the same time 
able to display masterly forensic 
power, a massive, enduring, suscepti- 
ble and magnetic personality are 
essential. 

The following phrenological analy- 
sis was dictated to a reporter in the 
ordinary course of business, May 18, 
1888, with no knowledge of the person 
or his profession, and with no expec- 
tation of publication. The portrait, 
with permission to publish the same 
i2 connection with the description of 
character and biography, has been 
obtained, 


HARVEY D. HADLOCK. 

You inherit largely from your 
mother, and by that inheritance you 
get a better nutritive system than 
you would be likely to get by inherit- 
ing from the father, because woman 
is better endowed with nutritive 
power than man, and so also are the 
feminine of the lower animals, because 
they have to manufacture nutrition 
for themselves and for the infant. 
Nature takes precious good care that 
there shall be no lack of nutrition 
where it isso muchneeded. The boy 
who inherits from the mother is likely 
to get better nutrition; he is likely to 
weigh heavier, and in his build will 
show it by having a longer body from 
the waist downward, and shorter, 
stouter limbs, and smaller extremi- 
ties, feet and hands, and by having 
smaller features as compared with the 


THE PROFESSION OF LAW. 


345 


face and head; when a man inherits 
from his father he gets an exaggera- 
tion of the bony structure. 

You have a brain measuring 244 
inches in circumference and 16 inches 
from the opening of one ear to that 
of the other over the top, and 14 
inches from the ear openings around 
the brow. The proper weight for 
that, as we study weight and size of 
brain, would be 205 pounds, which is 


instant necessity come by intuition; 
you know what to do without know- 
ing where it came from; it flashes on 
you and it is done or decided, and 
time and thought will indorse it. 
Occasionally men are brought into 
imminent exigencies and they must 
do something instantly, and you are 
better in such a pinch than you are 
anywhere else. No matter how well 
you can bring up the rear in the way 


FIG, 312, HARVEY D. HADLOCK. 


supposed to be the weight of body 
with which such a brain ought to have 
relation to give it support; you weigh 
go pounds more than that and hence 
can do extra work and not feel weari- 
ness. 

You are known, and always have 
been, for intuitive knowledge or 
sense of truth which a boy can readily 
inherit from his mother. The best 
things that an organization like yours 
ever reaches in matters pertaining to 


of logic, you can bring up these sharp 
turns readily. You have the power 
to see quickly your surroundings and 
to gather in knowledge by observa- 
tion, and you have also the ability to 
aggregate your .facts and co-ordi- 
nate them, and, like welding chain 
links, make one composite whole of 
it; so that your knowledge is like a 
system of railroads with a center, 
organized and all related, and the 
time tables bring everything around 


346 


all right; you organize your knowl- 
edge so that it is systematized. 

You remember places. Geography 
to you is an enjoyment and you like 
to travel; if you had nothing to tie 
you down to business and to home, 
and the means to do as you would, 
you would do a great deal of travel- 
ing, and you would not run like a 
message on a telegraph wire; you 
would take it leisurely and make no 
long appointments ahead, because 
you might want to stay in a given 
country for reasons and take your 
time to get acquainted with the people 
and many things that might interest 
you. If you had your time on your 
hands you would not go around the 
world in eighty days. 

Your memory of facts is excellent, 
and your language enables you to 
put into words that which you 
know of truth, and you are capable 
of understanding the particulars so 
as to make the case seem like his- 
tory. Asa lawyer you could talk to 
a jury as if, you had been there and 
seen the whole thing, and they 
can hardly shake off the impression 
they get, though you do not say 
that you were there and saw it and 
know all about it. It looks consist- 
ent the way you state it, and the ar- 
gument and the supposed meaning 
and the testimony are all so melted 
together that it seems to be pretty 
much all testimony. They take your 
argument for testimony, and it is not 
very easy to shake a jury’s opinion 
that you are in the right. If you 
have an even chance with men of 
equal ability with yourself—we mean 
logical and knowing ability only— 
your sympathetic temperament, your 
intuitive way of looking at truth and 
your easy and persuasive method of 
expressing it, will carry conviction 
to people without their knowing 
exactly how it happened. They are 
sure of it, but they cannot go back 
and explain it to another. 

You read character like a book; to 
you strangers are translucent, if not 
transparent; occasionally they are the 


* 


How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


latter, and your impressions are not 
only quick and clear, but correct. 

Your generosity helps you to carry 
with you an influence that is genial, 
and, like the light of a locomotive, it 
precedes you—not, perhaps, quite so 
far, but when you come into a room, 
before you speak a word most people 
will feel your presence and the genial 
influence of your magnetism, and 
since you understand people without 
introduction, if you speak to a per- 
son you bring upon him this knowl- 
edge of him in such a way that he 
feels he must answer to the best of 
his knowledge and ability. If cross- 
examining a witness you have a fac- 
ulty of silent, mental, magnetic affili- 
ation which makes him feel as if he 
were your friend, and what he knows 
would be all right if he were to tell 
it. Men on the witness stand are 
not very long recalcitrant under you, 
unless they are very able men, and 
the other counsel will sit like a hawk 
to object to your question; but you 
have skill enough to put the question 
in such a way that it will be legal and 
fair and yet insidious. But your Be- 
nevolence-is one of the elements that 
enters into that result; your Friend- 
ship enters into the influence; your 
social nature has the nature of rosin 
when it is used as a flux to solder 
sheets of tin and make them one,and 
you carry a good deal of that ele- 
ment in all your ways of life. People 
are a good deal more willing to do 
what you ask them to do than if you 
were thin and crisp and dry and ap- 
parently exacting. You never have 
seemed to be that kind ofaman. You 
sometimesask people to please dothat 
for you, yet you have a right to com- 
mand them. You do not always com- 
mand a servant, and they will run 
their feet off to serve you. 

Your Firmness is large, but itis a 
more persistent element than an op- 
pugnant element; it is more like a 
line to hitch to the timber-head with 
which a man warps himself and his 
boat up to the dock than it is like a 
pull with a boathook that can both 


THE PROFESSION OF LAW. 


Your Firmness pulls; 
it doesn’t push, and one of the trou- 
bles you have is to keep men away 
from you. 

We would give you, if we could, a 
little more Self-esteem; so large a 

brain can take, and be benefited by it. 
‘Your Caution is an influential ele- 
ment, rendering you watchful. You 
may not appear to be as anxious as 
you really are, but you will read over 
a document to see what it says, and 
then to see what it means and sug- 
gest modifications; you will have all 
the claims and the evidence, every- 
thing done that custom and law re- 
quire. When you shut a door you 
try to see if it is latched or locked, 
and you sometimes go back and see 
if you have inserted some thought in 
a letter or an argument; you do not 
remember whether you put it in or 
whether you thought to put it in, but 
‘sure bind, sure find,’ would be a 
pretty good motto for you, and while 
you do not go as if you were afraid, 
you meditate and consider whether 
you have done what the conditions of 
things require. Caution must be 
gratified. 

Conscience is strong. You feel 
bound to be just. Veneration is large 
enough to make you devout in spirit 
and polite in manner, 

You have Agreeableness, which 
renders you mellow in your methods; 
you sometimes make a soft, rising in- 
flection of voice when you are con- 
scious that you have been laying 
down the statement pretty strongly, 
and you put a drop of oil and honey 
at the close of it to make it palata- 
ble, and you generally think of what 
you ought to say before you get to 
the finish. 

The Musical sense is_ strongly 
marked, and, therefore, as a speaker 
you ought to have a pleasant voice 
with a great deal of modulation. You 
could run, if we may use the term, 
the whole gamut of inflection and 
emphasis and impressiveness and 
gentleness, so that in listening to 
you people do not get tired or sleepy. 


push and pull, 


347 


If they are not so much interested in 
the argument your manner will make 
them feel that it is a living subject, 
that the cakes are warm, and there- 
fore they would be likely to stay. 

Your Constructiveness qualifies you 
to understand mechanism, and also 
to combine forces and facts in a way 
to make your case malleable and 
movable. Constructiveness enables 
a man to weave the parts of speech 
into a sentence in such a way as to 
make it strong in one place and 
smooth in another, and graceful in 
another and true all the way; buta 
man with no Constructiveness chops 
logic, and everything he says and 
does has square corners, and he gives 
offense occasionally when he does 
not wish to and is astonished that he 
has done so, and consequently, under 
your style of utterance and composi- 
tion, you remember that men have 
more than one faculty, that they have 
sensitiveness and sympathy, and 
aversions and timidities, and tastes 
and refinements, and prejudices and 
preferences that have to be consid- 
ered and treated, and you can do 
this business in such a way as to con- 
ciliate those that did not mean to 
like you, that felt crooked toward 
you, because you could speak on 
politics, and the man that you were 
opposed to would take your arm and 
go to dinner after you had wrestled 
with your oppugnant topics through 
the whole meeting. He would not 
dislike you, but he would tell every- 
body not to vote for you nor with 
you. That is partisanship, but your 
manhood is larger than your creed, 
religious or political. If you werea 
minister they would ask you to come 
and help dedicate their churches and 
help celebrate their great times out- 
side of your own denomination. 

Your affections are strong; you 
love devotedly and win people other 
than women and children to think 
tenderly of you. Men do not stand 
at a distance and shake hands with 
you, as it is called, as with the end 
of a pump-handle; they like to come 


348 


right up and make it earnest,-and 
they act as if they would say, ‘‘My 
regard for you is stronger than 
friendship; youare one that I like.” 

Ideality gives you a poetic sense, 
and it helps make you elegant and 
polished. 

Your strong Combativeness and 
Destructiveness—and they are none 
too strong—give framework and 
power to your thought and effort, 
while your friendship and ideality 
serve to smooth and polish that 
which is strong. Granite is very 
strong, but even that takes and re- 
tains its polish a good deal longer 
than marble does, and you have the 
elements of strength, but the public 
knows more about the sympathetic 
and the friendly side of your charac- 
ter. If you had an intelligent antag- 
Onist and you were to plead on one 
side and he on the other, he would 
know where the iron hoop of your 
logic impinged him; he would feel 
the strength of the argument. The 
public, not understanding and feel- 
ing an interest so much in the case, 
would see the grace and the urbanity 
and the friendliness that would 
seem to be embodied in expres- 
sion such as, ‘‘ My excellent, learned 
brother.” Then you take off another 
piece of the hide that common people 
would not perceive as he would. 

You have asense of wit, and it is 
good natured wit; you dislike to use 
the scimetar of wit in such a way as to 
make the subject tremble and quiver 
under the blow. You like to use wit 
in such a way that even the victim of 
it will laugh in spite of himself, while 
the rest enjoy it on their own account. 

With your wonderful vital system, 
your large brain, nourished and sus- 
tained as it is, your ample frame, with 
muscle as hard as rock, you ought to 
be master among men, and wherever 
you engage in the accomplishment of 
duty, it should be amply, broadly and 
earnestly done. ‘There is no field of 
thought and theory in which such an 
Organization as yours should not take 
a commanding position and easily win 


How To Stupy STRANGERS. 


success, hence your responsibilities 
are great, because you have the power 
to achieve great results. You need 
no help. With such health and devel- 
opment you can cut your masterful 
pathway to success. 


BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH, 


It is but proper to state that the 
subject of this sketch, nearly thirty 
years ago, then ayouth of twenty-two, 
though he had studied law, was in- 
clined to enter upon a course of busi- 
ness, and on his way to carry out his 
purpose he called at the phrenological 
office in New York and had an exami- 
nation by Nelson Sizer, and was told 
by all means to study and practice law. 
This advice prevailed and he entered 
upon a special branch of study con- 
nected with maritime law under emi- 
nent direction; and thus settling him- 
selfinto hislife labor, he has since been 
undivided in his purpose and work. 

In 1888, at the age of forty-five, he 
again called as a strangerand the de- 
scription was given him by the same 
person, which is herewith produced, 
with no idea who he was or what was 
his pursuit. His history and work fully 
justify the phrenological predictions 
on each occasion. 

Harvey D. Hadlock was born at 
Cranberry Isles, Me., October 7, 1843, 
and was the son of Edwin Hadlock, 
whose ancestors were among the early 
settlers of New England. MHarvey’s 
grandfather, Samuel Hadlock, was 
born in Massachusetts, purchasedthe 
most of Cranberry Island, where he 
engaged in shipping, and acquired a 
large fortune. 

Harvey obtained his education 
partly by private instruction, then in 
the East Maine Conference Seminary 
and at Dartmouth College, and was in 
1865 admitted to the barin Maine; 
three years later he was admitted to 
practice in State and Federal courts 
in Nebraska, and in the same year 
also in Boston, and opened an office in 
that city. In 1869, being called to 
New York on important litigation 
pending in the United States Circuit 


THE PROFESSION OF LAW. 


Court, he was admitted to practice in 
that State and in the Federal Courts. 
In 1871 he was called to Maine to ad- 
vocate the construction of a railway 
from Bangor eastward by way of Bucks- 
port, and in 1873 he settled in Bucks- 
port, where he was engaged in im- 
portant railroad cases, and remained 
in that town for eight years, and won 
a prominent position at the Maine bar. 
From 1881 till 1887 he resided in 
Portland, Me., adding to his reputa- 
tion as an able advocate of important 
railroad, patent, and maritime, as well 
as criminal cases. In 1887 he returned 
to Boston, where he now resides, hold- 
ing an office also in New York; his 
practice extends beyond New Eng- 
land and New York. He devotes his 
wonderful powers of body and of brain 
to his professional work with unre- 
mitting vigor and industry, and his re- 
cuperative powers, which are of the 
highest order, enable him to follow 
case after case with unwearying effort 
and with most brilliant results. Asa 
rule he works without the aid of as- 
sistants, rarely takes notes, but trusts 
to his unfailing memory. 

Mr. Hadlock, though very large in 
frame and figure, is not fat. Heisa 
rapid and easy walker; he eats but 
two meals a dayand his food is more 
nitrogenous and phosphatic than car- 
bonaceous, hence he makes bone, 
brain and muscle, real working power, 
rather than adipose, and has no waste 
material. 

Weighing nearly 300 pounds, with a 
chest measuring 52 inches without 
clothing, and standing almost 6 feet 
high, with a head measuring more 
than 24 inches, and havingan amiable 
and generous face, his is a command- 
ing figure even among great men, and 
by the breadth and clearness of his 
intellect and the force of his will, his 
arguments have a wealth of detail 
and accuracy, sustained by an unfail- 
ing memory and a masterful logic. 
Though. very large in brain and body, 
he is compact and elastic in fiber; he 
works easily, and while every faculty 
js alert and vigilant, his voice is rich, 


349 


full and flexible, and often rises to a 
point of commanding eloquence; it is 
not strange that at an early age he has 
reached an acknowledged rank as one 
of the first of living advocates. To 
the Physiologistand Phrenologist his 
success is recognized as the natural 
result of one of the largest as well as 
one of the very best of organizations. 

Without knowing his name or pur- 
suit, our phrenological analysis, made 
in 1888, provides for and predicts all 
he has done, and we now express the 
belief that his manifestation of power 
and attainmentof popularity have but 
just begun. 


TO ASPIRANTS FOR THE BAR, 


Many young men aspire to be law- 
yers, some of whom have the talent, 
others lack the power to make them- 
selves skillful and successful, Aman 
can be an office lawyer without a great 
deal of bodily vigor; if he has a good 
intellect, even without force of char- 
acter, he may understand law and 
help in preparing cases or in trans- 
acting legal business in an office, or 
assist quietly other lawyers in trying 
cases, but to stand up before a court 
where the interests of the public are 
at stake, a lawyer should have brain 
power enough to be equal to any 
emergency, equal to any talent that 
will be brought against him. He 
should have the studious tendency to 
acquire the requisite knowledge not 
only, but should have memory to hold 
his knowledge, freedom of speech, 
and a good oratory, that he may give 
justice a fair show in its struggle 
against fraud and unrighteousness, 
and so be able to vindicate the rights 
of the public and of individuals. A 
lawyer may be sound, but he should 
be also quick. Some are slow and 
wearisome in handling material, in 


‘making quotations and presenting 


facts to court and jury, thus wasting 
public time and wearying public pa- 
tience. A lawyer should have good 
common sense, know as much as pos- 
sible of everyday life, and if he has 
wit and humor it will aid his success. 


350 


How To STUDY STRANGERS. 


A public sentiment has obtained foot- 
hold that a lawyer needs only tact, 
keennegs, cunning, and even unscrup- 
ulousness, and by such persons the 
law has been perverted. A citizen 
acting in the capacity of an officer of 
the court in the practice of the law 
has no more right to take half of the 
money which a burglar has stolen 
from a bank, and use that as a fee to 
thwart justice and law in defending 
the villain who committed the rob- 
bery, than he has to help the burglar 
take the money; yet every month 
there are cases in which able counsel, 
endowed with talent and cunning, aid 
confessed scoundrels to escape pun- 
ishment, and divide the spoils with 
the villains; and public plunderers, 
who escape with their booty, employ 
men to defraud justice in their cases; 
and talent, with moral worth either 
absent or in abeyance, lends itself to 
such nefarious work. We advise per- 
sons of only medium talent and slen- 
der constitutions to avoid law asa 
profession. 

The normal ardor of youth prompts 
not a few young men to aspire after 
the law as a profession, little thinking 
how much is required to deserve and 
win success. A young man who was 
under my hands professionally asked 
me if I thought he could become a 


first-rate lawyer. I said no! Then 
he replied, ‘‘I will not undertake it, 
I wish to be first or nothing.”’ ‘‘Can 
you be first in any desirable pursuit ?” 
“First is high up, and it takes body 
and brain, health and education and 
extended culture to stand in the third 
rank among lawyers.” 

I asked him to name six first-class 
lawyers at the New York bar. He 
named two and hesitated about two 
more, and was amazed. ‘I asked him 
to name several second-class lawyers. 
He mentioned eight or ten and made 
up his mind that third-rate lawyers 
occupied no mean rank. I told him 
that time and study would enable him 
to hope for a place in the outskirts of 
the third class, and it would cost him 
his best efforts, industry and correct 
habits to hold a worthy rank among 
such men. 

Being ambitious to rise you might 
be confronted in a case with several 
men of massive body and brain, highly 
educated, amply equipped with exten- 
sive reading, broad in logic, polished 
in rhetoric, full of resources and per- 
haps unscrupulous. Have you the 
ability to grapple in debate, in sar- 
casm, insist and repartee with such 
men at their best; or would you be 
at the mercy of these masters of the 
bar? 


CHAPTER XLVII. 


LAW AND SCIENCE. 


HIS is an age of ‘‘specialism”’; 
itis not only one of the signs 
of the times, but is inevitable as 
things are now constituted. 
Formerly professors of chemistry 
would also teach physics, and some- 
times had time enough to pay some 
attention to other branches; nowa- 
days both sciences are so large and 
so comprehensive that no man dare 
attempt to master more than one or 


two subdivisions of either. Organic 
chemistry, or, as it is nowcalled, the 
‘“Chemistry of the Carbon Com- 
pounds,’ is so multiplex that a whole 
lifetime’s work can be expended upon 
even one small part of the subject, 
as evidenced by the epoch-making 
work now carried on in Germany, to 
which we owe such invaluable medi- 
cines as ‘‘ Antipyrin,” ‘‘ Acetanilid,”’ 
*Sulphonal, “,andssthesulike yi 


LAW AND SCIENCE. 


physics, again, we have observers de- 
voting a lifetime in settling such ap- 
parently simple things as ‘‘ melting 
points,” or ‘‘vapor densities,’’ or 
the liquefaction of air and other 
gases; by means of such researches, 
nevertheless, our great men have 
been earning for themselves an un- 
dying name, and the applause and 
thankfulness of their less scientific, 
comparatively unskilled _ fellow- 
citizens. 

The same necessity exists in medi- 
cine and the collateral sciences, be- 
cause the advance of knowledge is so 
fast and so extensive that no one has 
either the brain or the time to acquire 
and utilize all of it. 

We thus see, by parity of reason- 
ing, that ‘‘specialism ’’ must also in- 
vade the legal ranks if lawyers are to 
be fit to handle any but the ordinary 
line of cases. We have, it is true, 
insurance, real estate, admiraity and 
other branches of practice, but no- 
where dv legal luminaries exhibit 
themselves to such disadvantage as 
in scientific cases involving techni- 
calities. 


What do lawyers know of the 
‘*Torcular Herophili,”” or the mem- 
brane of ‘‘Descemet”’? How can 


they distinguish between ‘‘distal ” 
and ‘‘proximal,”’ or know the differ- 
ence between the ‘‘mesoblast”’ and 
‘‘hypoblast”’ ? 

We see the absurdity of things 
when an awkward landsman wrestles 
with nautical lore; in science it is 
less obvious to the common folk, 
though a still greater puzzle to the 
bar. " 

In electricity, again, what does he 
know about ‘‘ E. M. F.’’ and ‘‘ volts,” 
‘‘amperes,”’ ‘‘coulombs,” or ‘‘ calor- 
ies,” orwhy Ohm’s formula, C x R=E, 
is true, or what it means? 

Worse yet is chemistry, with its 
‘* Benzanilide,” ‘‘ Methylacetanilid,”’ 
‘* Methyloxychinazin,” now, for 
short, called ‘‘ Phenylmonomethy]- 
pyrazolon,” all worse than Choctaw 
to the uninitiated. 

No lawyer can tell what moment he 


351 


may need just such special knowl- 
edge, so conspicuous by its absence 
in most members of the bar, a large 
part of whom, we fear an zacreasingly 
large part, have not enjoyed a liberal 
education, and are, therefore, devoid 
of even a smattering of the things 
outside their own sphere. 

In cases of toxicology and morbid 
anatomy, where life and reputation 
hang in the balance, the tables are 
often turned by a correct understand- 
ing of some small detail, as in a re- 
cent New York poisoning case, Car- 
lyle W. Harris, truly a cause celebre, 
where a conviction has been reached. 

No lawyer can make people see 
what he himself does not understand 
thoroughly, and no doubt many con- 
victions and acquittals have been 
reached, contrary to justice, purely 
through the inability of counsel to do 
their best in such points. 

An example is a very celebrated 
recent English poisoning case, where, 
though the jury rightly convicted at 
last, yet it was with some hesitancy, 
due solely to the fact that the skill- 
ful quibbling for the defense had _ be- 
fogged the jury, by successfully con- 
fusing the pathological appearances in 
arsenical poisoning and those in some 
cases of non-toxic Enteritis. The 
medical experts of the Government 
noted this attempt and urgently ad- 
vised calling witnesses in rebuttal, 
who were present in court, but the 
lawyers could not be made to see the 
point, and so nearly lost their case 
that the wretched culprit, an unfaith- 
ful wife as well as murderess, suc- 
ceeded in getting her well-merited 
sentence commuted. 

In the New York poison case re- 
ferred to the defense were so obtuse 
as to produce affidavits in court pur- 
porting to show the ‘‘opium habit”’ 
of the unfortunate victim; not see- 
ing that addiction to opium would 
make her comparatively insensitive 
to the drug, and thus, by use of it, 
having experience of it, would not be 
at all likely to take an overdose, thus 
reducing the probability of their own” 


352 


How To STuDY STRANGERS. 


contention that she accidentally took 
such overdose! Again, her addiction 
would cause her to need a much 
larger fatal dose if given to poison 
her, and as she was proven and ad- 
mitted to have died by morphia, 
these people’s affidavits only 
weakened their own side, and proved 
that the victim was given a still larger 
lethal dose of the drug than at first 
supposed, no doubt greatly to the 
amusement of the prosecution’s ex- 
perts. 

In the rapid advancement af 
science as connected with the de- 
velopment of chemistry, physiology, 
electricity and mechanism it is be- 
coming every year more important 
that the great profession of the law, 
which has to deal with every phase 
of human life, in its joys, hopes, 
hardships, property and crimes, 
should have such extended and 
minute informationin connection with 
these great interests as shall secure 
speedy justice to clients and the pub- 
lic. When some great murder trial 
is occupying the court thirty or forty 
days in quarreling over the techicali- 
ties of physiology and chemistry as 
applied to cases of injury or poison- 
ing, other pressing public business 
has to wait for the tedious litigation 
which, were it inthe hands of judges 
and lawyers who are competent 
scientific experts, could be done per- 
haps in a tenth part of the time, and 
with much more certainty of just de- 
cisions. 

In this age of electrical work ap- 
plied to lighting cities and the pro- 
pulsion of cars and machiney, and 
even the instrument for the execution 
of criminals, what wasted time and 
manifestation of misinformation and 
ignorance have been ventilated in 
legislative halls and in courts of 
justice within the last five years on 
the subject of electricity! It is not 
enough that the parties pro and con 
shall bring in their chosen and possibly 
interested expert witnesses; they will 


disagree before the court. The law- 
yers and the court ought to know 
enough about the subject to handle 
these expert witnesses who wrangle 
in disagreements in their testimony 
as to the merits of the question. 

There are no finer minds than are 
engaged at the bar, and those who 
have the talent and the general edu- 
cation qualifying them for high posi- 
tions at the bar and on the bench 
should take special training in 
physiology, anatomy, toxicology, 
chemistry and electricity, so that in 
such questions there may be some 
persons present besides interested 
witnesses who know enough of the 
principles involved to reach justice 
by a straight line and a short one. 
For instance, in the eight thousand 
lawyers of New York City there 
should be at least twenty-five lawyers, 
men of ability and general education, 
who should be so thoroughly trained 
in those scientific fields of inquiry as 
to be able to talk microbes, anti- 
septics and anesthetics and related 
topics as clearly as professors in 
medical colleges understand them, 
and such would be called on as ex- 
pert lawyers; and then expert physi- 
Clans, anatomists and electricians 
might come before them, and law- 
yers and court would understand 
what they were talking about as in 
common cases they understand the 
common and statute law. This would 
be a saving to clients, to the com- 
munity in the time of courts, and a 
means of securing justice to all con- 
cerned. The thought of clearing a 
man by hook or crook if he is guilty, 
or of condemning a man because the 
District Attorney is ambitious to win 
the case, whether guilty or innocent, 
alulterates the court of justice to 
one of fraud and injustice. 

A golden arch over the seat of 
justice in a court room should be 
made of these words: ‘‘ Fiat Justitia, 
ruat celum,” Let justice be done 
though the heavens fall. 


CHAPTER XLVIII. 


THE CHRISTIAN [IINISTRY. 


————_—_——_—__- § @<___———- 


MINISTER of religion must 

treat the human race as he 
finds it. Few men approximate per- 
fection, and therefore the ministers 
are likely to follow in their type of 
talent and character the drift and 
scope of average manhood, and if a 
man who would bea minister 
is not ‘‘perfect, thorough'y 
furnished unto every good 
work,” he will not be able to 
approach everybody so ac- 
ceptably as would be desir- 
able. Aman who lacks cour- 
age and force of character 
cannot understand and prop- 
erly deal with brave, ear- 
nest characters, The rough 
element of life would be out 
of his reach. And those who 
listen to the preacher will 
be affected very differently 
by different men. A minis- 
ter who is full of facts, who 
describes vividly everything 
that is seen in nature, will 
find those of similar mental 
development following him 
with interest and pleasure. 
The one who has a high, 
square forehead and is in- 
clined to be logical] will find 
but few who will be able to 
swallow the whole corn that 
he will give; it will need to 
be ground into meal before 
the birdlings can swailow it. Ina me- 
chanical town where everybody has 
large Constructiveness and the other 
mechanical qualities, the minister will 
be much more useful and popular who 
is ingenious and understands every 
mechanical law and readily takes in 
all the methods that are connected 
with the various mechanical in- 
terests of the place. Dr. Chalmers 
was wonderful in his development 
of the mechanical talent, and he 


had large Sublimity and Ideality 
and Reverence, and he often de- 
lighted his hearers, especially the 
learned in illustrating Divine power 
and truth by the great mechan- 
ical laws of the universe, which 
carry on the functions and affairs of 


FIG. 313,—REV. RICHARD S. STORRS, D.D. 


Born in Massachusetts in 1821, graduated at Am- 
herst College in 1839,and at Andover Seminary in 
1845. Settledin Brooklyn, N. Y., as minister of the 
Church of the Pilgrims in 1846. He is an accom- 
plished scholar and orator. His sermons, delivered 
without notes, are finished productions, and deserve 
to be classed with the most able and polished of 
pulpit efforts, His learning, eloque>ce, great talents 
and high character have given him an enviable 
position among the foremost religious teachers of 
his time, Hehasa abides body and a large head, 
with all the moral and religious organs amply 
developed, 


the planetary world. A minister who 
is very devout will lead those who are 


(352) 


354 


devotional; a man who is very sym- 
pathetical will have in his following 
those who are of the same type; if he 
is firm and stanch and lays down 
the law asif he were ‘‘ the end of the 
law,” he will have clustering around 
him those of similarly formed heads 
and similar dispositions. A minister 
with lordly self-esteem will have the 
friendly support of proud and high- 
minded people ;those who have dignity 
and strength and great aspirations 
will form a body guard around such 
aman; they will feel that he wields 
the truth of God as a mighty man; 
but those having a less development 
will feel that he is arbitrary and too 
full of authority. A minister who 
has Approbativeness, Friendship and 
Benevolence, and large _ practical 
organs will invite and lead the weak 
and the unlearned, and do them a 
world of good. A minister who is not 
social will not be able to meet the 
claims of those who have sociability ; 
there are ministers who goto a funeral 
and they will talk in such a dry, hard 
way, and teach the people that they 
must yield to the Divine will and bow 
in humble submission to the authority 
of the Lord Jehovah because He 
‘*doeth what He will with His own.” 
But aminister with large socialorgans 
will speak of the tenderness of the 
Master among the poor and the 
afflicted, how He raised the widow’s 
son and the daughter of Jairus. ‘‘He 
went about doing good, binding up 
the broken hearted,” and when, at 
the tomb of Lazarus, Jesus wept, the 
people instantly caught the spirit and 
said, ‘‘ Behold how He loved him!” 

As all these different degrees of 
development and character, socially, 
executively, morally, intellectually 
and mechanically in the community 
must be taught by one who can take 
into account the peculiarities of the 
“people, the one who is very highly 
developed in all the departments of 
mental character, could, on the right 
hand and on the left, ‘‘ rightly divide 
the word of truth,’’so that each should 
have ‘‘a portion in due season”; like 


How To StTuDY STRANGERS. 


a master musician he could touch 
every string of the human harp. 

But who, then, could preach? 
Where could we find a man who in 
all respects 1s perfect and able to 
take in the conditions of all men? 
Therefore in looking among a class. 
of theological students preparing for 
the ministry, it is interesting to study 
the different types of development. 
I had the opportunity of delivering a 
course of lectures on Phrenology to 
a Class of theological students in the 
city of New York. A certain num- 
ber of the students of the Seminary 
desired to know what Phrenology 
could do or say that might be of 
service to them as preachers of the 
gospel; and I would arrange a few of 
them and show them to the class, and 
tell how this one, with a heavy, 
square forehead, would preach the 
logical phases of truth; another, with 
a prominent brow, the historical and 
the practical; another, with high 
frontal tophead, would teach the sym- 
pathetical; another, with the broad 
temples, the esthetical; another, 
with a full backhead, the social; 
another, broad above and about the 
ears, would be a Boanergesand stand 
forth like Peter and Martin Luther 
and show his power;and it seemed to 
awaken in them wonderful interest. 
They recognize that the descriptions 
of the persons under criticism were 
just. 

But a man of pretty well balanced 
mental constitution can do fairly well 
in all the departments of mental 
development which fall within the 
circuit of an ordinary community of 
well ordered citizens, ranging from 
the top of the scale of culture and 
education down to the man of the 
merest rudiments of the common 
school. A genius becomes a special- 
ist in theology, as do those who lead 
in science and mechanism. 

It will be noted, perhaps with pleas- 
ure, as it has-been by me, that the 
Episcopal service seems to have been 
adapted to the learned and the un- 
learned. The prayer book has been 


THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY. 353 


accused of tautology, but it may 
be explained and commended on 
the principle that it was written 
to meet the expectations of the 
learned and the needs or wants 
of the unlearned. For instance, 
‘* The Scripture moveth us in sundry 
places to acknowledge and confess our 
manifold szvs and weckedness, and that 
we should not assemble nor cloak them 
before the face of Almighty God our 
Heavenly Father, but confess them 
with a humble, lowly, penitent and obe- 
dient heart; * * and although we 
ought at all times humbly to ac- 
knowledge our sins before God, yet 
ought we chiefly so to do when we 
assemble and meet together, * * * * 
and to ask those things which are 
requisite and necessary as well for the 
body as for the soul. Wherefore, I 
pray and beseech you as many as are 
here present,”’ etc. 

In selecting pursuits for persons 
who are under our hands, if we find 
one with rather strong moral and re- 
ligious qualities, then we study to see 
whether he has the intellect to ac- 
quire the learning necessary for the 
ministry, the memory to retain it, 
the language to express and teach it, 
or the power of reason to argue it 
and enforce it. We study to see 
whether a man has mechanical facul- 
ties, Constructiveness, Acquisitive- 
ness, Secretiveness and the faculties 
of executiveness. A minister with 
these faculties will go into a poor 
parish that has got behind in its 
finances and arrange to have a sink- 
ing fund established and the debts 
paid, and thus he will build up the 
parish by having secular wisdom and 
business skill. We like to see a 
preacher who has a strong side head, 
courage to meet and master, and 
power to argue and discuss, and abil- 
ity to enforce what he thinks is true 
and show to people of energetic dis- 
positions that he is a man of God 
who has courage and fortitude and is 
not afraid of the ‘‘face of clay.” 
Strong men have respect for strength. 

A Catholic priest was under my 


hands for an examination, His dress 
indicated his profession. I said to 
him: ‘‘ If you had been educated in 
architecture you would have been 
distinguished as a builder.”’ He re- 
plied: ‘‘ My Bishop calls me the ar- 
chitect of the diocese and sends a 
priest to relieve me of my parish 
work, and I go wherever in the dio- 
cese a church or other structure is to 
be built. I make the plans and su- 
perintend the work until it is com- 
pleted, and then, perhaps after a 
year’s absence, go back to my par- 
ish.”” The men engaged on the work 
of constructing those buildings would 
entertain an enhanced respect for 
the priest who knew their business 
better than they did themselves, and 
also for that which belonged to his 
sacred office. 

If a man is tender, gentle and pa- 
tient in leading people to think of re- 
ligion, he will do well enough for 
such as he; but for us who have to 
struggle with the robust obstacles of 
life, who have to fight the rough 
sides and the stern facts of life, who 
are hedged about with manifold diffi- 
culties and dangers—this gentleness 
may do for men who are nicely 
housed and are pursuing the gentler 
and more refined professions and 
pursuits of life; but we who build 
railroads and quarry marble and 
granite, who fell the forest trees and 
make it into lumber and raft it down 
the roaring streams and get it ready 
for use in civilized life, ours is a 
rough life. The lumberman and the 
miner need something besides gen- 
tleness to command their respect 
and lead them to new lines of 
thought. . 

I suppose if a man were to go into 
the lumber regions as a minister and 
missionary, and could take an ax 
and fell a tree without stopping or 
missing a blow, he would command 
the respect of the men who wield the 
ax. They would say: ‘‘He is a 
brother; he knows what hard work 
is; he has been in our footprints and 
knows our woes and work and want.” 


/ 


CHAPTER XLUIX. 


THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY. 


REV. LYMAN, ABBOTT,” DoDs,) PAstORSOFT PLYMOUTH CHURCH. 


HIS is a strong character, con- 
nected with a sensitive, in- 
tense, enduring, but not very strong 
bodily constitution. He is tall, thin 
and wiry; like an umbrella frame, 
strong and enduring for the amount 
of material of which it is composed. 
The brain is the most conspicuous 
feature of the organization. The 
head, which we judge to be 23 inches 
in circumference, rises high from the 
opening of the ear, and it is also 
lofty above the eye. Sometimes a 
head is high onaline drawn from 
one ear to that of the other over the 
top, and it slopes down and becomes 
pinched and narrow infront. Such 
a man will have a great deal of char- 
acter, but not much talent. He will 
be headstrong and proud, perhaps 
severe, but he will lack the sympathy, 
the ingenuity, the imagination, the 
logic, the comprehensiveness of mind, 
andretentivenessofmemory. There 
are heads that wear large hats, but 
the largeness is mainly developed in 
the region of the propensities, pride, 
prudence, policy and perversity of 
temper. But this head is amply 
rounded and massive in front, and it 
is not wanting in the central and pos- 
terior portions. 

The word intellect expresses more 
of what Dr. Abbott is than any other. 
That embraces perception, memory, 
analysis, logic and intuition, and the 
power of expression. Heisa thinker 
par excellence. His large Compari- 
son enables him to dissect a topic 
into fiber; and then his logic enables 
him to braid the fiber as we do a whip 
lash, and give it another form of 
power. 

He has large Mirthfulness. He 
sees the incongruities and absurdities 
in people’s reasonings or in their con- 


duct. He must be good in repartee, 
not necessarily a joker, but he re- 
sponds sometimes in a quiet way to 
the utter vanquishment of his adver- 
sary, yet the adversary will laugh. 

This isa bright intellect, not merely 
strong like a trip hammer, and it has 
brilliancy, alacrity and criticism. It 
is more like a piano than like a bass 
drum. 

He has large Constructiveness, 
which has less to do with the com- 
bination of things physical in the way 
of mechanism than in the combina- 
tion of thoughts, statements, argu- 
ments and mental forces that minister 
to results. A complex intellectual 
problem is not mysterious and con- 
fusing to him; he comprehends it. 
Then he devises the means to make 
abstract things practical, available 
and appreciable. He hasa disposi- 
tion to simplify truth rather than to 
pile it up in masses that astonish and 
amaze without that analytical defini- 
tion that makes itunderstood. When 
we look at a brick wall half a mile off 
it is a great red mass, in one solid 
piece like the Rock of Gibraltar, but 
when we approach it nearer we see 
there are courses and tiers, and these 
tiers and courses are divided into sec- 
tions eight inches long; so the mass is 
defined; the sum total is reduced to its 
constituent elements or factors. It 
seems but play toa manlikethisto take 
a great knotty subjectthat has puzzled 
thinkers and expounders for ages and 
disintegrate it, show its constituents, 
make it simple. The greatness con- 
sists in comprehending the massive 
subject, and the skill consists in de- 
fining and illustrating it so that the 
common thinker sees it in a new 
light. Constructiveness, Causality 
and Comparison are the organs that 


356 


THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY. 


ee 


do this work, but Ideality and Spirit- 
uality enable him to appreciate the 
theme. 

The height of the front part of the 
top-head shows large Benevolence. 
It gives a beneficent feeling, the 


357 


—_ ——— 


blind side of him, it is those he has 
learned to love and respect, and 
whose errors of judgment may lead 
them to ask more than is proper. 
Spirituality being strong gives him 
a theoretic insight into moral topics. 


FIG, 314.—REV. LYMAN ABBOTT, D.D. 


tendency to doservice that shall be 
lasting. He may not hand out a dole 
to a beggar unnecessarily as readily 
perhaps as his sympathetic prede- 
cessor would have done; but he has a 
most wonderful insight into human 
character. He reads men like a book; 
those who are total strangers. If 
anybody get the best of him, or the 


Sometimes theologica: 
about spiritualizing subjects. He 
has the power to logisticize and 
spiritualize, to take the local frame- 
work of the truth and to see also its 
inner and beneficent elements as 
well. 

Hope seems to be strong. He 
dares to undertake a good deal that 


people talk 


How To Strubpy STRANGERS, 


358 

another man with equally large 
Caution might hesitate to do. He is 
prudent; he is economical. He has 


a sense of value; and as a business 
man he would take good care of the 
financial side of his affairs. He has 
belief in financial integrity as regards 
business, but it is subordinate to the 
moral law. He would naturally think 
that men who were trying to square 
their lives with the higher equities 
and spiritualities of life ought to be 
honest and truthful in the common 
daily affairs. A sharp business trick 
by a man who professes to be amen- 
able to the higher laws of living 
might be understood by him to be in 
accordance with a given mental 
make up, but, nevertheless, it would 
seem very incongruous. With his 
Acquisitiveness, he  . understands 
business principles better than many 
clergymen, and would appreciate the 
temptation that financial prospects 
might present to a man who sought 
to be true and faithful; yet with his 
large Conscientiousness, Veneration, 
Benevelenceand Spirituality he would 
be able to raise himself above the 
temptation, and perhaps, at the same 
time, feel a spiritof leniency toward 
one who was not so well endowed in 
the moral elements. He has logic 
enough and reasoning power to under- 
stand that a man may be one sided 
in his mental make up,  pos- 
sessing strong temptations todo that 
which is not according to rectitude, 
and alernately be honestly enthu- 
siastic in his religious emotion and be 
true to his nature in his religious 
manifestations. Men can _ have 
strong passions, and sometimes yield 
to them. They may have strong 
religious emotion, and generally 
carry these above the lower tempta- 
tions of life; but if they fall out by 
the way, they may cry out as one did 
of old: ‘‘Owretched man that I am, 
who shall deliver me from the body 
of this death?”’ Great natures are 
apt tohave great defects or excesses 
in certain sides of the character. 

A side view of this head would 


show the major part of the brain for- 
ward of the ears; and ifa line were 
drawn from the center of Causality 
to the center of Cautiousness it 
would show an ample elevation up- 
ward, a filling out of the top-head 
indicative of the higher moral senses. 

His legal training working with 
such an analytical and crisp intellect 
as his, give him the ability to present 
his moral topics ina more clear and 
vigorous light than most qutet 
speakers and writers are able to do. 
He has a vivid imagination, but it 
does not getout of the logical har- 
ness. Tohim, intellect is as ballast 
tc the ship; while the sails of im- 
agination may be filled with 
heavenly breezes the ballast keeps 
the hull steady. Therefore intel- 
lectually he is able to sail pretty close 
to the wind; thatis to say, work up 
against the wind, taking advantage 
of the opposition and converting it 
into headway. 

He must bea very able debater; 
and the clearness and vigor of his 
statements will be found everywhere 
in his writings. He can find fault 
with people; at the same time he 
does not do it ina way to exasperate 
them. Hisopponents will accept his 
criticisms and smile at their own de- 
feat because itis so fairly done, so 
good naturedly accomplished. 

There are many other points we 
might bring out advantageously if we 
had our hands on his head. If his 
life and health are spared until man’s 
allotted three score and ten, he will 
continue to rise, broaden and es- 
tablish his claim to intellectual sup- 
remacy among his compeers as a 
teacher inthe natural ethics of the 
higher life. If he had more body, 
more blood, more impulsiveness, he 
would be a more popular orator and 
meet the wishes and inspire the ad- 
miration of the middle and lower 
lines of human development; and — 
yet, where he has personal contact 
he allies people to him very intimately 
and becomes an elder brother and 
master in that field. 


THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY. 


The short biographical sketch 
which we append will show the rank 
he holds among thinkers. 

Dr. Lyman Abbott was born in 
Roxbury, Mass., December 18, 1835. 
In 1853 he was graduated at the 
University of the City of New York, 
after which he studied law, and in 
1856 entered into partnership with 
his brothers Benjamin V. and Aus- 
tin. Finding the legal profession 
uncongenial, he studied theology 
with his uncle, the Rev. John S, C. 
Abbott, and in 1860 began his labors 
in the ministry. His first charge was 
at. Terre. Haute, Ind., where he 
remained until, in 1865, he was 
chosen secretary of the American 
Union (Frecdmen’s) Commission. 
This office called him to New York 
City, and occupied him until 1868. 
A year later he devoted himself espe- 
cially to literary and journalistic 
work in connection with Harper’s 
publications, but it was as editor of 
the Christian Union in after years 
that his name became familiar in 
religious literature. Onthe Christian 
Union he was associated with Henry 
Ward Beecher, and after that distin- 
guished preacher's death he became 
chief editor, and later his successor 
in Plymouth Church. He is the 
author of several well-known religious 
works, and wields a very marked 
influence among the intellectual 
classes in the American church. 

Dr. Abbott has given not a little 
attention to the study of the human 
mind, as his philosophical type of 
organization would incline him to do, 
Like the great man to whose place he 
was called after the former’s death, 
he discusses the relations of man to 
his Creator in the light of his mental 
constitution, and employs the facts 
of science to illustrate his proposi- 
tions. It may also be news to some 
of our readers to learn that he is the 
author of a small book devoted to the 
subject of human nature. An 
abstract of a sermon preached by 
Dr. Abbott recently aptly shows his 
familiarity with the subject, and indi- 


359 


cates the power that such familiarity 
may impart to preaching. 


TURNING SIN INTO RIGHTEOUSNESS. * 


‘‘ The writers of the Old Testa- 
ment were spiritual geniuses. They 
were voices through which God spoke 
to the world. There is danger that 
we shall read the Bible too literally, 
because danger that we shall stop at 
the letter, and not get behind the 
letter to that which was in the thought 
of the writer; there is still further 
danger that we shall not get behind 
the thought of the writer to that 
which was in the thought of God; but 
there is no danger that we shall ever 
read the Bible promises as meaning 
more than they appear to mean. The 
danger of literalism is a danger of 
belittling, not of enlarging; danger 
that we shall halt at the word of the 
poet and not see the mind of the 
poet—still less the mind of God that 
lies back even of the mind of the 
poet. 

‘*What is a sin? Not the, deed 
that is done, not the outward thing, 
but the spirit and the motive that it 
springs out of. It is not the prinking 
before the glass that is sinful; it is 
the vanity that makes the little girl 
prink before the glass that is sinful. 
It is not the good dinner that is sin- 
ful; it is the gluttony that is sinful. 
It is not the energy and assiduity and 
skill in acquisition that is sinful; it is 
the covetousness that lies back of that 
and inspires itand makesit mean, that 
is sinful. It is not what I have done 
that is sinful. It is I myself, it is 
that which is within me—that is the 
sin. And so the question in my soul 
and in your soul, I am sure, is this: 
How shall the evil in me be made 
good? Is there no way? We do 
not ordinarily think so. We say, Oh, 
if I could get rid of this vanity, of 


*Preached by Dr. Lyman Abbott at Plymouth 
Church, Brooklyn, 


Text—Come now, and let us reason together, saith 
the Lord: Though your sins be as scarlet, they shall 
be as white as snow; though they be red like crim- 
son, they shall be as wool.—Isaiah i. 18. 


36) 

this pride, of this passion, of this 
ambition! But God says, I have 
something better for you; you are 
not to get rid of your vanity, your 
pride, your passion, your ambition; I 
am going to turn them into goodness 
for you; your sins, the things that 
are in you that you hate, they them- 
selves, are to be turned about, trans- 
formed, made powers for beneficence, 
made powers for glorification. There 
is not a faculty or power in man, no 
matter how high and noble it is, that 
may not drag him down. What a 
God-given faculty is that power of 
conscience that sets a standard to a 
man and brings him to it and holds 
him there! But how cruel it has 
been! It built the Inquisition and 
lighted the fires of persecution. 
What a magnificent faculty is relig- 
ious faith, that lifts a man up to- 
ward heaven and brings him face to 
face with God! But if it were not 
for the power of faith there never 
would have been superstition in the 
world. How it has dragged men 
down! What a sublime and glorious 
faculty is hope! How it buoys men 
up and carries them through the 
storm! And yet you business men 
know that there is no more common 
cause of bankruptcy than too great 
hopefulness: men making promises 
that they never can fulfill, and have 
no good reason of being able to 
fulfill. Hope has ruined more men 
in business than any other faculty, | 
suppose. 

‘‘It is a good thing to have a good 
appetite; a good thing to have an 
enjoyment of the animal nature. 
God gave the animal nature to be en- 
joyed. The animal nature itself can 
be lifted up, transformed. You re- 
member what Fowler said of Henry 
Ward Beecher—‘ He is a splendid 
animal.’ If that had been all that 
could have been said of him, it would 
have been a very sorry compliment; 
but it was a very great testimony as 
far as it went. A man is a better 
man for being a splendid animal if 
he has a splendid soul to match than 


How v0 Srupy STRANGERS, 


if he is a poor animal. Acquisitive- 
ness! The love of money is the root 
of all kinds of evil. Yes, but the 
love of money is the root of a great 
many kinds of good. The love of 
money sharpens the edge of the 
assassin’s knife, incites the burglar 
and the thief, has produced predatory 
warfare and murders without end, 
but the love of money has set the 
enginery of the world in motion. It 
has built railroads; it has operated 
factories; it has carried on com- 
merce; it has built up a great mate- 
rial civilization. Pluck that acquisi- 
tiveness out of the human soul and 
what would become of all material 
prosperity ? 

‘* Pride—what a wall it is! But 
what an armor! What a protection! 
The Bible does not pluck pride outof 
men; no, it stimulates pride; it 
rouses men to a larger and a higher 
pride. It appeals to men who are 
proud in alow sphere, and calls upon 
them to be proud in a larger and 
higher sphere. You are sons of God, 
it says; you are kings and priests 
unto God: walk worthy of the voca- 
tion wherewith you are called. ‘ You 
are gods,’ that is the language in the 
Bible. You are gods—that is the ap- 
peal which the Bible makes to pride, 
to self-esteem, in man. It transforms. 
him with a larger and a diviner self- 
esteem. If ever a man was proud, it 
was Paul; if ever a man was self-con- 
tained, it was Paul; if ever a man 
walked in the strength of his own as- 
sured confidence in himself, it was. 
Paul; so that when that light struck 
on Paul, and the voice spoke to him, 
he stood up unawed and replied, 
What do you want of me? When he 
started on his missionary tour, he 
says, I did not confer with anyone. 
I did not ask any authority from 
apostle or anyone else; I started off 
On my own account. And that pride 
of Paul did not disappear when he 
was converted. Not at all. That 
same self-confidence remained with 
him, a new quality, a transformed 
quality. When the mob caught him 


THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY. 


in the Temple courts and beat him, 
and was about to destroy him, and 
he was rescued just as life was to 
have been taken from him, he stood 
on the tower stairs and asked leave: 
May I speak to the mob? There 
was the same strong, self-contained, 
heroic pride of character; and yet 
not the same, but that pride of char- 
acter transformed and glorified. 
‘*Courage! Whatisthat ? Analyze 


it and see. Itis not all combative- 
ness. It is not fighting for fighting’s 
sake. No! No man ever yet had 


hero blood in him unless he had cau- 
tion in him. The same thing that 
makes a man a coward makes him 
courageous. I think it was Welling- 
ton who, to one who boasted, ‘I never 
knew fear,’ replied, ‘ Then younever 
knew courage.’ I remember sitting 
once on the porch of General How- 
ard’s house at West Point. A sham 
battle was being fought by the West 
Point cadets, and as we looked at it 
General Howard said, ‘I can take no 
pleasure in that sight; I never see it 
that Ido not shrink from it, that I 
do not think of the horrible scenes 
that I have seen on the battlefield.’ 
The very thought he shrank from; 
and yet, when impelled by the high 
motives of love of country and love 
of liberty, he went into the battle. 
This it was that made him a hero. If 
he had no shrinking, he would not 
have been a hero. 

‘*Approbativeness! a great vice and 
a great virtue. A man says, I am 
so weak, I care so much for the opin- 
ion of my fellow-men. I am so car- 
ried this way and that by public 
opinion, and change my complexion 
like the chameleon with every society 
I go into! Yes, that is a weakness; 
and yet that very weakness may be 
made an element of strength. For 
if aman does not care what people 
think, neither does he care for what 
they feel. The secret of sympathy 
is approbativeness. The secret of 
sympathy is the desire to be at one 
with others, and the sympathetic man 
is inspired by a great desire to be 


361 


thought well of by his fellow-men. 
That is the starting-point; and that 
starting-point of approbativeness, that 
desire to be well thought of by others, 
may be so turned, so directed, so 
transformed, that it becomes a great 
power, 

‘‘And what is true of the individual 
character is true of past history. All 
a man’s past may be a motive power 
to aid him in his future, His blunders, 
his errors, his sins, as well as his suc- 
cesses and his victories, ought to add 
force to his life. Paul was educated 
to be a preacher of liberty because he 
was educated in the school of the 
Pharisees. Augustine was educated 
to bea preacher of purity because he 
was educated in the atmosphere of 
sensualism. Gough was educated to 
be an apostle of temperance because 
he was educated in the school of self- 
indulgence. Beecher was educated 
to be a preacher of the love of God 
because he was educated in a New 
England Puritan theology, which 
thought thatGod was wrath. Wedo 
not know truth until we have seen 
error; we do not know liberty until, 
we haveseenthe prison ;wedonot know 
righteousness until we have wrestled 
with temptation. The whole progress 
of the human race has been just this: 
a progress up through temptation and 
wrestling into a higher life, into a 
larger life, into a virtue which is bet- 
ter than innocence, into strength 
that comes bytemptation, that comes 
even by falling. 

‘‘This Sunday morning I urge you 
to give yourself to God because you 
have in you that which is undivine 
and notdivine. You have no virtues 
to bring, you say. Well, bring your 
vices. You are proud. You are not 
proud enough! that is the trouble 
with you. Exalt your pride; realize 
that pride of circumstance and con- 
dition is a mean, low pride; that no 
pride is truly pride that does not lay 
hold on God himself and make you 
realize that you are His child. You 
care for what people think and 
you wish you could get rid of appro- 


362 


bativeness. You mistake. You do 
not care enough for what people 
think; nor for what the right people 
think. Care for what the best and 
noblest think! Care also for what 
God thinks; and when you have 
those two in one, you have approba- 
tiveness glorified. When your appro- 
bativeness makes you say, I want to 
stand well with the angels, I want to 
stand well with the pure, and the 
high, and the noble, I want to stand 
well with God Himself, and then say 
I want to stand well with my neigh- 
bors—you have a sympathy that can 
take hold of man with this hand, and 
of God with that hand, and can 
bring man and God together... Or 
you are acquisitive. You are not to 
get rid of your acquisitiveness. You 
are only to make it rational, reason- 
able, intelligent. You are to acquire 
that you may use; you are to go on 
with all the power of industry, only 


How To StTupy STRANGERS.:- 


so gathering that what you have 
gathered may serve you and your 
race and the world and God. You 
are passionate, quick, impulsive, eas- 
ily given to wrath. What shall you 
do with it? Tame it, conquer it, 
harness it. Do not rake the fire out 
from under the boiler; keep the 
steam in the boiler, you want it—all 
you have. Se angry! and sin not. 
There is not a weakness that can- 
not be made a strength; there is 
not a poverty that cannot be made a 
wealth; there is not a hindrance 
that cannot be made an inspiration. 
The sun is kept alive by the matter 
which is cast into the sun but not de- 
stroyed, and out of that blazing orb, 
that gathers into itself all the matter 
that comes within its reach, thereissue 
forth the rays of light that vivify and 
illumine the earth. God takes our 
very vices and out of them makes ra- 
diance and light and warmth-giving.”’ 


a a el 


CHAPTER LE: 
THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY. 


REV. A. H. BRADFORD. 


[DICTATED VERBATIM BY N. SIZER, NOT KNOWING HIS NAME OR PROFESSION. | 


F you had frame enougn to turn 
the scales at 180 pounds with- 

out being too fat you would give to 
your brain the requisite sustenance. 
Your head measures twenty-three and 
one-quarter inches in circumference 
and fifteen and one-quarter inches 
from ear to ear over the top. As we 
study heads and bodies we think 
such a head ought to have about one 
hundred and eighty instead of one 
hundred and sixty pounds of weight 
connected withit, at your age; other- 
wise the boiler is not supposed to be 
quite strong enough for the machin- 
ery it has to operate. I had a man 
under my hands one day whose head 
measured twenty-four inches and he 
weighed 125 pounds. I asked him 
what his business was and he said: 
**T am anaccountant.” ‘‘I see how 


it is, others go into the arena and 
make transactions and you keep 
tally.» That isiitiexactly.’* An 
hour later a man came in who had a 
twenty-four and one-half inch head 
and he weighed three hundred pounds. 
I told him he had power enough to 
do all the work that might be im- 
posed upon him, and he would do it 
with a vigor and enthusiasm that 
would be relishful, and he would 
never be likely to break down or 
know what it was to be tired. Peo- 
ple sometimes are puzzled when we 
talk to them about bodily proportions 
as compared with brain, and that | 
we have need of vital power and 
muscular energy to enable the brain 
to work to the best of its ability. 

We think you resemble your 
mother more than your father; 


THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY, 


363 


you sit tall and stand short. You 
have a long body, and in that 
length of body you _ have the 


to another, spreads her wings and in 
three minutes she is over there. 
fleet-footed friend, the deer, wants 


Her 


FIG. 315.—REV. AMORY H. BRADFORD. 


vitality therefore your weight is more 
available than it would be if it werein 
bone and tallness. You ought to be 
known as an intuitive man grasping 
truth without following it in detail, 
grasping itintoto. The eagle, ifshe 
wants to go from cne mountain top 


to make the same journey, but he has 
to climb carefully down the mountain 
and cross the stream between that 
and the foot of the next mountain, 
and about day after to-morrow he 
will be at the top of the mountain 
where the eagle is who has been wait- 


304 


ing for him for along time. Intuition 
is a little like the eagle’s wings: it 
sees the objective point and reaches 
it without the labor of detail. You 
have a good deal of that in a moral 
point of view. 

You read strangers as well as almost 
anybody we meet with, but you read 
them in the higher aspects, in the 
realm of motives, philosophy and 
purposes. ‘There are men who have 
little meannesses of daily life that you 
do not know much about, therefore 
they are like mice gnawing at theroot 
underground somewhere, while you 
are cultivating the vine and fruit for- 
getting that the insect may be spoil- 
ing the tree or vine by its gnawing. 
You do not look for that kind of 
people. Youcan understanda manly 
argument, a manly motive, you can 
appreciate the best there is in men. 

You have large Causality, hence you 
are aphilosophical thinker. You can 
follow a line of conduct and appre- 
ciate the reason why, and when you 
come toa spot where there is no track 
your reason will take you through all 
right. Yourlarge Comparison makes 
you acritic of things, of motives, of 
thoughts, of sentiments. You com- 
pare one thing with another, one 
thought with another. If you were 
a lawyer you would follow a witness 
by your examination where he would 
be likely to go, keepiug a safe posi- 
tion ; you would know what was com- 
ing next naturally, and you might 
forestall him and ask him about it ; 
and it would astonish him to know 
that you knew so well what was com- 
ing next; then the witness would 
think he might as well makea clean 
breast of it and tell the whole story. 
If you were questioned as to how you 
knew you might not be able to tell, 
but it would be a logical sequence of 
what had been done and said. Your 
impression of a_ stranger is clear. 
You know what men are when you 
meet them, If you had to take 
somebody in the seat with you in the 
train riding a hundred miles, and the 
people commenced to crowd in at a 


How To StTupy STRANGERS. 


certain station, you would begin to 
feel anxious as to who would take the 
seat, and when you sawa face you 
liked you would catch the person’s 
eye and he would understand it and 
you would make room for him ; and 
you would find perhaps that he was 
the most delightful man that you 
would meet in a month ; and you had 
chosen him from among acrowd of 
men who were hurrying along. 

If you were doing business or any- 
thing else among strangers you would 
be skillful in selecting your assistants 
andin managing such as you selected. 
If you were at a window as paying 
teller in a bank you would read the 
faces, would study the men, and if 
you liked a man you would look at his 
paper and decide that it was all right. 

The power of your mental makeup 
finds its center in the Reasoning 
intellect, in grasping truth in the 
bulk, in making yourself master of 
the forms which belong to the sphere 
in which youmove. You can invite, 
invoke and reduce ; then mold and 
master public sentiment. You are a 
good talker, but you do not waste 
many words. There is a sort of per- 
sistency and crispness in your con- 
versation which satisfies people who 
are listening to you. In conversa- 
tion with half a dozen men you will 
very easily become the leader in it. 

You have large Constructiveness 
that gives you a knowledge of how to 
use forces that are within your reach, 
howto utilize opportunities; to do this 
as an introduction to that, that as a 
stepping stone to something else ; 
so by a Spiral, circuitous route you 
reach altitude without a steep grade. 
Sometimes if you want to act on a 
particular man you will say to your- 
selfost {I phavespnot -ssuficientasac- 
quaintance with him to warrant my 
approaching him. I know him well 
enough, but he does not know me.” 
Then you will start with somebody 
you do know who knows somebody 
who is an intimate friend of his, and 
in that way you get an introduction 
which will place you in right relation 


THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY. 365 


with the man you have occasion to 
deal with. You seldom do things in 
such an abrupt way as to foil your 
purpose through mismanagement or 
unskillfulness. That is where the 
constructive element comes in; not 
to build a barrel, but to manage a 
committee, manage a party, manage 
a jury. If you were foreman ofa 
jury you would know men well enough 
when you went into your jury room 
to make a little speech and say : 
‘* Now let us vote in silence.’’ You 
would pass around blank pieces of 
paper and ask the gentlemen to vote 
as to whether the plaintiff or defend- 
ant had won the case, by marking 
the initial letter of the word plaintiff 
or defendant on the paper. If ten 
were one way and two the other you 
would say, ‘‘Now that gives me a 
chance to change my vote if I want 
to. Let us vote again.’ You would 
get unanimity next time. Then as 
to the question of damages, you 
would ask each man to put down the 
amount on his ballot ; and by voting 
three times you would get near 
enough to unanimity so that an aver- 
age would approximate to justice. 
You would keep them from arguing 
and let them vote silently, and they 
would gradually work toward each 
other till you got unanimity. 

You have the faculty of Agreeable- 
ness, you can make yourself and the 
subject you have in hand acceptable 
to people who need to be led and con- 
ciliated. Instead of saying, ‘‘ This 
is the way, walk ye therein,’ and 
being mandatory about it, you would 
say, ‘* Well, my friends, how shall 
we manage this matter? We all 
want to do right. Now, what is your 
wish, will and purpose?” ‘‘ Well, 
we would rather hear you give yours.”’ 
“Ah, you want my opinion! Well, 
if I were alone in the matter I should 
do it this way ; I think, perhaps, that 
is the best way; it is the way it 
strikes me as being best.” You 
might bring them all right into it. 
But if you undertook to domineer and 
dogmatize them, they might think, 


‘* Who put you as a ruler over us ?”’ 
You lead men by that agreeableness 
we speak of ; there is a certain sort 
of tact init also. Cloth rubs smoother 
one way than another as well as fur ; 
and human disposition likes to go 
with the grain instead of against it. 
You will speak to men in such a way 
as to make them say, ‘‘ You tell it, 
my friend ; you are chairman of the 
committee, and we will have your 
opinion about it if you please.’’ The 
point is, you talk in such a way that 
it does not sound as if you were try- 
ing to coerce them. 

Your Benevolence is large, you feel 
sorry for the human race and try to 
help those who are needy, not so 
much by handing out money, but by 
giving good advice to those who will 
take it. Wecan give a man a loaf of 
bread and it is soon consumed, and 
he is as hungry in a little while as he 
was before. Your idea of charity 
would be to showa man how he could 
earn three loaves every day honestly; 
then he would not need to come beg- 
ging fora loaf. It is like starting an 
engine with a start bar, when we get 
it started it operates its own cut-off, 
let on or off steam automatically. You 
would work charities in the same way. 

You ought to be known for musical 
sense; you have real relish for the 
harmony of sweet sounds. You like 
to hear a speaker whose voice is mel- 
low, pliable and pleasant. You envy 
people a fine voice, or congratulate 
them at least. You have a sense of 
economy, the ability to manage mat- 
ters in such a way as to make every- 
thing that is valuable available tothe 
best advantage. There are men 
who will go into a parish church 
that is all snarled up with debt, 
and they will study into it, find 
out just how it is, perhaps induce 
some brother to lend money enough 
to clear the church of debt, then 
establish a sinking fund to pay it, 
and so much a month would be put 
into the sinking fund. You would 
be able to see how financial sound- 
ness and honesty could be established. 


366 


You have a certain financial integrity 
about you; you not only want to be 
able to pay your debts, but to pay 
them in such a way as to make it 
seem that you are good, that you 
value your promise. If you promised 
to pay a debt, and as the time ap- 
proached you doubted as to whether 
you could pay it at such a time, you 
would see the man and ask him if he 
could let it lie over for a few days. 
He would say: ‘‘ I will let it lie-over 
for a month if it suits you. You 
have always kept your credit good 
and paid your debts.”’ If you bought 
goods on time, if you were a mer- 
chant, if you could pay earlier than 
you agreed to you would think it 
good policy todo so. If you lived in 
a place where you had to depend on 
the crops to get your money from 
people, that is, if you were selling 
goods, you would buy goods at six 
months. If the man you bought of 
said: “We oéneérally,.sell ate three 
months,’”’ you would say: ‘‘ Well, I 
cannot buy of you; my people cannot 
pay in that time. If I buy goods of 
you, you must give me credit for six 
months;”’ and he would doit. But 
you would try to pay in three months 
if you possibly could, or you would 
try to work off half in three months 
and the whole in five. And the man 
would think you were the best cus- 
tomer he had because you had paid 
earlier than you agreed to. That is 
where the credit comes in; it is not 
the man who pays earliest, but it is 
the man who pays earlier than he 
promised to; he is the one who de- 
serves credit. 

Your Firmness is large; that gives 
you stability of purpose. Your Con- 
_scientiousness is strong; that makes 
you earnest and upright in your feel- 
ings and purposes. Caution leads 
you to be prudent, painstaking and 
guarded. Secretiveness enables you 
to conceal that which it is not best to 
tell, to tell the truth in such a way as 
not to have it seem overt and offen- 
sive. You can mingle freely with 
men of opposite opinions in religion 


How To STupDY STRANGERS. 


and politics and manage in such a way 
as not toantagonize them. If aman 
has certain strong views you cannot 
quite accept, you say: ‘‘ Those are 
your views; youare all right; but we 
are talking about another matter 
now; men must work according to 
their own conscience, seek truth as 
they can appreciate it, and live up to 
it for themselves; but this other mat- 
ter is not based on whether you are 
high church or low church.” You 
make people feel that you are not 
antagonizing them. Youdonothunt 
for differences or for opportunities 
for argument. That comes from 
Caution, Kindness, Secretiveness and 
Agreeableness, and, we may add, 
Friendship. 

You are known for strong sociabil- 
ity. You have ardent love and con- 
stancy of affection. We think you 
are constitutionally loyal in spirit in 
regard to matrimonial law and life, 
and anything that is contrary to the 
highest ethics in that respect would 
perhaps be as offensive to you as any- 
thing that belongs to the category of 
wrongdoing. Thereis a faculty, we 
think, which seeks to choose the one 
precious mate for life, bidding adieu 
to all others; and to you, that loyalty 
is the cream of human character. 

Your love for children is uncom- 
monly strong. Wherever you are 
called to associate with people the 
little folks, the little children, will 
learn to look for you and will appre- 
ciate you when you come. Asa 
physician, as a teacher, as a mer- 
chant, as a minister, you would be 
welcometo thechildren, popular with 
the young. You get that, we think, 
from yourmother. There is a great 
development of adhesiveness’ or 


Friendship, that gives loyalty to 
friends, to human _ attachments. 
Damon and Pythias, David and 


Jonathan, loved phenomenally, and 
history has embalmed them. 

You areambitious of distinction, you 
enjoy approval, and it hurts you to 
have anything doubt you. If you 
were making a call and the dog 


THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY. 


grumbled when you came on the step 
and walked around you as much 
as to say, ‘‘What are you here 
for ? I do not know you,” and if the 
girl who opens the door looks sour, 
you fancy the one you are calling on 
may not be pleased to see you. But 
if the dog welcomes you and the girl 
who answers the bell looks pleasant, 
you think everything is all right. 

‘ You have a large brain and a fine 
quality of organization, You are 
capable of doing a good many things, 
and of doing well inmany ways. You 
ought to have had a good education. 
You could be a public speaker. You 
could bea writer. You could be a 
manager of affairs. You could do 
well in alarge insurance business. 
You could do well in commercial bus- 
iness, in banking business. You 
could do wellin matters pertaining 
to construction, art and refinement. 
You would make a fine classical 
scholar and scientistas well; and you 
would want to carry yourself in such 
a way as to have the moral side of life 
uppermost and regnant. 


BIOGRAPHY. 


Rey. Amory H. Bradford was born 
in Oswego County, New York, and 
passed all his earlier years in Central 
and Western New York. He pre- 
pared for college at the academy of 
Penn Yan and graduated at Hamil- 
ton College in the class of 1867. He 
studied one year at Auburn Theolog- 
ical Seminary, and then spent the 
remainder of his course at Andover, 
where he graduated intheology. He 
has since studied at Oxford Univer- 
sity in England, giving special atten- 
tion to metaphysics, ethics and bibli- 
cal criticism. In Europe he was a 
careful student of the leading social 
qug@?tions, in England and on the 
Continent. 

In 1870 he accepted a call to the 
new church in Montclair, N. J., and 
preached in it the first Sunday after 
its organization. It is an interesting 
fact that his life as a minister and the 


"367 


life of the church are exactly coeval, 
it never having had another candi- 
date, and he beginning his work 
there. When he came tothe church 
the services were held in a little hall 
that would seat barely two hundred 
people. The church has grown until 
now there is a membership of seven 
hundred and fifty. The church edi- 
fice is believed to be the largest in 
the State of New Jersey. The church 
property is valued at not far from 
$200,000 including the parsonage. 

To ing his popularity abroad, 
it may be m€ntioned that in 1891 he 
was invited by Principal Fairbairn to 
give the Commencement Sermon at 
the close of the term at Mansfield 
College, Oxford, the first American, 
and, indeed, up to this time, the 
only American who has been invited 
to suchaservice. He was a dele- 
gate to the International Congrega- 
tional Council in London, and has 
spoken before many of the colleges 
and in most of the prominent Inde- 
pendent churches in England. Heis 
now Southworth lecturer on Ecclesias- 
tical Polity at Andover Theological 
Seminary; was the first secretary of 
the American Institute of Christian 
Philosophy, and has been a frequent 
lecturer in its courses, including a 
lecture on ‘‘ Body and Will.” 

He has been invited to leave Mont- 
clair for positions in New York, 
Brooklyn, Boston, San Franciscoand 
Portland, Oregon, and has been urged 
to accept an important pastorate in 
London. 

He has been invited by Dr. Abbott 
to join the editorial staff of The 
Christian Union, and the public may 
be congratulated on the fact that he 
has accepted and is filling the posi- 
tion. He has published one book, 
entitled ‘‘ Spirit and Life”; another, 
entitled ‘‘ Old Wine, New Bottles’’; 
and has in preparation and nearly 
ready for publication another, enti- 
tled ‘‘ The Pilgrims of Old England,”’ 
and still another one on ‘‘ The Rela- 
tion of Heredity to Religious and 
Social Problems.” IHF LIBRARY lF 

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